ACTBL2

gene
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Also known as DKFZp686D0972

Summary

ACTBL2 (actin beta like 2, HGNC:17780) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q11.2, encoding Beta-actin-like protein 2 (Q562R1). Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Predicted to enable protein kinase binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton. Predicted to be involved in axonogenesis and cell motility. Located in extracellular exosome.

Source: NCBI Gene 345651 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 11
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 77 total — 3 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_001017992

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:17780
Approved symbolACTBL2
Nameactin beta like 2
Location5q11.2
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesDKFZp686D0972
Ensembl geneENSG00000169067
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM614835
Entrez345651

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000423391

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_001017992 NM_001017992

CCDS: CCDS34163

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000423391 — 1 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000016495845748001857482811

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 24 present calls, max score 49.52.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.3435 / max 18.5201, expressed in 139 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
617640.2800113
617630.063532

Top tissues by expression

120 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
cortical plateUBERON:000534349.52gold quality
islet of LangerhansUBERON:000000645.95gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosaUBERON:000538643.81gold quality
placentaUBERON:000198741.47gold quality
gastrocnemiusUBERON:000138841.45silver quality
ganglionic eminenceUBERON:000402340.71gold quality
muscle of legUBERON:000138340.58silver quality
skeletal muscle tissueUBERON:000113440.43gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscleUBERON:000425238.72gold quality
muscle tissueUBERON:000238538.40gold quality
vermiform appendixUBERON:000115438.00gold quality
colonic epitheliumUBERON:000039737.20gold quality
minor salivary glandUBERON:000183036.93gold quality
ventricular zoneUBERON:000305336.48gold quality
saliva-secreting glandUBERON:000104436.23gold quality
bone marrow cellCL:000209236.16gold quality
granulocyteCL:000009436.13gold quality
apex of heartUBERON:000209834.92gold quality
pancreasUBERON:000126434.05gold quality
tonsilUBERON:000237233.62gold quality
smooth muscle tissueUBERON:000113532.42gold quality
descending thoracic aortaUBERON:000234532.26gold quality
bone marrowUBERON:000237131.74gold quality
liverUBERON:000210731.37gold quality
left uterine tubeUBERON:000130331.03gold quality
sural nerveUBERON:001548830.93gold quality
gall bladderUBERON:000211030.90gold quality
tibial arteryUBERON:000761030.64gold quality
popliteal arteryUBERON:000225030.62gold quality
skin of abdomenUBERON:000141630.48gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3yes2.79

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): KDM5B

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

73 targeting ACTBL2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3924100.0072.092394
HSA-MIR-3163100.0077.238605
HSA-MIR-432-3P100.0067.86705
HSA-MIR-30A-5P100.0076.313233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P100.0076.293248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P100.0076.293248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P100.0076.323233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P100.0076.323242
HSA-MIR-6873-3P100.0071.422626
HSA-MIR-453499.9966.581907
HSA-MIR-3667-3P99.9967.171636
HSA-MIR-453199.9969.703181
HSA-MIR-520D-5P99.9873.344883
HSA-MIR-524-5P99.9873.434882
HSA-MIR-480399.9871.993117
HSA-MIR-477599.9875.006394
HSA-MIR-56899.9869.862084
HSA-MIR-9-3P99.9670.882068
HSA-MIR-590-3P99.9674.346478
HSA-MIR-448799.9664.581252
HSA-MIR-23A-3P99.9574.243163
HSA-MIR-23B-3P99.9574.243163
HSA-MIR-23C99.9573.923192
HSA-MIR-808299.9567.271170
HSA-MIR-374A-5P99.9071.342923
HSA-MIR-374B-5P99.9069.982734
HSA-MIR-345-3P99.8970.231421
HSA-MIR-548E-5P99.8972.734486
HSA-MIR-548AR-3P99.8571.263889
HSA-MIR-94499.8270.853042

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 5)

  • -actin is downregulated in the corneal stroma of patients with KC, which may be related to reduced levels of a stabilizing factor (HuR) for beta-actin mRNA. (PMID:22562506)
  • Four rare missense variants were identified (ACTBL2 rs73757391 (5q11.2), BTD rs200337373 (3p25.1), KRT13 rs150321809 (17q21.2) and MC2R rs104894658 (18p11.21)), but only MC2R rs104894668 had a large effect size (OR = 9.66). (PMID:27378695)
  • identified a novel protein, ACTBL2, which was demonstrated to be upregulated in colorectal cancer (PMID:27989943)
  • The origin of the expressed retrotransposed gene ACTBL2 and its influence on human melanoma cells’ motility and focal adhesion formation. (PMID:33558623)
  • Characterization and prognostic impact of ACTBL2-positive tumor-infiltrating leukocytes in epithelial ovarian cancer. (PMID:38114558)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
mus_musculusActbl2ENSMUSG00000055194
rattus_norvegicusActbl2ENSRNOG00000043292

