ACCS
gene geneOn this page
Also known as PHACSACS
Summary
ACCS (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homolog (inactive), HGNC:23989) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11p11.2, encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-like protein 1 (Q96QU6). Does not catalyze the synthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate but is capable of catalyzing the deamination of L-vinylglycine.
Enables identical protein binding activity. Predicted to be involved in amino acid metabolic process.
Source: NCBI Gene 84680 — automated summary from GO annotations (Alliance of Genome Resources).
At a glance
- GWAS associations: 1
- Clinical variants (ClinVar): 109 total — 4 pathogenic, 2 likely-pathogenic
- GTEx eGene: eQTL in 49 tissues, sQTL in 48 (q < 0.05)
- Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.00 (LoF-tolerant), LOEUF 0.90 (unconstrained)
- MANE Select transcript:
NM_032592 - Notable: 109 clinical variants but no curated precision-oncology (CIViC) evidence yet
Identifiers
Gene identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| HGNC ID | HGNC:23989 |
| Approved symbol | ACCS |
| Name | 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase homolog (inactive) |
| Location | 11p11.2 |
| Locus type | gene with protein product |
| Status | Approved |
| Aliases | PHACS, ACS |
| Ensembl gene | ENSG00000110455 |
| Ensembl biotype | protein_coding |
| OMIM | 608405 |
| Entrez | 84680 |
Gene structure
Transcript identifiers
Ensembl transcripts: 42 — 20 nonsense_mediated_decay, 12 protein_coding, 9 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined
MANE Select: ENST00000263776
Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 2, TSL 2: 2, TSL 3: 7, TSL 4: 1, TSL 5: 1
ENST00000263776, ENST00000524990, ENST00000526577, ENST00000527346, ENST00000527557, ENST00000527603, ENST00000531190, ENST00000531505, ENST00000531940, ENST00000532122, ENST00000533208, ENST00000533404, ENST00000534035, ENST00000894381, ENST00000894382, ENST00000894383, ENST00000894384, ENST00000964372, ENST00000964373, ENST00000995808, ENST00000995809, ENST00000995810, ENST00000995811, ENST00000995812, ENST00000995813, ENST00000995814, ENST00001038637, ENST00001038638, ENST00001038639, ENST00001038640, ENST00001038641, ENST00001038642, ENST00001038643, ENST00001038644, ENST00001038645, ENST00001038646, ENST00001038647, ENST00001038648, ENST00001058055, ENST00001112531, ENST00001120416, ENST00001141289
RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_032592
NM_001127219, NM_032592
CCDS: CCDS7907
Canonical transcript exons
ENST00000263776 — 15 exons
| Exon | Start | End |
|---|---|---|
| ENSE00001596902 | 44078684 | 44078784 |
| ENSE00001677406 | 44077845 | 44077922 |
| ENSE00001801286 | 44079531 | 44079620 |
| ENSE00002176530 | 44066270 | 44066701 |
| ENSE00002200241 | 44083695 | 44084237 |
| ENSE00003476186 | 44083424 | 44083577 |
| ENSE00003496594 | 44077279 | 44077376 |
| ENSE00003538431 | 44083169 | 44083311 |
| ENSE00003565390 | 44075526 | 44075592 |
| ENSE00003581238 | 44081179 | 44081320 |
| ENSE00003591716 | 44071256 | 44071315 |
| ENSE00003599236 | 44081020 | 44081065 |
| ENSE00003622939 | 44067628 | 44067915 |
| ENSE00003634399 | 44074612 | 44074681 |
| ENSE00003785634 | 44073447 | 44073517 |
Expression profiles
Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 188 present calls, max score 98.28.
FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 8.1679 / max 100.8374, expressed in 1662 samples.
Highest expression (Bgee): uterine tube, adrenal gland cortex, granulocyte, adrenal gland, body of uterus.
Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)
ACCS is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 49 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 48 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.
showing 20 of 97 significant tissue × QTL associations:
| Tissue | QTL | q-value | Slope | Lead variant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole Blood | eqtl | 5.6e-182 | +1.47 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Cells Cultured fibroblasts | eqtl | 1.2e-134 | +0.85 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Thyroid | sqtl | 1.9e-132 | -1.35 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Adipose Subcutaneous | sqtl | 1.7e-123 | -1.30 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Nerve Tibial | sqtl | 3.5e-121 | -1.31 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Thyroid | eqtl | 1.3e-112 | +1.16 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg | sqtl | 1.8e-107 | -1.21 | 11:44083335:T:G |
| Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg | eqtl | 1.1e-101 | +1.06 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Esophagus Mucosa | eqtl | 4.3e-101 | +1.15 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Lung | sqtl | 7.6e-94 | -1.29 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic | eqtl | 6.3e-91 | +1.19 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Adipose Subcutaneous | eqtl | 7.8e-91 | +1.03 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Artery Tibial | sqtl | 3.9e-90 | +1.20 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic | sqtl | 1.7e-87 | -1.22 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Adipose Visceral Omentum | sqtl | 4.0e-83 | +1.22 | 11:44081529:A:T |
| Breast Mammary Tissue | sqtl | 6.2e-83 | -1.23 | 11:44082189:GAGTGTAAGT:G |
| Lung | eqtl | 5.0e-79 | +1.07 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Artery Aorta | sqtl | 2.3e-78 | +1.33 | 11:44083335:T:G |
| Muscle Skeletal | eqtl | 1.5e-77 | +0.82 | 11:44066439:G:T |
| Nerve Tibial | eqtl | 4.7e-75 | +1.05 | 11:44066439:G:T |
FANTOM5 promoters
5 alternative TSS:
| Promoter ID | TPM avg | Samples expressed |
|---|---|---|
| 113979 | 2.5069 | 1017 |
| 113977 | 2.3559 | 1145 |
| 113975 | 1.8357 | 899 |
| 113978 | 0.9687 | 477 |
| 113976 | 0.5007 | 280 |
Top tissues by expression
showing 100 of 244 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):
| Tissue | Anatomy ID | Expression score | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|
| right uterine tube | UBERON:0001302 | 98.28 | gold quality |
| right adrenal gland cortex | UBERON:0035827 | 96.53 | gold quality |
| granulocyte | CL:0000094 | 96.23 | gold quality |
| right adrenal gland | UBERON:0001233 | 95.63 | gold quality |
| left uterine tube | UBERON:0001303 | 94.84 | gold quality |
| body of uterus | UBERON:0009853 | 94.49 | gold quality |
| left adrenal gland | UBERON:0001234 | 94.17 | gold quality |
| left adrenal gland cortex | UBERON:0035825 | 94.12 | gold quality |
| right lobe of thyroid gland | UBERON:0001119 | 93.96 | gold quality |
| mucosa of stomach | UBERON:0001199 | 93.73 | gold quality |
| right lobe of liver | UBERON:0001114 | 93.69 | gold quality |
| apex of heart | UBERON:0002098 | 93.69 | gold quality |
| gall bladder | UBERON:0002110 | 93.51 | gold quality |
| adrenal cortex | UBERON:0001235 | 93.49 | gold quality |
| left lobe of thyroid gland | UBERON:0001120 | 93.32 | gold quality |
| nerve | UBERON:0001021 | 93.20 | gold quality |
| tibial nerve | UBERON:0001323 | 93.20 | gold quality |
| right ovary | UBERON:0002118 | 93.06 | gold quality |
| right coronary artery | UBERON:0001625 | 92.85 | gold quality |
| spleen | UBERON:0002106 | 92.84 | gold quality |
| left ovary | UBERON:0002119 | 92.83 | gold quality |
