ADAM21

Summary

ADAM21 (ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21, HGNC:200) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 14q24.2, encoding Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 21 (Q9UKJ8). May be involved in sperm maturation and/or fertilization.

This gene encodes a member of the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain) family. Members of this family are membrane-anchored proteins structurally related to snake venom disintegrins, and have been implicated in a variety of biological processes involving cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, including fertilization, muscle development, and neurogenesis. The expression of this gene expression is testis-specific.

Source: NCBI Gene 8747 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 114 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_003813

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:200
Approved symbol	ADAM21
Name	ADAM metallopeptidase domain 21
Location	14q24.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	ADAM31
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000139985
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	603713
Entrez	8747

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 4 protein_coding

ENST00000603540, ENST00000679631, ENST00000942462, ENST00000942463

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_003813 NM_003813

CCDS: CCDS9804

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000603540 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002452332	70452174	70452263
ENSE00003575393	70457349	70459905

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 121 present calls, max score 94.51.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0146 / max 13.9836, expressed in 3 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
140401	0.0146	3

Top tissues by expression

259 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
sperm	CL:0000019	94.51	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	90.66	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	77.61	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	76.53	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	71.38	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	71.10	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	70.10	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	68.09	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	67.96	silver quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	63.72	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	61.10	silver quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	60.48	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	59.03	silver quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	58.08	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	56.55	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	56.53	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	56.04	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	55.86	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	54.73	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	54.35	silver quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	54.06	silver quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	53.81	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	53.32	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	53.12	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	52.73	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	52.39	silver quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	52.11	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	52.07	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	51.78	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	51.66	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.45

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

22 targeting ADAM21, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4747-5P	100.00	67.90	2681
HSA-MIR-5196-5P	100.00	67.98	2761
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-1321	99.84	65.30	1811
HSA-MIR-4739	99.84	65.25	1832
HSA-MIR-4756-5P	99.84	64.98	1809
HSA-MIR-6785-5P	99.82	68.68	4428
HSA-MIR-1299	99.77	71.24	2389
HSA-MIR-6505-5P	99.73	69.25	1595
HSA-MIR-149-3P	99.72	68.22	3963
HSA-MIR-10393-3P	99.72	66.56	961
HSA-MIR-6801-5P	99.72	66.50	981
HSA-MIR-33A-3P	99.70	70.27	3362
HSA-MIR-6883-5P	99.69	68.05	3785
HSA-MIR-5700	99.64	69.88	2280
HSA-MIR-6507-5P	99.36	70.46	2524
HSA-MIR-1301-3P	98.64	68.27	1071
HSA-MIR-5047	98.64	68.62	1035
HSA-MIR-5011-3P	98.63	64.81	638
HSA-MIR-9500	98.62	66.54	1845
HSA-MIR-4536-5P	98.47	64.39	657
HSA-MIR-12128	96.67	66.98	1471

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 1)

• ADAM21 was overexpressed in KYN-2 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell line, and its knockdown reduced invasion, migration, proliferation, and metastasis relative to controls. In HCC clinical specimens, ADAM21 positivity was associated with vascular invasion, large tumor size, high histological grade, and lower overall and recurrence-free survival as compared to cases that were negative for ADAM21 expression. (PMID:29138461)

Cross-species orthologs

10 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	adam10b	ENSDARG00000015502
danio_rerio	adam10a	ENSDARG00000053468
danio_rerio	adam9b	ENSDARG00000057138
danio_rerio	si:ch1073-396h14.1	ENSDARG00000057590
mus_musculus	Adam21	ENSMUSG00000008438
rattus_norvegicus	LOC103690152	ENSRNOG00000047682
drosophila_melanogaster	mmd	FBGN0259110
drosophila_melanogaster	kuz	FBGN0259984
caenorhabditis_elegans	sup-17	WBGENE00006324
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006804

