Tobramycin
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Also known as AktobBethkisBramitobKitabis pakNebcinNebramycin factor 6Nebramycin viNebrisNSC-180514NebicinTobiTobi podhalerTobralexTobramicinaTobramycin component of tobradexTobramycin component of tobradex stTobramycin component of tobrasoneTobramycin component of zyletTobramycine
Summary
Tobramycin (CHEMBL1747) is an approved small-molecule antibacterial agent (ATC J01GB01) targeting TAS2R20; indicated across 21 conditions including atopic conjunctivitis and bacterial infectious disease.
At a glance
- Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
- Modality: Small molecule
- ATC class: J01GB01 (+1 more)
- Targets: 1 (TAS2R20)
- Indications: 21 conditions
- Clinical trials: 67
- Chemistry: 467.5 Da · C18H37N5O9
Identifiers
Drug identity and classification
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL1747 |
| Name | Tobramycin |
| Type | Small molecule |
| Max phase | 4 |
| FDA approved | yes |
| PubChem CID | 36294 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:28864 |
| ATC | J01GB01, S01AA12 |
| Molecular formula | C18H37N5O9 |
| Molecular weight | 467.5 |
| InChIKey | NLVFBUXFDBBNBW-PBSUHMDJSA-N |
SMILES: C1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]1N)O[C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)N)O)O)O[C@@H]3[C@@H](C[C@@H]([C@H](O3)CN)O)N)N
IUPAC name: (2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-4-amino-2-[(1S,2S,3R,4S,6R)-4,6-diamino-3-[(2R,3R,5S,6R)-3-amino-6-(aminomethyl)-5-hydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-2-hydroxycyclohexyl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,5-diol
ChEBI definition: A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.
Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): antibacterial agent, antimicrobial agent, toxin.
Also known as: Aktob, Bethkis, Bramitob, Kitabis pak, Nebcin, Nebramycin factor 6, Nebramycin vi, Nebris, NSC-180514, Nebicin, Tobi, Tobi podhaler
Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL1200780, CHEMBL3764429, CHEMBL3989564
Patent coverage: 17,703 distinct patent families (65,562 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 1 matched compound structure(s). Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.
Targets
Targets
Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).
| Gene | Target | Action | pAffinity | Cancer dependency | UniProt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TAS2R20 | TAS2R20 | Agonist | 4.29 | 0.1% | P59543 |
Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 1 (assay-derived). Sample: Heparanase.
Bioactivity
ChEMBL activities: 1 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 1 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):
| Target | pChembl | Type | Value | Unit | Activity ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HPSE | 6.05 | IC50 | 900 | nM | CHEMBL_ACT_29323046 |
Target pathways
Aggregated over 1 target gene(s): TAS2R20.
Top Reactome pathways
9 total, by targets touching each:
| Pathway | Targets | Genes |
|---|---|---|
| Signal Transduction | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| Signaling by GPCR | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| GPCR downstream signalling | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| G alpha (i) signalling events | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors) | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| GPCR ligand binding | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| Sensory Perception | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| Sensory perception of taste | 1 | TAS2R20 |
| Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste | 1 | TAS2R20 |
Dominant GO biological processes
| GO term | Targets |
|---|---|
| detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste | 1 |
| signal transduction | 1 |
| G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway | 1 |
| sensory perception of taste | 1 |
Indications & clinical
Indications
21 indications (7 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).
| Indication | Trial phase | MONDO | EFO |
|---|---|---|---|
| atopic conjunctivitis | 4 | MONDO:0005642 | EFO:0007141 |
| bacterial infectious disease | 4 | MONDO:0005113 | EFO:0000771 |
| eye infectious disorder | 4 | MONDO:0043885 | EFO:1001888 |
| cystic fibrosis | 4 | MONDO:0009061 | MONDO:0009061 |
| respiratory tract infectious disorder | 4 | MONDO:0024355 | MONDO:0024355 |
| bacterial conjunctivitis | 3 | MONDO:0006668 | EFO:1000829 |
| Pseudomonas infection | 3 | MONDO:0005141 | EFO:0001076 |
| pneumonia | 3 | MONDO:0005249 | EFO:0003106 |
| bone fracture | 3 | MONDO:0005315 | EFO:0003931 |
| blepharitis | 3 | MONDO:0004785 | EFO:0009536 |
| cataract | 3 | MONDO:0005129 | MONDO:0005129 |
| bronchiectasis | 2 | MONDO:0004822 | HP:0002110 |
| bacterial pneumonia | 2 | MONDO:0004652 | EFO:1001272 |
| dry eye syndrome | 1 | MONDO:0006733 | EFO:1000906 |
| chronic kidney disease | 1 | MONDO:0005300 | EFO:0003884 |
| sinusitis | 1 | MONDO:0005961 | EFO:0007486 |
| bronchopulmonary dysplasia | 1 | MONDO:0019091 | MONDO:0019091 |
| osteomyelitis | 0 | MONDO:0005246 | EFO:0003102 |
3 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.
Clinical trials
Total trials: 67.
