Verapamil

drug
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Also known as CP-165331D-365IproveratrilNSC-272306NAVerapamil slow releaseVerapamiloVerapramilSID50104517SID90340771SID104171262SID26751825SID50104518SID50104519SID50104520Verapamil (racemic)SID124881789SID124881790SID124881792SID174316170

Summary

Verapamil (CHEMBL6966) is an approved small molecule (ATC C08DA01) targeting SLC29A4, CYP3A4, and TPCN1; indicated across 17 conditions including cardiovascular disorder and atrial fibrillation.

At a glance

  • Status: Approved (max clinical phase 4)
  • Modality: Small molecule
  • ATC class: C08DA01 (+1 more)
  • Targets: 13 (SLC29A4, CYP3A4, TPCN1…)
  • Indications: 17 conditions
  • Clinical trials: 85
  • Chemistry: 454.6 Da · C27H38N2O4

Identifiers

Drug identity and classification

FieldValue
ChEMBL IDCHEMBL6966
NameVerapamil
TypeSmall molecule
Max phase4
FDA approvedyes
PubChem CID2520
ChEBICHEBI:77733
ATCC08DA01, C08DA51
Molecular formulaC27H38N2O4
Molecular weight454.6
InChIKeySGTNSNPWRIOYBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

SMILES: CC(C)C(CCCN(C)CCC1=CC(=C(C=C1)OC)OC)(C#N)C2=CC(=C(C=C2)OC)OC

IUPAC name: 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl-methylamino]-2-propan-2-ylpentanenitrile

ChEBI definition: A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.

Also known as: CP-165331, D-365, Iproveratril, NSC-272306NA, Verapamil, Verapamil slow release, Verapamilo, verapamil, Verapramil, SID50104517, SID90340771, SID104171262

Parent form; salt/anhydrous children: CHEMBL1280, CHEMBL483787, CHEMBL1707604

Patent coverage: 20,741 distinct patent families (75,097 SureChEMBL compound mentions), from 3 matched compound structure(s). One matched structure accounts for 74,881 (100%) of the total. Mentions count patents naming the compound (not distinct inventions), so promiscuous / reference molecules inflate the mention figure — families are the dedup metric.

Targets

Targets

Primary targets (GtoPdb curated mechanism): the Cancer dependency column is the DepMap CRISPR fitness signal (% of screened cell lines dependent on the target).

GeneTargetActionpAffinityCancer dependencyUniProt
SLC29A4Plasma membrane monoamine transporterInhibition4.730.7%Q7RTT9
CYP3A4CYP3A4Inhibition6.220%P08684
TPCN1TPC1Inhibition4.640%Q9ULQ1
TPCN2TPC2Inhibition50.4%Q8NHX9
KCNJ6Kir3.2Antagonist3.90.1%P48051
CACNA1SCav1.1Antagonist50.2%Q13698
CACNA1CCav1.2Antagonist6.50.1%Q13936
CACNA1DCav1.3Antagonist3.70.3%Q01668
CACNA1FCav1.40%O60840
KCNA7Kv1.74.80.5%Q96RP8
KCNA10Kv1.84.315.2%Q16322
KCNC2Kv3.24.90.6%Q96PR1
NALCNNALCN3.40%Q8IZF0

Broader ChEMBL bioactivity targets: 52 (assay-derived). Sample: Solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1, Chloroquine resistance transporter, 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B, Alpha-2A adrenergic receptor, Alpha-2C adrenergic receptor, Voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel subunit alpha-1C, Histamine H2 receptor, Sodium channel protein type 5 subunit alpha, D(1A) dopamine receptor, Thromboxane A2 receptor.

Bioactivity

ChEMBL activities: 204 potent at pChembl ≥ 5 of 265 total. Top 30 by potency (10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM):