| thyroid gland | UBERON:0002046 | 92.82 | gold quality |
| body of pancreas | UBERON:0001150 | 92.70 | gold quality |
| minor salivary gland | UBERON:0001830 | 92.58 | gold quality |
| metanephros cortex | UBERON:0010533 | 92.57 | gold quality |
| small intestine Peyer’s patch | UBERON:0003454 | 92.52 | gold quality |
| body of stomach | UBERON:0001161 | 92.46 | gold quality |
| adrenal gland | UBERON:0002369 | 92.46 | gold quality |
| right lung | UBERON:0002167 | 92.35 | gold quality |
| endocervix | UBERON:0000458 | 92.21 | gold quality |
| subcutaneous adipose tissue | UBERON:0002190 | 91.93 | gold quality |
| ascending aorta | UBERON:0001496 | 91.81 | gold quality |
| esophagogastric junction muscularis propria | UBERON:0035841 | 91.79 | gold quality |
| thoracic aorta | UBERON:0001515 | 91.78 | gold quality |
| descending thoracic aorta | UBERON:0002345 | 91.65 | gold quality |
| sural nerve | UBERON:0015488 | 91.58 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus muscularis layer | UBERON:0035833 | 91.36 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus | UBERON:0013473 | 91.33 | gold quality |
| aorta | UBERON:0000947 | 91.16 | gold quality |
| pituitary gland | UBERON:0000007 | 91.12 | gold quality |
| adenohypophysis | UBERON:0002196 | 90.90 | gold quality |
| popliteal artery | UBERON:0002250 | 90.88 | gold quality |
| tibial artery | UBERON:0007610 | 90.88 | gold quality |
| upper lobe of left lung | UBERON:0008952 | 90.77 | gold quality |
| ectocervix | UBERON:0012249 | 90.76 | gold quality |
| saliva-secreting gland | UBERON:0001044 | 90.70 | gold quality |
| muscle layer of sigmoid colon | UBERON:0035805 | 90.64 | gold quality |
| transverse colon | UBERON:0001157 | 90.62 | gold quality |
| pancreatic ductal cell | CL:0002079 | 90.55 | silver quality |
| buccal mucosa cell | CL:0002336 | 90.48 | silver quality |
| stomach | UBERON:0000945 | 90.39 | gold quality |
| small intestine | UBERON:0002108 | 90.37 | gold quality |
| omental fat pad | UBERON:0010414 | 90.35 | gold quality |
| peritoneum | UBERON:0002358 | 90.30 | gold quality |
| rectum | UBERON:0001052 | 90.18 | gold quality |
| skin of leg | UBERON:0001511 | 90.15 | gold quality |
| mouth mucosa | UBERON:0003729 | 90.11 | gold quality |
| left coronary artery | UBERON:0001626 | 90.09 | gold quality |
| skin of abdomen | UBERON:0001416 | 89.95 | gold quality |
| adipose tissue of abdominal region | UBERON:0007808 | 89.86 | gold quality |
| stromal cell of endometrium | CL:0002255 | 89.68 | gold quality |
| smooth muscle tissue | UBERON:0001135 | 89.56 | gold quality |
| coronary artery | UBERON:0001621 | 89.46 | gold quality |
| tendon of biceps brachii | UBERON:0008188 | 89.43 | silver quality |
| olfactory segment of nasal mucosa | UBERON:0005386 | 89.35 | gold quality |
| ovary | UBERON:0000992 | 89.24 | gold quality |
| right testis | UBERON:0004534 | 89.09 | gold quality |
| fundus of stomach | UBERON:0001160 | 89.04 | gold quality |
| left testis | UBERON:0004533 | 88.83 | gold quality |
| cortex of kidney | UBERON:0001225 | 88.70 | gold quality |
| adipose tissue | UBERON:0001013 | 88.41 | gold quality |
| esophagus | UBERON:0001043 | 88.40 | gold quality |
| uterine cervix | UBERON:0000002 | 88.24 | gold quality |
| zone of skin | UBERON:0000014 | 88.08 | gold quality |
| adrenal tissue | UBERON:0018303 | 87.75 | gold quality |
| right atrium auricular region | UBERON:0006631 | 87.53 | gold quality |
| upper lobe of lung | UBERON:0008948 | 87.52 | gold quality |
| vagina | UBERON:0000996 | 87.34 | gold quality |
| prostate gland | UBERON:0002367 | 87.24 | gold quality |
| monocyte | CL:0000576 | 87.22 | gold quality |
| fallopian tube | UBERON:0003889 | 86.91 | gold quality |
| intestine | UBERON:0000160 | 86.89 | gold quality |
| testis | UBERON:0000473 | 86.70 | gold quality |