Paralogs (20): ADAM22 (ENSG00000008277), ADAM28 (ENSG00000042980), ADAM7 (ENSG00000069206), ADAM11 (ENSG00000073670), ADAM2 (ENSG00000104755), ADAM23 (ENSG00000114948), ADAM20 (ENSG00000134007), ADAMDEC1 (ENSG00000134028), ADAM30 (ENSG00000134249), ADAM19 (ENSG00000135074), ADAM10 (ENSG00000137845), ADAM15 (ENSG00000143537), ADAM12 (ENSG00000148848), ADAM33 (ENSG00000149451), ADAM8 (ENSG00000151651), ADAM17 (ENSG00000151694), ADAM29 (ENSG00000168594), ADAM9 (ENSG00000168615), ADAM18 (ENSG00000168619), ADAM32 (ENSG00000197140)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-containing protein 21 — Q9UKJ8 (reviewed: Q9UKJ8)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9UKJ8

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May be involved in sperm maturation and/or fertilization. May also be involved in epithelia functions associated with establishing and maintaining gradients of ions or nutrients.

Subcellular location. Membrane.

Post-translational modifications. Has no obvious cleavage site for furin endopeptidase, suggesting that the proteolytic processing is regulated.

Cofactor. Binds 1 zinc ion per subunit.

Domain organisation. A tripeptide motif (VGE) within disintegrin-like domain could be involved in the binding to egg integrin receptor and thus could mediate sperm/egg binding. The cysteine-rich domain encodes putative cell-fusion peptides, which could be involved in sperm-egg fusion. The conserved cysteine present in the cysteine-switch motif binds the catalytic zinc ion, thus inhibiting the enzyme. The dissociation of the cysteine from the zinc ion upon the activation-peptide release activates the enzyme.

Miscellaneous. May be the functional equivalent of ADAM 1/fertilin alpha which is a pseudogene in human.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_003804* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000742	EGF	Domain
IPR001590	Peptidase_M12B	Domain
IPR001762	Disintegrin_dom	Domain
IPR002870	Peptidase_M12B_N	Domain
IPR006586	ADAM_Cys-rich	Domain
IPR018358	Disintegrin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR024079	MetalloPept_cat_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR034027	Reprolysin_adamalysin	Domain
IPR036436	Disintegrin_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00200, PF01421, PF01562, PF08516

UniProt features (35 total): glycosylation site 7, disulfide bond 7, sequence conflict 6, binding site 4, domain 3, topological domain 2, signal peptide 1, propeptide 1, active site 1, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9UKJ8-F1	83.17	0.48

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 342

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 173 (in inhibited form); 341; 345; 351

Disulfide bonds (7): 316–393, 356–378, 358–363, 464–484, 634–645, 639–651, 653–662

Glycosylation sites (7): 164, 227, 377, 437, 478, 546, 600

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2534343	Interaction With Cumulus Cells And The Zona Pellucida
R-HSA-1187000	Fertilization
R-HSA-1474165	Reproduction

MSigDB gene sets: 60 (showing top): GSE45365_CD8A_DC_VS_CD11B_DC_IFNAR_KO_MCMV_INFECTION_DN, GOBP_SINGLE_FERTILIZATION, GOMF_METALLOPEPTIDASE_ACTIVITY, XU_HGF_TARGETS_REPRESSED_BY_AKT1_DN, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, chr14q24, GOBP_REPRODUCTIVE_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, GOBP_SEX_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION, GOCC_NEURON_PROJECTION, GOBP_FERTILIZATION, GOBP_MALE_SEX_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_DEVELOPMENT_OF_PRIMARY_SEXUAL_CHARACTERISTICS, GOCC_SIDE_OF_MEMBRANE

GO Biological Process (3): proteolysis (GO:0006508), single fertilization (GO:0007338), male gonad development (GO:0008584)

