Urea
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Also known as AquadrateAzodicarboxylic acid-diamideBalneum plusCalmuridCarbamideE-927AE927bEucerinFlexifootFlexitolHydromol intensiveINS NO.927AINS-927ANSC-34375NutraplusSential eSt.james balmSterile ureaUrea component of alphaderm
Summary
Urea (CHEMBL985) is an approved small-molecule flour treatment agent (ATC D02AE01) targeting SLC60A2; indicated across 16 conditions including atopic eczema and diabetes mellitus.
At a glance
- Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
- Modality: Small molecule
- ATC class: D02AE01 (+2 more)
- Targets: 1 (SLC60A2)
- Indications: 16 conditions
- Clinical trials: 31
- Chemistry: 60.056 Da · CH4N2O
Identifiers
Drug identity and classification
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ChEMBL ID | CHEMBL985 |
| Name | Urea |
| Type | Small molecule |
| Max phase | 4 |
| FDA approved | yes |
| PubChem CID | 1176 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:16199 |
| ATC | D02AE01, B05BC02, D02AE51 |
| Molecular formula | CH4N2O |
| Molecular weight | 60.056 |
| InChIKey | XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
SMILES: C(=O)(N)N
IUPAC name: urea
ChEBI definition: A carbonyl group with two C-bound amine groups. The commercially available fertilizer has an analysis of 46-0-0 (N-P2O5-K2O).
Pharmacological roles (ChEBI): flour treatment agent.
Other ChEBI roles (chemical / environmental): human metabolite, Daphnia magna metabolite, Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, Escherichia coli metabolite, mouse metabolite, fertilizer.
Also known as: Aquadrate, Azodicarboxylic acid-diamide, Balneum plus, Calmurid, Carbamide, E-927A, E927b, Eucerin, Flexifoot, Flexitol, Hydromol intensive, INS NO.927A
Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL2096635, CHEMBL2096648, CHEMBL3184026
Patent coverage: 570,700 distinct patent families (1,354,157 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 2 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 1,353,131 (100%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.
Targets
Targets
Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).
| Gene | Target | Action | pAffinity | Cancer dependency | UniProt |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLC60A2 | solute carrier family 60 member 2 | Inhibition | 0.2% | Q5TF39 |
Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 5 (assay-derived). Sample: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase 1, Prelamin-A/C, Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1, Lethal factor, Olfactory receptor 51E2.
Bioactivity
ChEMBL activities: 2 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 5 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):
| Target | pChembl | Type | Value | Unit | Activity ID |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR51E2 | 7.64 | EC50 | 23 | nM | CHEMBL_ACT_19491381 |
| LMNA | 6.1 | Potency | 794.3 | nM | CHEMBL_ACT_3622495 |
Target pathways
Aggregated over 1 target gene(s): SLC60A2.
Top Reactome pathways
3 total, by targets touching each:
| Pathway | Targets | Genes |
|---|---|---|
| Cellular hexose transport | 1 | SLC60A2 |
| Transport of small molecules | 1 | SLC60A2 |
| SLC-mediated transmembrane transport | 1 | SLC60A2 |
Dominant GO biological processes
| GO term | Targets |
|---|---|
| D-glucose import across plasma membrane | 1 |
| monoatomic ion transport | 1 |
| sodium ion transport | 1 |
| transmembrane transport | 1 |
Indications & clinical
Indications
16 indications (0 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).
| Indication | Trial phase | MONDO | EFO |
|---|---|---|---|
| atopic eczema | 3 | MONDO:0004980 | EFO:0000274 |
| diabetes mellitus | 3 | MONDO:0005015 | EFO:0000400 |
| radiodermatitis | 3 | MONDO:0043771 | MONDO:0043771 |
| severe cutaneous adverse reaction | 3 | MONDO:0005594 | EFO:0006346 |
| type 2 diabetes mellitus | 3 | MONDO:0005148 | MONDO:0005148 |
| skin disorder | 2 | MONDO:0005093 | EFO:0000701 |
| hepatocellular carcinoma | 2 | MONDO:0007256 | EFO:0000182 |
| head and neck cancer | 2 | MONDO:0005627 | EFO:0006859 |
| psoriasis | 2 | MONDO:0005083 | EFO:1001494 |
| hand-foot syndrome | 2 | MONDO:0700048 | EFO:1001893 |
| metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease | 2 | MONDO:0013209 | EFO:0003095 |
| ornithine carbamoyltransferase deficiency | 1 | MONDO:0010703 | EFO:0007409 |
| carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency disease | 1 | MONDO:0009376 | EFO:0007193 |
| argininosuccinic aciduria | 1 | MONDO:0008815 | MONDO:0008815 |
| citrullinemia | 1 | MONDO:0015991 | MONDO:0015991 |
1 further indication record had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.