Phase distribution
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| PHASE4 | 20 |
| PHASE3 | 18 |
| Not specified | 12 |
| PHASE1 | 8 |
| PHASE1/PHASE2 | 5 |
| PHASE2 | 2 |
| PHASE2/PHASE3 | 1 |
| EARLY_PHASE1 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT06404541 | PHASE4 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | A Comparative Study Between Preservative With Benzalkonium Chloride vs Preservative Free Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface |
| NCT00447577 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Zylet vs TobraDex in Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis |
| NCT00705159 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Safety and Efficacy of Zylet vs Lotemax, Tobramycin and Vehicle in Pediatric Blepharoconjunctivitis |
| NCT01044719 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Duration of Antibiotics in Infective Exacerbations of Cystic Fibrosis |
| NCT01400750 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Comparison of 2 Treatment Regimens for Eradication of P Aeruginosa Infection in Children With Cystic Fibrosis |
| NCT01456780 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Efficacy of Zylet vs. Lotemax for the Treatment of Ocular Surface Inflammation/MGD/Blepharitis |
| NCT01559753 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Early-onset Ventilator-associated Pneumonia in Adults: Comparison of 8 Versus 15 Days of Antibiotic Treatment |
| NCT01608555 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Tobramycin 300 mg Once-a-day (o.d.) Aerosol in Adults With Cystic Fibrosis |
| NCT01677403 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | A Study to Access Safety and Efficacy of Nebulized Tobramycin in Patients With Bronchiectasis |
| NCT01740947 | PHASE4 | TERMINATED | Does Administration of Antibiotics in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Colorectal Cancer Result in Less Complications and Better Prognosis? |
| NCT02178540 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Study to Validate the Instructions for Use of TOBI® Podhaler™ in Cystic Fibrosis Patients |
| NCT02440828 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Addition of Tobramycin Inhalation in the Treatment of Ventilator Associated Pneumonia |
| NCT02677701 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Testing the Effect of Adding Chronic Oral Azithromycin to Inhaled Tobramycin in People With Cystic Fibrosis (CF) |
| NCT02873806 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Two Trabecular Micro-bypass Stents & Postoperative Travoprost to Treat Glaucoma Subjects on Two Hypotensive Agents |
| NCT02918409 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | IV Colistin for Pulmonary Exacerbations: Improving Safety and Efficacy |
| NCT03308253 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Study for Antibiotic Impregnated Calcium Sulfate Beads as Prophylaxis for Surgical Site Infection |
| NCT03502070 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Human Factors Study to Validate the User Interface of TOBI Podhaler Using Placebo Capsules |
| NCT03928522 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Antibiotic Elution in Total Knee Arthroplasty |
| NCT04297631 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Intraarticular Antibiotic in TKA |
| NCT04872400 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Acute Application of Antibiotic Powder in Open Fracture Wounds |
| NCT04678154 | PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Evaluation of a New Strategy for Protocolized Antibiotic Care for Severe Open Fractures: SEXTANT |
| NCT04964947 | PHASE3 | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Tobramycin Injection to Prevent Infection in Open Fractures |
| NCT05169229 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | RECRUITING | Antibiotic Impregnated Bone Graft to Reduce Infection in Hip Replacement. |
| NCT00004829 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Phase III Randomized Study of the Inhalation of Tobramycin in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis |
| NCT00105469 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Evaluation of Clinical and Microbial Efficacy and Safety of AzaSite Compared to Tobramycin for Bacterial Conjunctivitis (C-01-401-004) |
| NCT00198523 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Bioequivalence Study of Tobramycin and Prednisolone Acetate Compared to PredForte |
| NCT00362895 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Bioequivalence Study of Tobradex AF |
| NCT00576251 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | TOBRADEX Ophthalmic Suspension Versus Tobramycin 0.3%/Dexamethasone 0.05% Ophthalmic Suspension |
| NCT00634192 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of an 8 -Week Treatment With Inhaled Tobramycin |
| NCT00885365 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Study Comparing the Efficacy and Tolerability of Tobrineb®/Actitob®/Bramitob® Versus TOBI® |
| NCT01028027 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Loteprednol and Tobramycin Versus Tobramycin and Dexamethasone, in the Treatment of Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis |
| NCT01082367 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Randomized, Controlled Study of CF Patients Between 3 Months and Less Than 7 Years |
| NCT01111383 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | A Single Arm 48-Week Follow-on Safety Study to a Core Study Comparing the Efficacy and Tolerability of Tobrineb®/Actitob®/Bramitob® Versus TOBI® |
| NCT01155999 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Clinical Efficacy and Safety of T1225 Versus Tobramycin 0.3 % Eye Drops in the Treatment of Purulent Bacterial Conjunctivitis of Children. |
| NCT03066453 | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Evaluation of Short Antibiotic Combination Courses Followed by Aerosols in Cystic Fibrosis |
| NCT03341741 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Combined Dry Powder Tobramycin and Nebulized Colistin Inhalation in CF Patients |
| NCT03705962 | PHASE3 | TERMINATED | Locally Applied Antibiotics for Infection Prophylaxis in Treatment of Open Fractures |
| NCT03739528 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Levo-Dexa vs. Tobra+Dexa for Prevention and Treatment of Inflammation and Prevention of Infection in Cataract Surgery |
| NCT05429671 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Antibiotic Loaded Cement After TKA |
| NCT00774072 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Nasal Inhalation of Tobramycin in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Colonization |
Clinical evidence (CIViC)
No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).
Pharmacology
Pharmacogenomics
PharmGKB dosing guidelines (1) — CPIC / DPWG genotype-guided dosing for this drug (drug × pharmacogene):
| Guideline | Source | Gene(s) | Dosing | Recommendation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Annotation of CPIC Guideline for amikacin, dibekacin, gentamicin, kana | CPIC | MT-RNR1 | yes |
PharmGKB also curates 2 clinical and 7 variant annotation(s) for this drug (gene-keyed; see PharmGKB).
Related molecules
Related molecules
Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.
1 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 1 by shared-target count:
| Molecule | Source | Status | Shared targets |
|---|---|---|---|
| ISOPROTERENOL | ChEMBL | Phase 4 (approved) | TAS2R20 |