| colon | UBERON:0001155 | 86.64 | gold quality |
| leukocyte | CL:0000738 | 86.63 | gold quality |
| upper arm skin | UBERON:0004263 | 86.63 | gold quality |
| cardiac atrium | UBERON:0002081 | 86.15 | gold quality |
| esophagus mucosa | UBERON:0002469 | 86.15 | gold quality |
| metanephros | UBERON:0000081 | 85.97 | gold quality |
| large intestine | UBERON:0000059 | 85.89 | gold quality |
| tibia | UBERON:0000979 | 85.56 | gold quality |
| myometrium | UBERON:0001296 | 85.49 | gold quality |
| urinary bladder | UBERON:0001255 | 85.36 | gold quality |
| uterus | UBERON:0000995 | 85.28 | gold quality |
| liver | UBERON:0002107 | 85.24 | gold quality |
| pancreas | UBERON:0001264 | 85.07 | gold quality |
| vermiform appendix | UBERON:0001154 | 84.97 | gold quality |
| lymph node | UBERON:0000029 | 84.90 | gold quality |
| female reproductive system | UBERON:0000474 | 84.90 | gold quality |
| hindlimb stylopod muscle | UBERON:0004252 | 84.88 | gold quality |
Single-cell (SCXA)
Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.
| Experiment | Marker? | Max mean expression |
|---|---|---|
| E-ANND-3 | yes | 4.85 |
HPA expression
RNA tissue specificity: Low tissue specificity
showing 60 of 79 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:
| Tissue / cell | Axis | nTPM | Protein (IHC) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Choroid plexus | tissue | 17.2 | |
| Spleen | tissue | 12.8 | high |
| Pituitary gland | tissue | 10.4 | |
| Gallbladder | tissue | 9.5 | medium |
| Bone marrow | tissue | 9.5 | low |
| Fallopian tube | tissue | 9.4 | medium |
| Endometrium 1 | tissue | 9.0 | medium |
| Salivary gland | tissue | 8.6 | low |
| Stomach 1 | tissue | 8.1 | medium |
| Ovary | tissue | 8.1 | medium |
| Liver | tissue | 8.1 | medium |
| Adrenal gland | tissue | 8.1 | low |
| Lung | tissue | 7.9 | medium |
| Vagina | tissue | 7.7 | low |
| Epididymis | tissue | 7.6 | medium |
| Spinal cord | tissue | 7.4 | |
| Prostate | tissue | 7.2 | medium |
| Thyroid gland | tissue | 7.0 | low |
| Hypothalamus | tissue | 6.9 | |
| Skin 1 | tissue | 6.6 | low |
| Rectum | tissue | 6.5 | low |
| Small intestine | tissue | 6.5 | medium |
| Periaqueductal gray | tissue | 6.5 | |
| Substantia nigra | tissue | 6.4 | |
| Adipose tissue | tissue | 6.0 | medium |
| Tonsil | tissue | 6.0 | high |
| Seminal vesicle | tissue | 5.9 | medium |
| Smooth muscle | tissue | 5.9 | medium |
| Medulla oblongata | tissue | 5.9 | |
| Pons | tissue | 5.7 | |
| Locus coeruleus | tissue | 5.7 | |
| Septum | tissue | 5.3 | |
| Breast | tissue | 5.2 | low |
| Midbrain | tissue | 5.2 | |
| Lymph node | tissue | 5.1 | high |
| Pancreas | tissue | 5.1 | medium |
| Thalamus | tissue | 5.1 | |
| Duodenum | tissue | 5.1 | medium |
| Colon | tissue | 5.0 | medium |
| Nucleus accumbens | tissue | 5.0 | |
| Hippocampus | tissue | 4.9 | medium |
| Cervix | tissue | 4.6 | low |
| Superior colliculi | tissue | 4.5 | |
| Hippocampal formation | tissue | 4.5 | |
| Amygdala | tissue | 4.4 | |
| Kidney | tissue | 4.4 | medium |
| Cerebral cortex | tissue | 4.3 | medium |
| Insular cortex | tissue | 4.3 | |
| Urinary bladder | tissue | 4.2 | medium |
| Motor cortex | tissue | 4.2 | |
| Corpus callosum | tissue | 4.2 | |
| Ventral forebrain | tissue | 4.1 | |
| Basal ganglia | tissue | 4.0 | medium |
| Esophagus | tissue | 3.9 | not detected |
| Entorhinal cortex | tissue | 3.9 | |
| Prefrontal cortex | tissue | 3.8 | |
| Thymus | tissue | 3.8 | |
| Retrosplenial and cingulate cortex | tissue | 3.8 | |
| Retrosplenial cortex | tissue | 3.8 | |
| Temporal cortex | tissue | 3.7 |
Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 192; highest nTPM — Blood vessel (10.9), Dorsal spinal cord (7.4), Ventral spinal cord (6.8), Arcuate nucleus (6.6), Centromedial thalamic nucleus (6.6).