Paralogs (26): ACTR6 (ENSG00000075089), ACTB (ENSG00000075624), ACTL6B (ENSG00000077080), ACTR5 (ENSG00000101442), ACTR3C (ENSG00000106526), ACTA2 (ENSG00000107796), ACTR8 (ENSG00000113812), ACTR1B (ENSG00000115073), ACTR3 (ENSG00000115091), ACTL8 (ENSG00000117148), ACTRT1 (ENSG00000123165), ACTR10 (ENSG00000131966), ACTR3B (ENSG00000133627), ACTL6A (ENSG00000136518), ACTR2 (ENSG00000138071), ACTR1A (ENSG00000138107), ACTA1 (ENSG00000143632), ACTL7B (ENSG00000148156), ACTC1 (ENSG00000159251), ACTG2 (ENSG00000163017), ACTRT2 (ENSG00000169717), ACTL9 (ENSG00000181786), ACTG1 (ENSG00000184009), ACTRT3 (ENSG00000184378), ACTL7A (ENSG00000187003), ACTL10 (ENSG00000288649)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Beta-actin-like protein 2Q562R1 (reviewed: Q562R1)

Alternative names: Kappa-actin

All UniProt accessions (1): Q562R1

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Actins are highly conserved proteins that are involved in various types of cell motility and are ubiquitously expressed in all eukaryotic cells.

Subunit / interactions. Polymerization of globular actin (G-actin) leads to a structural filament (F-actin) in the form of a two-stranded helix. Each actin can bind to 4 others. Interacts with PFN1 and PFDN1.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton.

Post-translational modifications. Oxidation of Met-45 and Met-48 by MICALs (MICAL1, MICAL2 or MICAL3) to form methionine sulfoxide promotes actin filament depolymerization. MICAL1 and MICAL2 produce the (R)-S-oxide form. The (R)-S-oxide form is reverted by MSRB1 and MSRB2, which promote actin repolymerization. Monomethylation at Lys-85 (K84me1) regulates actin-myosin interaction and actomyosin-dependent processes. Demethylation by ALKBH4 is required for maintaining actomyosin dynamics supporting normal cleavage furrow ingression during cytokinesis and cell migration.

Miscellaneous. In vertebrates 3 main groups of actin isoforms, alpha, beta and gamma have been identified. The alpha actins are found in muscle tissues and are a major constituent of the contractile apparatus. The beta and gamma actins coexist in most cell types as components of the cytoskeleton and as mediators of internal cell motility.

Similarity. Belongs to the actin family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_001017992* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR004000ActinFamily
IPR004001Actin_CSConserved_site
IPR020902Actin/actin-like_CSConserved_site
IPR043129ATPase_NBDHomologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00022

UniProt features (7 total): sequence conflict 4, modified residue 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q562R1-F194.970.92

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2): 45, 48

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 63 (showing top): GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, GOBP_CELL_JUNCTION_ORGANIZATION, GOCC_NEURON_PROJECTION, GOBP_CELL_PROJECTION_ORGANIZATION, GOCC_H4_HISTONE_ACETYLTRANSFERASE_COMPLEX, GOCC_TRANSFERASE_COMPLEX, chr5q11, GOCC_SYNAPSE, MARSON_BOUND_BY_FOXP3_STIMULATED, GOCC_AXON, GOMF_KINASE_BINDING, GOMF_STRUCTURAL_CONSTITUENT_OF_CYTOSKELETON, GOMF_ADENYL_NUCLEOTIDE_BINDING, GOMF_STRUCTURAL_MOLECULE_ACTIVITY, CHEN_METABOLIC_SYNDROM_NETWORK

GO Biological Process (3): axonogenesis (GO:0007409), cell motility (GO:0048870), postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0098974)