Clinical trials
Total trials: 31.
Phase distribution
| Phase | Trials |
|---|---|
| Not specified | 17 |
| PHASE4 | 5 |
| PHASE3 | 5 |
| PHASE2 | 3 |
| PHASE2/PHASE3 | 1 |
Top trials by phase / activity
| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NCT00576550 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | A Randomised Trial of a Moisturising Cream in Preventing Recurrence of Hand Eczema |
| NCT00771121 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Effect of Moisturizing Creams on Skin Barrier Function |
| NCT01065714 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | A Study to Investigate the Use of Hydrogel Vehicle in Maintaining the Skin Barrier in Persons With Atopic Dermatitis |
| NCT02601222 | PHASE4 | UNKNOWN | Efficacy and Safety of Runzao Zhiyang Capsule to Treat Chronic Eczema |
| NCT02705664 | PHASE4 | COMPLETED | Treatment of Onychomycosis With Loceryl (Amorolfine) Nail Lacquer 5% Versus a Two-course Treatment With Urea 40% Ointment and Bifonazole Cream 1% |
| NCT00296036 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Pyridoxine and Topical Urea/Lactic Acid-Based Cream in Preventing Hand-Foot Syndrome in Patients Receiving Capecitabine for Breast Cancer or Other Cancer |
| NCT00576238 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Skin Tolerance Study of Betamethasone Creams in Atopic Eczema and the Preventative Properties of a Moisturiser |
| NCT01856543 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Mometasone Furoate 0.1% Versus Eucerin on Moderate to Severe Skin Toxicities in Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Postmastectomy Radiation |
| NCT02247830 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Management Radiodermatitis in Patients With Breast or Head and Neck Cancer |
| NCT04127513 | PHASE3 | COMPLETED | Comparison of 12% Ammonium Lactate and 10% Urea Cream in Geriatric With Xerosis Cutis |
| NCT05348278 | PHASE2/PHASE3 | UNKNOWN | Urea Cream Prevention for Capecitabine Associated Hand Foot Syndrome |
| NCT00267111 | PHASE2 | COMPLETED | Topical Amethocaine Gel for Intramuscular Injection in Term Neonates |
| NCT00667589 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Sorafenib-induced Hand- Foot Skin Reaction Treatment |
| NCT04588207 | PHASE2 | TERMINATED | Urea for Chronic Hyponatremia |
| NCT04552873 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Urea Therapy for Hyponatremia in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage |
| NCT06387667 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Characterizing Diversity and Antifungal Resistance in Immunocompromised ICU Patients With Respiratory Tract Infections |
| NCT07012343 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Exploring Different Dose-frequency Home Photodynamic Therapy Protocols Using a Novel Home-targeted LED Device for Onychomycosis |
| NCT07033962 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Fractional CO₂ Laser or 40% Urea With Topical Fluconazole Microemulsion in Onychomycosis |
| NCT07528365 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Urea for Treatment of Hyponatremia in Patients With SIAD Unresponsive to Fluid Restriction |
| NCT00005889 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Who Are Receiving Nutrition By Intravenous Infusion |
| NCT01927679 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Vitamin E Prevention of Visible Light Pigmentation |
| NCT02111148 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Vaginal Fluid Wash in Pre-labour Rupture of Membranes |
| NCT02111655 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Improving Arteriovenous Fistula Patency |
| NCT04987385 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effect of Protein Supplementation on Plasma Sodium Levels and Urinary Urea Excretion in Patients With SIAD |
| NCT05214872 | Not specified | COMPLETED | The Impact of Selected Factors on the Cardiovascular System in Chronic Kidney Disease |
| NCT05451472 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Evluation of Thyroid Functions in Hemodialysis Childern in Sohag University Hospital |
| NCT05890690 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Plasma Copeptin in Response to Oral Urea in Healthy Adults and Patients With Polyuria-polydipsia Syndrome |
| NCT05939726 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Efficacy and Safety of Moisturising Cream With or Without Vitamin E and Urea Cream in Palmar-plantar Erythrodysesthesia |
| NCT06553417 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Emollient ‘Plus’ vs Urea 10% for Mild-Moderate Atopic Dermatitis |
| NCT06583369 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | The Efficacy and Safety of Liangxue Ointment in the Treatment of Hand-foot Syndrome Caused by VEGFR-TKI Drugs |
| NCT07162454 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Effectiveness of CBD for Neuropathic Pain in Diabetic Foot Neuropathy |
Clinical evidence (CIViC)
No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).
Pharmacology
Pharmacogenomics
No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline or drug-level clinical/variant annotations in PharmGKB for this molecule.
Related molecules
Related molecules
No competitor molecules sharing a primary target (ChEMBL phase ≥2 or PubChem drug-class).