Regulation
Is transcription factor: no
miRNA regulators (miRDB)
Targeting ACCS by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).
7 miRNAs:
| miRNA | Max score | Avg score | miRNA target_count |
|---|---|---|---|
| HSA-MIR-6845-3P | 99.94 | 66.88 | 1439 |
| HSA-MIR-221-5P | 99.86 | 65.45 | 1052 |
| HSA-MIR-8073 | 99.86 | 65.21 | 1118 |
| HSA-MIR-6715B-5P | 99.64 | 69.63 | 1420 |
| HSA-MIR-4269 | 99.55 | 69.89 | 1373 |
| HSA-MIR-3190-5P | 98.87 | 64.89 | 1345 |
| HSA-MIR-7975 | 95.04 | 66.76 | 516 |
Functional genomics
gnomAD constraint: pLI 7.8e-11, LOEUF 0.899, missense Z 0.791 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD
Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC): no regional variation along ENST00000263776 — one region, missense o/e 0.95.
Cross-species orthologs
8 orthologs
| Organism | Symbol | Gene ID |
|---|---|---|
| danio_rerio | accs | ENSDARG00000052124 |
| mus_musculus | Accs | ENSMUSG00000040272 |
| rattus_norvegicus | Accs | ENSRNOG00000042533 |
| drosophila_melanogaster | CG1640 | FBGN0030478 |
| drosophila_melanogaster | CG6321 | FBGN0036117 |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00009232 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00010984 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | C32F10.8 | WBGENE00016333 |
Paralogs (7): AADAT (ENSG00000109576), KYAT3 (ENSG00000137944), GPT2 (ENSG00000166123), GPT (ENSG00000167701), KYAT1 (ENSG00000171097), TAT (ENSG00000198650), ACCSL (ENSG00000205126)
Additional cross-species homologs
Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.
| Organism | UniProt | Identity | Method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Oryza sativa Indica Group | A2XLL2 | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Oryza sativa Japonica Group | Q10DK7 | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Cucurbita pepo | P23279 | 96.6% | Diamond |
| Cucurbita maxima | P23599 | 96.6% | Diamond |
| Vigna radiata var. radiata | Q01912 | 92.4% | Diamond |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | Q37001 | 91.7% | Diamond |
| Streptomyces griseus | P36692 | 91.6% | Diamond |
| Solanum lycopersicum | P18485 | 88.3% | Diamond |
| Nicotiana tabacum | Q07262 | 88.3% | Diamond |
| Bos taurus | Q5E9H2 | 83.9% | Diamond |
| Malus domestica | P37821 | 74.9% | Diamond |
| Prunus mume | Q9MB95 | 69.8% | Diamond |
| Aspergillus terreus NIH2624 | Q0CS62 | 69.2% | Diamond |
| Dianthus caryophyllus | P27486 | 66.3% | Diamond |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C | P52893 | 65.2% | Diamond |
| Takifugu rubripes | Q9W698 | 58.0% | Diamond |
| Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 | Q4WMJ9 | 37.5% | Diamond |
Genomic neighbors (locus context)
Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).