TargetpChemblTypeValueUnitActivity ID
P162579.6IC500.25nMCHEMBL_ACT_25872932
P162578.85IC501.4nMCHEMBL_ACT_431963
P220028.85Ki1.4nMCHEMBL_ACT_520262
ABCB18.53IC502.97nMCHEMBL_ACT_23197995
P220028.43IC503.7nMCHEMBL_ACT_431962
P220028.43IC503.7nMCHEMBL_ACT_520261
ABCB18.41IC503.87nMCHEMBL_ACT_22973720
ABCB18.34IC504.59nMCHEMBL_ACT_23197991
ABCB18.31IC504.9nMCHEMBL_ACT_18937252
ABCB18.28IC505.29nMCHEMBL_ACT_23198011
ABCB18.17IC506.7nMCHEMBL_ACT_22973666
ABCB18.15IC507.05nMCHEMBL_ACT_22441303
ABCB18.07IC508.6nMCHEMBL_ACT_22973675
ABCB18.07IC508.51nMCHEMBL_ACT_23198003
ABCB18.05IC508.9nMCHEMBL_ACT_22973729
KCNH28IC5010nMCHEMBL_ACT_13828642
ABCB17.99IC5010.17nMCHEMBL_ACT_23198007
CYP3A47.96IC5011nMCHEMBL_ACT_24516611
ABCB17.78IC5016.49nMCHEMBL_ACT_23197999
ABCB17.73IC5018.43nMCHEMBL_ACT_19081861
ABCB17.64IC5023.08nMCHEMBL_ACT_23197987
ABCB17.55IC5028.16nMCHEMBL_ACT_18935030
ABCB17.54IC5029nMCHEMBL_ACT_15111042
ABCB17.46IC5035.02nMCHEMBL_ACT_19081858
ABCB17.43IC5036.77nMCHEMBL_ACT_23197983
ABCB17.42IC5038nMCHEMBL_ACT_15613081
ABCB17.42IC5038nMCHEMBL_ACT_24365280
P220027.41IC5039nMCHEMBL_ACT_431964
HTR2B7.3AC5050.2nMCHEMBL_ACT_25164247
Q024857.24Ki58nMCHEMBL_ACT_699401

Target pathways

Aggregated over 13 target gene(s): SLC29A4, CYP3A4, TPCN1, TPCN2, KCNJ6, CACNA1S, CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, KCNA7, KCNA10, KCNC2, NALCN.

Top Reactome pathways

42 total, by targets touching each:

PathwayTargetsGenes
Neuronal System4KCNA10, KCNA7, KCNC2, KCNJ6
Potassium Channels4KCNA10, KCNA7, KCNC2, KCNJ6
Developmental Biology3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S
Voltage gated Potassium channels3KCNA10, KCNA7, KCNC2
Metabolism3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, KCNC2
Integration of energy metabolism3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, KCNC2
Stimuli-sensing channels3NALCN, TPCN1, TPCN2
NCAM signaling for neurite out-growth3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S
NCAM1 interactions3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S
Regulation of insulin secretion3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, KCNC2
Axon guidance3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S
Nervous system development3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1S
Transport of small molecules2NALCN, SLC29A4
Adrenaline,noradrenaline inhibits insulin secretion2CACNA1C, CACNA1D
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission1KCNJ6
Transmission across Chemical Synapses1KCNJ6
Activation of G protein gated Potassium channels1KCNJ6
G protein gated Potassium channels1KCNJ6
Inwardly rectifying K+ channels1KCNJ6
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds1CYP3A4
Xenobiotics1CYP3A4
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP1) regulates insulin secretion1KCNC2
Muscle contraction1CACNA1C
Transport of vitamins, nucleosides, and related molecules1SLC29A4
SLC-mediated transmembrane transport1SLC29A4
Aflatoxin activation and detoxification1CYP3A4
Cardiac conduction1CACNA1C
Phase 0 - rapid depolarisation1CACNA1C
Phase 2 - plateau phase1CACNA1C
Transport of nucleosides and free purine and pyrimidine bases across the plasma membrane1SLC29A4

Dominant GO biological processes

GO termTargets
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport11
monoatomic ion transport11
transmembrane transport10
calcium ion transmembrane transport7
calcium ion transport6
potassium ion transport4
calcium ion import across plasma membrane4
potassium ion transmembrane transport4
sodium ion transmembrane transport3
muscle contraction3
action potential3
protein homooligomerization3
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport2
endocytosis involved in viral entry into host cell2
calcium-mediated signaling2

Indications & clinical

Indications

17 indications (1 at ChEMBL trial phase 4). Phase below is the highest clinical-trial phase recorded for this drug against each disease — not the molecule’s overall approval status (that is in the Summary).