GO Molecular Function (5): ATP binding (GO:0005524), protein kinase binding (GO:0019901), structural constituent of postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton (GO:0098973), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (11): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), actin filament (GO:0005884), actin cytoskeleton (GO:0015629), membrane (GO:0016020), axon (GO:0030424), NuA4 histone acetyltransferase complex (GO:0035267), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), glutamatergic synapse (GO:0098978), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), synapse (GO:0045202)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cellular anatomical structure2
cell morphogenesis involved in neuron differentiation1
neuron projection morphogenesis1
axon development1
cellular process1
actin cytoskeleton organization1
postsynaptic cytoskeleton organization1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding1
kinase binding1
structural constituent of cytoskeleton1
postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton1
postsynaptic actin cytoskeleton organization1
structural constituent of postsynapse1
nucleoside phosphate binding1
heterocyclic compound binding1
binding1
intracellular anatomical structure1
actin cytoskeleton1
polymeric cytoskeletal fiber1
cytoskeleton1
neuron projection1
H4/H2A histone acetyltransferase complex1
extracellular vesicle1
synapse1
intracellular membraneless organelle1
cell junction1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2476 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
ACTBL2PFDN2Q9UHV9888
ACTBL2PFDN1O60925786
ACTBL2PFN1P07737580
ACTBL2GSNP06396569
ACTBL2SCINQ9Y6U3525
ACTBL2TUBB6Q9BUF5494
ACTBL2PRDX2P31945491
ACTBL2TUBB3Q13509461
ACTBL2ENO2P09104435
ACTBL2PRPF40AO75400431
ACTBL2RAB3GAP1Q15042418
ACTBL2CASKIN1Q8WXD9410
ACTBL2MIFP14174403
ACTBL2ANP32BP78458401
ACTBL2POTEB2H3BUK9395

IntAct

333 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
CEP97CCP110psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.950
RAD21SMC1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.930
WASLWIPF3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.740
HOMER1TRAF5psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.740
CFTRESYT2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.710
UQCRBCOX7A2Lpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
RNASE3GGPS1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
CFL1CAP2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
TWF2CAP2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
MAPK7PFDN6psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.640
CEP97ACTBL2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.610
SRD5A1ACTBL2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.590
ADAPOTEFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.560
HTR1EATP5F1Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.560
GCPOTEFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
MAGEA10POTEFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
ACTBL2POTEFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
LPGAT1POTEFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
GPR141STXBP3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
DEFB127DCTN6psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
TEX264PER1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
DUSP19NARS1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
DEFA6EXTL3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
CYP1A1SNX3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
ZMAT5DENND4Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
FBXO40MYO1Dpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
ZNF517GGPS1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
CAPNS2CAPNS1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530

BioGRID (468): ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Proximity Label-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5DQP9, O13419, O17502, O17503, O74258, P04751, P10365, P10989, P11426, P12717, P14235, P17128, P18499, P20359, P26183, P30161, P30164, P30165, P43239, P53455, P53457, P53459, P53465, P53466, P53467, P53474, P53491, P60009, P60010, P60011, P62736, P62737, P62738, P62739, P78711, P84856, Q00214, Q00215, Q25472, Q55EU6

Diamond homologs: A0A1L8EV45, A2X6S3, A2XLF2, O00937, O16808, O17320, O73723, O74258, P02576, P02578, P04752, P04829, P07829, P0DM41, P0DM42, P10984, P10986, P10988, P10990, P12432, P12433, P12715, P13363, P14235, P17126, P17128, P20904, P22132, P26183, P30162, P30163, P32390, P32392, P35432, P41112, P41113, P41339, P41341, P42528, P43239

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 272 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

PathwayPartnersFoldFDR
VEGFR2 mediated cell proliferation514.9×4e-03
Signaling by high-kinase activity BRAF mutants69.9×5e-03
MAP2K and MAPK activation68.9×7e-03
Signaling by RAF1 mutants68.7×7e-03
EPHB-mediated forward signaling68.3×8e-03
Signaling by moderate kinase activity BRAF mutants67.9×8e-03
Paradoxical activation of RAF signaling by kinase inactive BRAF67.9×8e-03
Signaling downstream of RAS mutants67.9×8e-03

GO biological processes:

GO termPartnersFoldFDR
actin polymerization or depolymerization515.2×6e-03
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway710.0×4e-03
mitophagy78.8×6e-03
autophagosome assembly98.0×2e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

77 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic3
Likely pathogenic1
Uncertain significance70
Likely benign2
Benign1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (4)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
144590GRCh38/hg38 5q11.2-12.1(chr5:56947850-61725401)x3Pathogenic
148227GRCh38/hg38 5p13.2-q12.1(chr5:35201559-61903141)x3Pathogenic
57149GRCh38/hg38 5q11.1-12.1(chr5:50288355-63149770)x1Pathogenic
3062842GRCh37/hg19 5q11.1-11.2(chr5:49430268-57925870)x1Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