| Symbol | Type | Entrez |
|---|---|---|
| EXT2 | protein-coding | 2132 |
| ALX4 | protein-coding | 60529 |
| ALKBH3-AS1 | ncRNA | 100507300 |
| ALKBH3 | protein-coding | 221120 |
| C11orf96 | protein-coding | 387763 |
| ACCSL | protein-coding | 390110 |
Protein
Protein identifiers
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase-like protein 1 — Q96QU6 (reviewed: Q96QU6)
All UniProt accessions (5): A0A0S2Z5S5, A0A0S2Z622, E9PRT9, Q96QU6, E9PS61
UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →
Function. Does not catalyze the synthesis of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate but is capable of catalyzing the deamination of L-vinylglycine.
Similarity. Belongs to the class-I pyridoxal-phosphate-dependent aminotransferase family.
Isoforms (2)
| UniProt ID | Names | Canonical? |
|---|---|---|
| Q96QU6-1 | 1 | yes |
| Q96QU6-2 | 2 |
RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001120691, NP_115981* (*=MANE)
Domains & families (InterPro)
| ID | Name | Type |
|---|---|---|
| IPR004839 | Aminotransferase_I/II_large | Domain |
| IPR015421 | PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase_major | Homologous_superfamily |
| IPR015422 | PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase_small | Homologous_superfamily |
| IPR015424 | PyrdxlP-dep_Trfase | Homologous_superfamily |
| IPR050478 | Ethylene_sulfur-biosynth | Family |
Pfam: PF00155
UniProt features (14 total): sequence variant 5, sequence conflict 2, splice variant 2, chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, binding site 1, modified residue 1
Structure
Predicted structure (AlphaFold)
| Model | pLDDT | Fraction very-high |
|---|---|---|
| AF-Q96QU6-F1 | 86.63 | 0.78 |
Human Protein Atlas
Protein class: Predicted intracellular proteins
Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level
Subcellular location (HPA, imaging): golgi apparatus
Antibody reliability (HPA): IH approved · IF approved
Functional residue map
Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.
Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1)
| Position | Role |
|---|---|
| 105 | substrate |
Post-translational modifications (1)
| Type | Positions |
|---|---|
| N6-(pyridoxal phosphate)lysine | 323 |
Function
Pathways and Gene Ontology
Reactome pathways
0 curated (TAS) of 0; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).
MSigDB gene sets: 65 (showing top):
GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD11B_DC_UP, ACEVEDO_LIVER_TUMOR_VS_NORMAL_ADJACENT_TISSUE_DN, GOMF_TRANSFERASE_ACTIVITY_TRANSFERRING_NITROGENOUS_GROUPS, GOMF_CARBON_SULFUR_LYASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_VITAMIN_BINDING, BRUINS_UVC_RESPONSE_LATE, CSR_EARLY_UP.V1_DN, CSR_LATE_UP.V1_DN, GOMF_VITAMIN_B6_BINDING, BANP_TARGET_GENES, DIDO1_TARGET_GENES, E2F2_TARGET_GENES, GSE13547_WT_VS_ZFX_KO_BCELL_UP, ID1_TARGET_GENES, IRF5_TARGET_GENES
GO Biological Process (2): amino acid metabolic process (GO:0006520), biosynthetic process (GO:0009058)
GO Molecular Function (4): transaminase activity (GO:0008483), pyridoxal phosphate binding (GO:0030170), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein binding (GO:0005515)
GO top-level categories
7 GO namespaces:
| Category | Terms |
|---|---|
| primary metabolic process | 1 |
| metabolic process | 1 |
| transferase activity, transferring nitrogenous groups | 1 |
| anion binding | 1 |
| vitamin B6 binding | 1 |
| protein binding | 1 |
| binding | 1 |
Experimentally-supported GO annotations
GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 1 of 6 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).