IndicationTrial phaseMONDOEFO
cardiovascular disorder4MONDO:0004995EFO:0000319
atrial fibrillation3MONDO:0004981EFO:0000275
heart failure3MONDO:0005252EFO:0003144
type 1 diabetes mellitus3MONDO:0005147MONDO:0005147
bipolar disorder3MONDO:0004985MONDO:0004985
severe acute respiratory syndrome2MONDO:0005091MONDO:0100096
osteoarthritis, knee1MONDO:0005416EFO:0004616
Hodgkins lymphoma1MONDO:0004952EFO:0000183
Crohn disease1MONDO:0005011EFO:0000384
drug dependence1MONDO:0005303EFO:0003890
respiratory syncytial virus infectious disease1MONDO:0001577EFO:1001413
type 2 diabetes mellitus1MONDO:0005148MONDO:0005148

5 further indication records had no mapped disease name (EFO/MeSH-only) or were duplicates, and are omitted.

Clinical trials

Total trials: 85.

Phase distribution

PhaseTrials
PHASE132
PHASE419
Not specified14
PHASE35
PHASE25
EARLY_PHASE14
PHASE2/PHASE33
PHASE1/PHASE23

Top trials by phase / activity

NCTPhaseStatusTitle
NCT04406259PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGAtrioventricular Block and Cluster Headache (SEVA)
NCT05569382PHASE4RECRUITINGTreatment Effects of Bisoprolol and Verapamil in Symptomatic Patients With Non-obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
NCT06799169PHASE4ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGManagement of Acute Tinnitus With Migraine Medications
NCT06897969PHASE4NOT_YET_RECRUITINGComparison of Intralesional Triamcinolone Versus Verapamil for Keloid Treatment
NCT00234858PHASE4COMPLETEDTarka vs. Hyzaar in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome (STAR)
NCT00234871PHASE4COMPLETEDTarka® vs. Lotrel® in Hypertensive, Diabetic Subjects With Renal Disease (TANDEM)
NCT00235001PHASE4COMPLETEDRussian Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Tarka in Patients With Hypertension
NCT00235014PHASE4COMPLETEDA Study for Prevention of Kidney Disease in Diabetic Patients (BENEDICT)
NCT00348530PHASE4UNKNOWNCarvedilol Versus Verapamil in Chronic Heart Failure Secondary to Non-Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
NCT00374465PHASE4UNKNOWNTherapy With Verapamil or Carvedilol in Chronic Heart Failure
NCT00712894PHASE4COMPLETEDEffects of Different Vasodilators on Coronary No-reflow During primAry percuTaneous Coronary intErvention in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction
NCT01295047PHASE4COMPLETEDComparison of Medical Therapies in Marfan Syndrome.
NCT01655303PHASE4COMPLETEDRate Control in Atrial Fibrillation
NCT01655316PHASE4COMPLETEDOral Verapamil in Acute Paroxysmal Supra Ventricular Tachycardia(PSVT) Recurrence Control
NCT01720056PHASE4TERMINATEDVerapamil vs Steroid to Prevent Keloid Recurrence
NCT01996436PHASE4TERMINATEDThe Intra-arterial Vasospasm Trial
NCT02454491PHASE4COMPLETEDVerapamil vs Heparin in Transradial Procedures
NCT04404439PHASE4COMPLETEDTreatment of Tinnitus With Migraine Medications
NCT06447688PHASE4COMPLETEDThe Role of Verapamil in Radial Artery Spasm
NCT06717685PHASE3RECRUITINGEfficacy of Adenosine as Compared to Verapamil in Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (pSVT) Patients
NCT00000556PHASE3COMPLETEDAtrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM)
NCT00313157PHASE3COMPLETEDRATe Control in Atrial Fibrillation
NCT00518947PHASE3COMPLETEDPharmacotherapy of Treatment-Resistant Mania
NCT00679653PHASE3COMPLETEDBlood Pressure and Weight Trajectory on a Dual Antihypertensive Combination Plus Sibutramine Versus Placebo in Obese Hypertensives
NCT00804895PHASE2/PHASE3COMPLETEDCluster Headache Cortivazol Injection (CHCI)
NCT02772354PHASE2/PHASE3UNKNOWNRadiofrequency Ablation of Symptomatic Frequent Ventricular Premature Complexes in Pediatric Population
NCT04351763PHASE2/PHASE3COMPLETEDAmiodarone or Verapamil in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients With Symptoms
NCT03347786PHASE1/PHASE2RECRUITINGVerapamil for Neuroprotection in Stroke
NCT00706810PHASE2COMPLETEDCombination of Hydroxyurea and Verapamil for Refractory Meningiomas
NCT01471704PHASE1/PHASE2COMPLETEDStudy Investigating the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between INX-08189 and Verapamil HCL ER in Healthy Volunteers
NCT01607073PHASE2COMPLETEDVerapamil as Therapy for Children and Young Adults With Dravet Syndrome
NCT01645709PHASE1/PHASE2TERMINATEDSafety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of IA Verapamil in the Treatment of Joint Pain in Subjects With Osteoarthritis of the Knee
NCT02372253PHASE2COMPLETEDVerapamil for Beta Cell Survival Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
NCT03449251PHASE2UNKNOWNA Series of Pilot Studies to Evaluate the haemoDynamic and mEtabolic Effects oF apelIn aNd rElaxin
NCT05593757PHASE2UNKNOWNQuinidine Versus Verapamil in Short-coupled Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation
NCT00593463PHASE1COMPLETEDDrug Discrimination in Methadone-Maintained Humans Study 1
NCT00647673PHASE1COMPLETEDFasting Study of Verapamil HCl Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg and Verelan® PM Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg
NCT00648050PHASE1COMPLETEDFasting Study of Verapamil HCl Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg to Verelan® PM Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg
NCT00648401PHASE1COMPLETEDFood Study of Verapamil HCl Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg and Verelan® PM Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg
NCT00649805PHASE1COMPLETEDFasting Applesauce Study of Verapamil HCl Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg and Verelan® PM Extended-Release Capsules 300 mg

