AACS

Summary

AACS (acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase, HGNC:21298) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q24.31, encoding Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase (Q86V21). Converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA in the cytosol.

Predicted to enable acetoacetate-CoA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of insulin secretion. Predicted to be located in cytosol.

Source: NCBI Gene 65985 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 157 total — 9 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_023928

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:21298
Approved symbol	AACS
Name	acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase
Location	12q24.31
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ12389, SUR-5, ACSF1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000081760
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	614364
Entrez	65985

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 25 — 14 protein_coding, 6 retained_intron, 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000316519, ENST00000316543, ENST00000398953, ENST00000418937, ENST00000441247, ENST00000536118, ENST00000537477, ENST00000537564, ENST00000538851, ENST00000539251, ENST00000543665, ENST00000545511, ENST00000852617, ENST00000852618, ENST00000852619, ENST00000852620, ENST00000852621, ENST00000852622, ENST00000938196, ENST00000938197, ENST00000971006, ENST00000971007, ENST00000971008, ENST00000971009, ENST00000971010

RefSeq mRNA: 7 — MANE Select: NM_023928 NM_001319839, NM_001319840, NM_001414675, NM_001414676, NM_001414677, NM_001414678, NM_023928

CCDS: CCDS9263

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000316519 — 18 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001351954	125065435	125065717
ENSE00002252189	125076491	125076611
ENSE00002270203	125073876	125073979
ENSE00002308409	125142092	125143316
ENSE00003513125	125118641	125118765
ENSE00003530618	125134794	125134852
ENSE00003530806	125129335	125129460
ENSE00003535117	125107121	125107268
ENSE00003560785	125124902	125125024
ENSE00003615751	125114477	125114557
ENSE00003617187	125091426	125091523
ENSE00003647970	125128161	125128274
ENSE00003657287	125103000	125103081
ENSE00003684270	125086330	125086443
ENSE00003716788	125102679	125102793
ENSE00003722573	125124705	125124769
ENSE00003729557	125134003	125134072
ENSE00003737535	125136662	125136864

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 278 present calls, max score 98.38.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 14.7123 / max 129.2397, expressed in 1798 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
128665	12.2708	1782
128664	2.2059	1280
128666	0.2356	114

Top tissues by expression

285 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	98.38	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	97.35	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	96.50	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	96.45	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	96.43	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	96.38	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	95.81	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	95.60	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	95.50	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	95.44	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	95.27	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	95.13	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	94.83	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	94.82	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	94.81	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	94.76	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	94.41	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	93.97	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	93.76	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	93.58	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	93.26	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	92.84	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	92.76	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	92.69	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	92.68	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	92.61	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	92.61	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	92.43	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	92.35	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	92.31	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CEBPA, PPARG, SP1, SREBF2, TP63

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

27 targeting AACS, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-4747-5P	100.00	67.90	2681
HSA-MIR-5196-5P	100.00	67.98	2761
HSA-MIR-8075	99.97	67.20	962
HSA-MIR-23A-3P	99.95	74.24	3163
HSA-MIR-23B-3P	99.95	74.24	3163
HSA-MIR-23C	99.95	73.92	3192
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-4493	99.90	66.48	977
HSA-MIR-3934-3P	99.76	65.51	1351
HSA-MIR-3679-3P	99.64	69.88	1599
HSA-MIR-4328	99.57	71.06	4094
HSA-MIR-580-5P	99.28	70.94	1776
HSA-MIR-6501-3P	98.71	67.45	1480
HSA-MIR-9500	98.62	66.54	1845
HSA-MIR-219A-2-3P	98.62	68.78	797
HSA-MIR-6784-3P	98.39	64.88	662
HSA-MIR-4289	98.26	66.90	810
HSA-MIR-876-5P	97.99	68.49	1345
HSA-MIR-6529-5P	97.85	66.47	673
HSA-MIR-3190-3P	97.61	66.95	1406
HSA-MIR-6515-5P	97.08	65.48	1219
HSA-MIR-6875-5P	96.87	65.49	958
HSA-MIR-3126-5P	96.87	65.83	912
HSA-MIR-3167	96.81	67.09	1236
HSA-MIR-3654	96.43	66.55	646
HSA-MIR-6741-5P	93.86	63.06	437