1 experimentally-supported GO terms:
| GO term | NS | Evidence |
|---|---|---|
| identical protein binding | MF | physical interaction |
Protein interactions and networks
STRING
showing 15 of 873 interactions by confidence (×1000):
| Protein A | Protein B | Partner UniProt | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACCS | ODF1 | Q14990 | 387 |
| ACCS | AASDH | Q4L235 | 368 |
| ACCS | EXT2 | Q93063 | 351 |
| ACCS | ST6GAL1 | P15907 | 346 |
| ACCS | HORMAD2 | Q8N7B1 | 342 |
| ACCS | AACS | Q86V21 | 334 |
| ACCS | GASK1B | Q6UWH4 | 328 |
| ACCS | RALGPS1 | Q5JS13 | 312 |
| ACCS | CLLU1-AS1 | Q5K130 | 305 |
| ACCS | TNFSF13 | O75888 | 303 |
| ACCS | KLF10 | Q13118 | 303 |
| ACCS | SPATA4 | Q8NEY3 | 302 |
| ACCS | PYROXD2 | Q8N2H3 | 301 |
| ACCS | SLC10A7 | Q0GE19 | 292 |
| ACCS | IFNE | Q86WN2 | 288 |
IntAct
Human interaction partners of ACCS in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).
3 partners by confidence:
| Partner | Interaction type | MIscore | Records |
|---|---|---|---|
| UQCRB | physical association | 0.560 | 3 |
| CFTR | physical association | 0.370 | 3 |
| FBF1 | physical association | 0.370 | 1 |
BioGRID (14 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): GNPDA1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), ANLN (Affinity Capture-MS), AURKB (Affinity Capture-MS), CFTR (PCA), DDX39A (Affinity Capture-RNA), ECT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), FBF1 (Two-hybrid), KIF23 (Affinity Capture-MS), UQCRB (Two-hybrid), WSB1 (Affinity Capture-MS)
Disease & clinical
Genetic variants
Variant evidence for ACCS: 109 ClinVar records (6 pathogenic / likely pathogenic); 1 GWAS association. Per-variant detail is on Sugi Variant.
ClinVar
109 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):
| Classification | Count (floor) |
|---|---|
| Pathogenic | 4 |
| Likely pathogenic | 2 |
| Uncertain significance | 81 |
| Likely benign | 4 |
| Benign | 4 |
Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (6)
Showing all 6 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic ClinVar records, ranked by ClinVar review status (expert panel → multiple submitters → single submitter), then by number of submitting labs.
| Variant ID | HGVS | Classification | Review | Submitters |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3391913 | GRCh37/hg19 11p13-11.2(chr11:36161425-45287380)x1 | Pathogenic | criteria provided, single submitter | 1 |
| 146079 | GRCh38/hg38 11p12-11.2(chr11:41118322-48643003)x1 | Pathogenic | no assertion criteria provided | 1 |
| 154181 | GRCh38/hg38 11p12-11.2(chr11:42553659-46114792)x1 | Pathogenic | no assertion criteria provided | 1 |
| 154372 | GRCh38/hg38 11p12-11.2(chr11:39684826-44845260)x1 | Pathogenic | no assertion criteria provided | 1 |
| 149051 | GRCh38/hg38 11p12-11.2(chr11:40688674-44184136)x3 | Likely pathogenic | no assertion criteria provided | 1 |
| 150595 | GRCh38/hg38 11p12-11.12(chr11:42727555-49135735)x3 | Likely pathogenic | no assertion criteria provided | 1 |
Per-variant reference — Sugi Variant
Explore ACCS’s pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants individually — each with its ClinVar classification and conditions, applied ACMG criteria (ClinGen expert panel, where curated), the calibrated in-silico predictors (AlphaMissense, REVEL, SaProt, conservation), gnomAD frequency, and the predictor-disagreement QC signal — on Sugi Variant.