GO Molecular Function (6): metalloendopeptidase activity (GO:0004222), metallopeptidase activity (GO:0008237), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), protein binding (GO:0005515), peptidase activity (GO:0008233), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (7): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), external side of plasma membrane (GO:0009897), axon (GO:0030424), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025), sperm head plasma membrane (GO:1990913), membrane (GO:0016020), neuron projection (GO:0043005)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Fertilization	1
Reproduction	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
protein metabolic process	1
fertilization	1
gonad development	1
development of primary male sexual characteristics	1
endopeptidase activity	1
metallopeptidase activity	1
peptidase activity	1
cation binding	1
binding	1
hydrolase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a protein	1
catalytic activity	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
plasma membrane	1
cell surface	1
side of membrane	1
neuron projection	1
somatodendritic compartment	1
cell body	1
sperm head	1
sperm plasma membrane	1
plasma membrane region	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

466 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ADAM21	TEX55	Q96M34	433
ADAM21	OR2T27	Q8NH04	400
ADAM21	MAGEB6B	A0A0J9YX57	394
ADAM21	A0A087WYV9	A0A087WYV9	392
ADAM21	FAM228A	Q86W67	370
ADAM21	CNBD2	Q96M20	351
ADAM21	KRT38	O76015	348
ADAM21	PRSS54	Q6PEW0	325
ADAM21	IQCF1	Q8N6M8	324
ADAM21	ADAMTSL5	Q6ZMM2	323
ADAM21	TEKTIP1	A6NCJ1	323
ADAM21	ADAMTSL2	Q86TH1	321
ADAM21	PLEKHD1	A6NEE1	320
ADAM21	PRSS55	Q6UWB4	313
ADAM21	SYNJ2BP	P57105	306
ADAM21	COX16	Q9P0S2	306

IntAct

43 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CRIPTO	AIP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SGTA	ADAM21	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CNR2	ADAM21	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SCGB1D1	FAM234B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ADAM21	PLXNA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CTSG	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ADAMTS4	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
FGA	ADAM21	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ADAM21	PLXNB2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PATE1	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
APOM	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HLA-G	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
BTNL2	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SFTPC	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
BRICD5	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LY86	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GML	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TMEM87A	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CD48	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LDLRAD1	ZNF316	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PRG2	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CST9L	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RLN1	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GGH	MANBA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LYZL1	MAN2B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLURP1	MAN2B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CLEC2B	ADAM10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SIRPD	ADAM10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (82): PCSK1N (Affinity Capture-MS), VEGFB (Affinity Capture-MS), ADAM21 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMIGO1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HLA-B (Affinity Capture-MS), EGFL7 (Affinity Capture-MS), ITGB5 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2 (Affinity Capture-MS), CANX (Affinity Capture-MS), DHFRL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PLXNA2 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC3 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCPG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LCLAT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), MANF (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1A547, A6QPN6, D2GZV9, E1BPW0, O18956, O75356, O75594, O93295, P10852, P15396, P22413, P49961, P55772, P57110, P70665, P82450, P97535, P97687, Q0V8L2, Q0VB07, Q53H76, Q58CQ9, Q5E9H0, Q5R5M5, Q5RBQ5, Q5RFU0, Q67BJ4, Q6P6S9, Q6YGZ1, Q71RP1, Q794F9, Q8K0L2, Q8TE60, Q8VI78, Q95194, Q96LB8, Q96LB9, Q99JP7, Q99MZ4, Q9HAT2

Diamond homologs: A3R0T9, A8QL59, B8K1W0, C5FUK3, C5H5D1, C5H5D3, C5H5D5, C5H5D6, D3TTC1, D4B1G0, D4DCV9, D6PXE8, F8RKW1, F8VQ03, G5EDW5, O14672, O35598, O35674, O42138, O43184, O73795, O77633, O93517, O93518, O93523, P0C6E3, P0C6R9, P0DJ87, P0DM87, P15503, P17497, P82942, P83912, P86092, P97776, Q05910, Q076D1, Q0NZX7, Q0NZY0, Q10741

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 53 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)	5	12.0×	6e-03
Neutrophil degranulation	8	5.1×	8e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