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• the human AACS promoter is a PPARgamma target gene and this nuclear receptor is recruited to the AACS promoter by direct interaction with Sp1 (PMID:20102333)
• Fine-scale haplotype mapping of MUT, AACS, SLC6A15 and PRKCA genes indicates association with insulin resistance of metabolic syndrome and relationship with branched chain amino acid metabolism or regulation. (PMID:30913280)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	aacs	ENSDARG00000012468
mus_musculus	Aacs	ENSMUSG00000029482
rattus_norvegicus	Aacs	ENSRNOG00000000967
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006351

Paralogs (13): ACSM3 (ENSG00000005187), ACSM2B (ENSG00000066813), ACSS3 (ENSG00000111058), ACSS2 (ENSG00000131069), ACSS1 (ENSG00000154930), AASDH (ENSG00000157426), ACSM1 (ENSG00000166743), ACSF2 (ENSG00000167107), ACSM6 (ENSG00000173124), ACSF3 (ENSG00000176715), ACSM5 (ENSG00000183549), ACSM2A (ENSG00000183747), ACSM4 (ENSG00000215009)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase — Q86V21 (reviewed: Q86V21)

Alternative names: Acyl-CoA synthetase family member 1, Protein sur-5 homolog

All UniProt accessions (2): Q86V21, E7EW25

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Converts acetoacetate to acetoacetyl-CoA in the cytosol. Ketone body-utilizing enzyme, responsible for the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytosol.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in kidney, heart and brain, but low in liver.

Similarity. Belongs to the ATP-dependent AMP-binding enzyme family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q86V21-1	1	yes
Q86V21-2	2
Q86V21-3	3

RefSeq proteins (7): NP_001306768, NP_001306769, NP_001401604, NP_001401605, NP_001401606, NP_001401607, NP_076417* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000873	AMP-dep_synth/lig_dom	Domain
IPR005914	Acac_CoA_synth	Family
IPR020845	AMP-binding_CS	Conserved_site
IPR032387	ACAS_N	Domain
IPR042099	ANL_N_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR045851	AMP-b_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00501, PF16177

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• acetoacetate + ATP + CoA = acetoacetyl-CoA + AMP + diphosphate (RHEA:16117)

UniProt features (11 total): sequence conflict 6, splice variant 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q86V21-F1	92.09	0.78

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-77111	Synthesis of Ketone Bodies
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-556833	Metabolism of lipids
R-HSA-74182	Ketone body metabolism

MSigDB gene sets: 122 (showing top): GOBP_INSULIN_SECRETION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HORMONE_LEVELS, GOBP_HORMONE_TRANSPORT, GOBP_MONOCARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, PATIL_LIVER_CANCER, GOBP_GENERATION_OF_PRECURSOR_METABOLITES_AND_ENERGY, GOBP_SMALL_MOLECULE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_INSULIN_SECRETION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_SECRETION, ONKEN_UVEAL_MELANOMA_UP, GROSS_HYPOXIA_VIA_ELK3_UP, GOBP_SECRETION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_HORMONE_SECRETION

GO Biological Process (4): fatty acid metabolic process (GO:0006631), positive regulation of insulin secretion (GO:0032024), ketone body biosynthetic process (GO:0046951), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629)

GO Molecular Function (5): ATP binding (GO:0005524), acetoacetate-CoA ligase activity (GO:0030729), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515), ligase activity (GO:0016874)