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

No CIViC predictive evidence (expected for non-precision-medicine drugs).

Pharmacology

Pharmacogenomics

No CPIC/DPWG dosing guideline, but PharmGKB curates 13 clinical and 38 variant annotation(s) for this drug (gene-keyed; see PharmGKB).

Molecules sharing ≥1 of this drug’s curated primary targets, merged from two biobtree sources and ranked by shared-target count, then clinical phase: ChEMBL clinical-stage candidates (development phase ≥2) and PubChem drug-class bioactivity (approved / known drugs acting on the target). Deduplicated by drug name; the drug’s own salt forms are excluded. Note: for a drug with few primary targets a shared-target match can reflect off-target / promiscuous binding rather than the same therapeutic mechanism — the phase ordering surfaces bona-fide therapeutics first.

656 molecules share ≥1 primary target. Top 60 by shared-target count:

MoleculeSourceStatusShared targets
QuinidineChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4, KCNA7, SLC29A4
AMIODARONEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4, KCNA7
AMITRIPTYLINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
CHLORPROMAZINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
CLOZAPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
DILTIAZEMChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
DONEPEZILChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
DROPERIDOLChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
DULOXETINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
FLECAINIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, KCNA7
HALOPERIDOLChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
MITOXANTRONEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
NIFEDIPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
NILOTINIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
NIMODIPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
PAROXETINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
PIMOZIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
SAQUINAVIRChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
THIORIDAZINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
ASTEMIZOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
BEPRIDILChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
CISAPRIDEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
DASATINIBChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
HALOFANTRINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
MIBEFRADILChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
TERFENADINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
CILOSTAZOLChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
DIAZEPAMChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
DOFETILIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
IBUTILIDEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
IMIPRAMINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
LAMIVUDINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
LORATADINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
MELATONINChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
METHADONEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
MEXILETINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
NisoldipineChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
PENTOBARBITALChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
PHENYTOINChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
RIBAVIRINChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
RIMEGEPANTChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
RISPERIDONEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
SOLIFENACINChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
SUNITINIBChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
VORICONAZOLEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S, CYP3A4
SERTINDOLEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
SPARFLOXACINChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
TACRINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
TERODILINEChEMBLPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
AJMALINEChEMBLPhase 3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
NITRENDIPINEChEMBLPhase 3CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
CIFENLINEChEMBLPhase 2CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
GALLOPAMILChEMBLPhase 2CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
BelzutifanPubChemApprovedCACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
MoxifloxacinPubChemApprovedCACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
PaliperidonePubChemApprovedCACNA1C, CACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S
AMLODIPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CYP3A4
FluoxetineChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CYP3A4, SLC29A4
ISRADIPINEChEMBL + PubChemPhase 4 (approved)CACNA1C, CACNA1D, CYP3A4
CeftriaxonePubChemApprovedCACNA1D, CACNA1F, CACNA1S