SpliceAI
Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 37 predictions of 1,580):
| Position(s) | Effect | Δscore | Sites |
|---|---|---|---|
| 11:44067887 | donor_gain | 1.0000 | |
| 11:44067916 | donor_loss | 1.0000 | |
| 11:44079621–44079622 | donor_loss | 1.0000 | 5 |
| 11:44067916–44067917 | donor_loss | 0.9900 | 4 |
| 11:44071254–44071255 | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 | 6 |
| 11:44073445–44073446 | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 | 6 |
| 11:44078558 | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 | |
| 11:44079518 | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 | |
| 11:44079529–44079530 | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 | 6 |
| 11:44083312–44083313 | donor_loss | 0.9900 | 6 |
AlphaMissense
781 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 3,285 scored), across 243 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:
| Residue | Likely-pathogenic substitutions | Mean am_pathogenicity | Max am_pathogenicity |
|---|---|---|---|
| D324 | 8 | 0.933 | 0.979 |
| D286 | 8 | 0.906 | 0.956 |
| N258 | 8 | 0.889 | 0.975 |
| N106 | 8 | 0.887 | 0.976 |
| H316 | 8 | 0.883 | 0.951 |
| F275 | 8 | 0.834 | 0.959 |
| F325 | 8 | 0.822 | 0.923 |
| H282 | 8 | 0.745 | 0.892 |
| W319 | 7 | 0.904 | 0.986 |
| W372 | 7 | 0.892 | 0.955 |
| F456 | 7 | 0.890 | 0.976 |
| F227 | 7 | 0.885 | 0.954 |
| W455 | 7 | 0.884 | 0.953 |
| E287 | 7 | 0.879 | 0.980 |
| F448 | 7 | 0.869 | 0.975 |
| F460 | 7 | 0.869 | 0.976 |
| F294 | 7 | 0.863 | 0.968 |
| F148 | 7 | 0.854 | 0.954 |
| W413 | 7 | 0.853 | 0.979 |
| E428 | 7 | 0.830 | 0.906 |
HPA cancer prognostics
RNA cancer specificity: Low cancer specificity
Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.
3 prognostic cancer types:
| Cancer | Prognostic | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| Kidney Renal Papillary Cell Carcinoma (TCGA) | favorable | 6.51e-10 |
| Glioblastoma Multiforme (TCGA) | unfavorable | 0.000162 |
| Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA) | favorable | 0.000648 |
Disease associations
OMIM: gene MIM:608405 | disease phenotypes:
GWAS associations
1 associations:
| Study | Trait | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| GCST002943_3 | IgA nephropathy | 4e-9 |
Drugs & pharmacology
Drug and pharmacology data
Is drug target: no
PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)
CTD chemical–gene interactions
24 total (human), top 24 by PubMed support.
| Chemical | Actions (top 5) | PubMed papers |
|---|---|---|
| sodium arsenite | decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression | 3 |
| Cisplatin | affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression | 2 |
| Nickel | decreases expression | 2 |
| Tobacco Smoke Pollution | decreases expression | 2 |
| Valproic Acid | affects expression, decreases expression | 2 |
| bufotalin | decreases expression | 1 |
| beta-lapachone | decreases expression | 1 |
| tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate | increases expression | 1 |
| butyraldehyde | decreases expression | 1 |
| zinc chromate | decreases expression, increases abundance | 1 |
| ferrous chloride | decreases expression | 1 |
| chromium hexavalent ion | decreases expression, increases abundance | 1 |
| CGP 52608 | affects binding, increases reaction | 1 |
| ICG 001 | increases expression | 1 |
| jinfukang | affects cotreatment, increases expression | 1 |
| 4-(4-((5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl)methylene)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid | increases expression | 1 |
| Decitabine | affects expression | 1 |
| Arsenic | increases abundance, increases expression | 1 |
| Atrazine | decreases expression | 1 |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | affects methylation | 1 |
| Diethylhexyl Phthalate | decreases expression | 1 |
| Thiram | decreases expression | 1 |
| Aflatoxin B1 | decreases expression | 1 |
| Okadaic Acid | decreases expression | 1 |
Clinical trials (associated diseases)
Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.
Related Atlas pages
- Disease cohort memberships (association, not causation — diseases whose associated-gene cohort lists this gene; a subset are also under Associated diseases): IgA glomerulonephritis