GO Cellular Component (2): cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Ketone body metabolism	1
Metabolism	1
Metabolism of lipids	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
lipid metabolic process	1
monocarboxylic acid metabolic process	1
insulin secretion	1
positive regulation of protein secretion	1
regulation of insulin secretion	1
positive regulation of peptide hormone secretion	1
small molecule biosynthetic process	1
fatty acid derivative biosynthetic process	1
primary metabolic process	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
CoA-ligase activity	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2261 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
AACS	UNC119	Q13432	681
AACS	OXCT1	P55809	557
AACS	FASN	P49327	553
AACS	ELOVL6	Q9H5J4	541
AACS	HMGCS1	Q01581	537
AACS	HMGCR	P04035	523
AACS	ACLY	P53396	520
AACS	CYP4V2	Q6ZWL3	517
AACS	IGDCC3	Q8IVU1	474
AACS	AASDH	Q4L235	473
AACS	MVK	Q03426	473
AACS	ACACA	Q13085	470
AACS	AJM1	C9J069	469
AACS	STOML1	Q9UBI4	451
AACS	ERI1	Q8IV48	443

IntAct

24 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CMTM5	AACS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
AACS	CMTM5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
LPAR1	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SPSB4	ARHGEF10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CACNG1	TMEM120B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
EEF1AKMT3	SMCHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PSG11	ZSWIM8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CYP2C18	PGRMC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ARMC6	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CHRM4	EXOC5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CHRNB2	SNX2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
EFNB2	TCAF2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ERF	DVL2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FBXL16	STK25	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GSDME	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HPN	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IL5RA	LETM1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLK2	VWA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PEX7	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SFN	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SMPD2	A2ML1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
VENTX	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (26): CMTM5 (Two-hybrid), AACS (Co-fractionation), AACS (Co-fractionation), STAT6 (Co-fractionation), UNC13D (Co-fractionation), AACS (Affinity Capture-RNA), AACS (Affinity Capture-MS), AACS (Affinity Capture-MS), AACS (Affinity Capture-MS), AACS (Affinity Capture-MS), AACS (Affinity Capture-MS), AACS (Co-fractionation), AACS (Co-fractionation), AACS (Co-fractionation), AACS (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0U1WZ18, A3QK15, B9N1F9, D3ZVR9, E0CSI1, O70196, P00503, P00504, P05201, P08906, P33121, P33124, P40142, P50137, P50554, P54767, P61922, P78330, P80147, Q07346, Q14410, Q15124, Q1W377, Q28BL6, Q2KHU0, Q2KIG0, Q42472, Q42521, Q4R4D5, Q4R5L1, Q5R691, Q5RB83, Q5ZLG0, Q6P1N9, Q6P8M1, Q7TN78, Q80W40, Q86V21, Q8BZF8, Q8K183

Diamond homologs: A3QK15, D7PHZ3, P27097, Q21166, Q28BL6, Q5ZLG0, Q86V21, Q9D2R0, Q9JMI1, Q9N0E1, Q9Z3R3, Q973W5

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

157 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	9
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	117
Likely benign	3
Benign	6

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (10)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1047868	GRCh37/hg19 12q24.31-24.32(chr12:123878845-126829341)	Pathogenic
146222	GRCh38/hg38 12q24.31-24.33(chr12:123509825-133191400)x3	Pathogenic
148578	GRCh38/hg38 12q24.31-24.33(chr12:120697672-133202490)x3	Pathogenic
155183	GRCh38/hg38 12q24.31-24.32(chr12:121917758-127802717)x1	Pathogenic
4682809	GRCh37/hg19 12q23.1-24.33(chr12:99532287-133777902)x3	Pathogenic
57448	GRCh38/hg38 12q24.31-24.33(chr12:123444758-133191400)x3	Pathogenic
57612	GRCh38/hg38 12q24.31-24.33(chr12:122985202-130714574)x1	Pathogenic
625819	GRCh37/hg19 12q24.31-24.33(chr12:125451405-133810935)	Pathogenic
687704	GRCh37/hg19 12q24.31-24.32(chr12:122169403-129084163)x1	Pathogenic
1330196	GRCh37/hg19 12q24.22-24.33(chr12:117461902-133841395)x3	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