7 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
5:57482677:C:CTdonor_gain0.6300
5:57482678:T:TTdonor_gain0.6300
5:57481699:T:TAdonor_gain0.5000
5:57482676:A:ACdonor_gain0.3400
5:57481700:C:Adonor_gain0.3200
5:57481631:A:ACdonor_gain0.2400
5:57481632:C:CCdonor_gain0.2400

AlphaMissense

2477 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
5:57481680:C:TG343E0.999
5:57481681:C:AG343W0.999
5:57481687:A:GW341R0.999
5:57481687:A:TW341R0.999
5:57482256:C:TG151D0.999
5:57481649:G:CF353L0.998
5:57481649:G:TF353L0.998
5:57481651:A:GF353L0.998
5:57481677:C:TG344D0.998
5:57481681:C:GG343R0.998
5:57481681:C:TG343R0.998
5:57482257:C:GG151R0.998
5:57482265:C:GR148P0.998
5:57482358:C:GR117P0.998
5:57482449:A:GW87R0.998
5:57482449:A:TW87R0.998
5:57482470:A:GW80R0.998
5:57482470:A:TW80R0.998
5:57482625:G:TP28H0.998
5:57481596:A:TV371D0.997
5:57481680:C:AG343V0.997
5:57481803:C:TG302E0.997
5:57482647:C:GG21R0.997
5:57482651:C:AK19N0.997
5:57482651:C:GK19N0.997
5:57481678:C:GG344R0.996
5:57481685:C:AW341C0.996
5:57481685:C:GW341C0.996
5:57482214:G:TP165H0.996
5:57482256:C:AG151V0.996

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000719305 (5:57482422 G>A), RS1001005341 (5:57480908 A>G), RS1001096712 (5:57481215 G>A,T), RS1001391486 (5:57483074 G>A,C), RS1003617568 (5:57484690 T>C), RS1004133901 (5:57484429 G>A), RS1004224265 (5:57484659 G>A), RS1004340407 (5:57484415 C>G,T), RS1004561015 (5:57483347 G>A), RS1004672013 (5:57483036 G>A), RS1005506727 (5:57483607 G>A,T), RS1005738281 (5:57479998 A>G), RS1006456409 (5:57479919 A>T), RS1006919706 (5:57480172 A>C,G), RS1007386253 (5:57481347 A>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:614835 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

11 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST002209_3Orthostatic hypotension2.000000e-06
GCST003542_205Night sleep phenotypes3.000000e-06
GCST003542_53Night sleep phenotypes5.000000e-06
GCST004800_1Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (environmental tobacco smoke interaction)4.000000e-06
GCST006530_2Esophageal adenocarcinoma x smoking interaction7.000000e-07
GCST006630_66Diastolic blood pressure9.000000e-13
GCST007094_185Diastolic blood pressure3.000000e-08
GCST008362_220Birth weight9.000000e-16
GCST008363_41Offspring birth weight2.000000e-06
GCST011205_12Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (MTAG)4.000000e-09
GCST011211_7Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy2.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (6, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0004314forced expiratory volume
EFO:0008361environmental tobacco smoke exposure measurement
EFO:0006527smoking status measurement
EFO:0006336diastolic blood pressure
EFO:0004344birth weight
EFO:0005939parental genotype effect measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

39 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
bisphenol Adecreases expression, affects cotreatment, affects expression, increases abundance, increases expression3
sodium arsenitedecreases expression, increases expression3
Benzo(a)pyreneincreases expression, decreases methylation2
Estradiolincreases expression, affects expression, affects cotreatment2
Tobacco Smoke Pollutionaffects expression, increases expression2
sotorasibaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
ginger extractaffects cotreatment, affects expression, increases abundance1
2,4,6-tribromophenoldecreases expression1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl etheraffects cotreatment, increases expression, affects localization, decreases expression1
decabromobiphenyl etherdecreases expression1
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-oneincreases expression1
tetrabromobisphenol Adecreases expression1
epigallocatechin gallateincreases expression1
perfluorooctane sulfonic aciddecreases expression1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl etherdecreases expression1
hexabrominated diphenyl ether 153decreases expression1
trametinibaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
(+)-JQ1 compounddecreases expression1
NVP-BKM120affects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Resveratrolaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Zoledronic Acidincreases expression1
Benztropineincreases expression1
Caffeineincreases expression1
Clozapineincreases expression1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethyleneincreases expression1
Diethylhexyl Phthalateincreases expression1
Dopaminedecreases expression1
Furaldehydeaffects cotreatment, increases expression, affects localization, decreases expression1
Ivermectindecreases expression1
Oils, Volatileaffects expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.