114 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	99
Likely benign	9
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

73 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
14:70452260:GATG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
14:70452264:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
14:70452264:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
14:70452261:ATG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
14:70452262:TG:T	donor_gain	0.9900
14:70452263:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
14:70452265:TAA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
14:70452259:TGATG:T	donor_gain	0.9800
14:70452260:GATGG:G	donor_gain	0.9800
14:70457347:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9600
14:70457348:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9600
14:70457348:GC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9500
14:70457348:GCA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9500
14:70457344:TCCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9400
14:70457346:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9400
14:70457347:A:AC	acceptor_loss	0.9400
14:70455260:C:T	donor_gain	0.9100
14:70457341:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9000
14:70457348:GCACT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9000
14:70457348:GCAC:G	acceptor_gain	0.8700
14:70457342:C:G	acceptor_gain	0.8400
14:70457346:CAGCA:C	acceptor_gain	0.8000
14:70457350:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.7800
14:70457345:CCAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.7600
14:70457347:AGCA:A	acceptor_gain	0.7600
14:70457350:ACT:A	acceptor_gain	0.7500
14:70457351:C:G	acceptor_gain	0.7500
14:70457344:TCCAG:T	acceptor_gain	0.7300
14:70457336:T:G	acceptor_gain	0.7200
14:70457348:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.6900

AlphaMissense

4811 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
14:70458634:A:C	S379R	0.979
14:70458636:T:A	S379R	0.979
14:70458636:T:G	S379R	0.979
14:70458622:T:C	F375L	0.964
14:70458624:C:A	F375L	0.964
14:70458624:C:G	F375L	0.964
14:70458594:G:A	M365I	0.961
14:70458594:G:C	M365I	0.961
14:70458594:G:T	M365I	0.961
14:70459483:T:A	C662S	0.958
14:70459484:G:C	C662S	0.958
14:70458545:T:C	M349T	0.953
14:70459456:T:A	C653S	0.950
14:70459457:G:C	C653S	0.950
14:70459450:T:A	C651S	0.948
14:70459451:G:C	C651S	0.948
14:70458506:C:A	A336D	0.945
14:70459414:T:A	C639S	0.943
14:70459415:G:C	C639S	0.943
14:70459507:A:C	S670R	0.940
14:70459509:T:A	S670R	0.940
14:70459509:T:G	S670R	0.940
14:70458910:T:A	C471S	0.939
14:70458911:G:C	C471S	0.939
14:70458917:T:C	L473P	0.939
14:70458928:T:A	C477S	0.939
14:70458929:G:C	C477S	0.939
14:70458927:G:C	W476C	0.936
14:70458927:G:T	W476C	0.936
14:70458949:T:A	C484S	0.933

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000380098 (14:70452409 A>G), RS1004111235 (14:70450440 T>G), RS1004322370 (14:70455008 G>A), RS1004375011 (14:70454525 A>C), RS1004484799 (14:70450782 C>T), RS1005330924 (14:70456516 G>A), RS1005795022 (14:70456143 CAAA>C,CAA,CAAAA), RS1006140468 (14:70451608 C>G), RS1007728283 (14:70452112 G>A), RS1007876905 (14:70457814 C>T), RS1007877310 (14:70451132 G>A), RS1007908422 (14:70450866 C>A), RS1008681713 (14:70453525 A>G), RS1008734016 (14:70453263 A>G), RS1008785229 (14:70459783 A>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:603713 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST004362_1	Plasma estrone levels in resected estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer	1.000000e-06
GCST012137_4	Motor coordination	2.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007970	estrone measurement
EFO:0010749	motor function measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — M12: Astacin/Adamalysin

CTD chemical–gene interactions

17 total (human), top 17 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	2
testosterone enanthate	affects expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases methylation	1
2,4,5,2’,4’,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl	increases expression	1
sulforaphane	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression	1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether	increases expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects response to substance, increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.