3703 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:125065652:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125065713:GCTGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125065714:CTGGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:125065715:TGGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
12:125065716:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125065717:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125065717:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
12:125065718:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125065718:GTGAG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
12:125065719:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
12:125073875:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125073875:GAGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076480:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076481:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076486:TATA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:125076487:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076487:ATAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076488:TAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:125076489:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076489:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076489:AGGTT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076490:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076490:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076490:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076490:GGTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076490:GGTTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:125076607:TGCAA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125076608:GCAA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125076608:GCAAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:125076609:C:T	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4439 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:125142126:T:A	V639D	0.998
12:125091494:A:C	S181R	0.997
12:125091496:C:A	S181R	0.997
12:125091496:C:G	S181R	0.997
12:125102692:G:C	R195P	0.997
12:125134008:T:A	W519R	0.997
12:125134008:T:C	W519R	0.997
12:125134831:A:C	S553R	0.997
12:125134833:C:A	S553R	0.997
12:125134833:C:G	S553R	0.997
12:125076530:T:A	W93R	0.996
12:125076530:T:C	W93R	0.996
12:125091491:T:A	W180R	0.996
12:125091491:T:C	W180R	0.996
12:125107218:T:C	F289L	0.996
12:125107220:C:A	F289L	0.996
12:125107220:C:G	F289L	0.996
12:125118647:T:A	W335R	0.995
12:125118647:T:C	W335R	0.995
12:125076553:C:A	N100K	0.994
12:125076553:C:G	N100K	0.994
12:125142108:A:C	K633T	0.994
12:125142109:G:C	K633N	0.994
12:125142109:G:T	K633N	0.994
12:125086438:T:A	V156D	0.993
12:125107228:G:A	G292D	0.993
12:125118656:T:A	W338R	0.993
12:125118656:T:C	W338R	0.993
12:125128169:G:C	D440H	0.993
12:125134020:G:C	D523H	0.993

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000013225 (12:125141250 G>A), RS1000017753 (12:125065778 G>A), RS1000018200 (12:125116993 A>G), RS1000029017 (12:125086108 G>A,C), RS1000071322 (12:125073610 G>C), RS1000089166 (12:125076227 G>A), RS1000149193 (12:125065346 C>G,T), RS1000163114 (12:125095509 G>T), RS1000183268 (12:125132979 C>A,T), RS1000188669 (12:125101822 A>G), RS1000255477 (12:125133297 G>A), RS1000291758 (12:125101122 T>C), RS1000320425 (12:125079181 G>A), RS1000386247 (12:125101435 G>A), RS1000419795 (12:125138594 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:614364 | disease phenotypes: MIM:618709

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): neurodevelopmental disorder with nonspecific brain abnormalities and with or without seizures (MONDO:0032877)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST007135_2	Resistant hypertension	9.000000e-06
GCST009733_200	Urinary metabolite levels in chronic kidney disease	1.000000e-21
GCST011037_9	Parkinson’s disease progression (cognitive)	2.000000e-06
GCST011350_1	C-reactive protein levels	5.000000e-12

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:1002006	treatment-resistant hypertension
EFO:0005116	urinary metabolite measurement
EFO:0008336	disease progression measurement
EFO:0004458	C-reactive protein measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

30 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, increases methylation, increases expression	2
bisphenol A	decreases expression, increases expression	2
bisphenol S	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
manganese chloride	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	1
beta-hydroxy simvastatin acid	affects expression	1
bisphenol B	increases expression	1
bisphenol AF	increases expression	1
4-(4-((5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl)methylene)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Cadmium	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Manganese	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Urethane	increases expression	1
Isotretinoin	decreases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.