ADHFE1

Summary

ADHFE1 (alcohol dehydrogenase iron containing 1, HGNC:16354) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8q13.1, encoding Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial (Q8IWW8). Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG).

The ADHFE1 gene encodes hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.24), which is responsible for the oxidation of 4-hydroxybutyrate in mammalian tissues (Kardon et al., 2006 [PubMed 16616524]).

Source: NCBI Gene 137872 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 94 total — 6 pathogenic
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_144650

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:16354
Approved symbol	ADHFE1
Name	alcohol dehydrogenase iron containing 1
Location	8q13.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ32430
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000147576
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	611083
Entrez	137872

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 27 — 13 protein_coding, 9 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 2 retained_intron

ENST00000276576, ENST00000396621, ENST00000396623, ENST00000415254, ENST00000419955, ENST00000422166, ENST00000424777, ENST00000426810, ENST00000431959, ENST00000443372, ENST00000449512, ENST00000463261, ENST00000466739, ENST00000466920, ENST00000496501, ENST00000518781, ENST00000862702, ENST00000862703, ENST00000862704, ENST00000862705, ENST00000862706, ENST00000862707, ENST00000862708, ENST00000862709, ENST00000862710, ENST00000950130, ENST00000950131

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_144650 NM_144650

CCDS: CCDS6190

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000396623 — 14 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001692632	66468269	66468907
ENSE00001750235	66432504	66432575
ENSE00003468039	66444367	66444420
ENSE00003521186	66457070	66457166
ENSE00003549685	66447264	66447341
ENSE00003575110	66451953	66452105
ENSE00003610503	66448865	66448970
ENSE00003616739	66460308	66460465
ENSE00003633696	66442798	66442844
ENSE00003637985	66454059	66454157
ENSE00003644738	66456817	66456895
ENSE00003649428	66440162	66440199
ENSE00003674108	66445218	66445414
ENSE00003832663	66444594	66444748

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 245 present calls, max score 96.97.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 5.4330 / max 97.3406, expressed in 1094 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
89185	5.3646	1091
89187	0.0684	34

Top tissues by expression

258 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	96.97	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	96.73	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	96.44	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	95.59	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	94.80	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	94.52	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	94.48	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	94.45	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	94.34	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	94.06	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	94.06	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	93.91	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	93.82	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	93.76	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	93.67	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	93.60	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	93.44	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	93.22	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	93.14	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	93.05	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	93.01	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	92.91	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	92.90	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	92.90	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	92.83	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	92.80	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	92.79	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	92.48	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	92.40	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	92.38	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	9.63

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

34 targeting ADHFE1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-2110	99.96	66.68	1930
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-129-5P	99.88	70.26	3273
HSA-MIR-221-3P	99.86	71.56	1329
HSA-MIR-222-3P	99.86	71.35	1337
HSA-MIR-383-3P	99.85	65.84	1359
HSA-MIR-12124	99.68	69.17	2700
HSA-MIR-1260A	99.61	66.67	1098
HSA-MIR-1260B	99.61	66.67	1098
HSA-MIR-4762-5P	99.57	68.54	1424
HSA-MIR-3616-5P	99.55	67.02	989
HSA-MIR-573	99.55	67.44	955
HSA-MIR-4696	99.48	67.48	1040
HSA-MIR-3074-5P	98.82	66.56	1414
HSA-MIR-548Q	98.71	65.35	563
HSA-MIR-4490	98.51	68.47	943
HSA-MIR-4659B-5P	98.03	66.84	979
HSA-MIR-4659A-5P	98.03	66.42	819
HSA-MIR-4303	98.01	68.13	2304
HSA-MIR-450A-2-3P	97.91	67.56	1459
HSA-MIR-193B-5P	97.91	65.88	837
HSA-MIR-6849-3P	97.25	64.57	1371
HSA-MIR-203B-5P	97.24	68.54	543
HSA-MIR-6718-5P	97.24	68.15	553
HSA-MIR-1224-3P	97.24	65.92	851
HSA-MIR-6742-5P	96.32	64.01	869

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 7)

• cloned and characterized an iron-activated alcohol dehydrogenase gene, Fe-containing alcohol dehydrogenase 1 (ADHFe1) (PMID:12592711)
• show that the ADHFe1 gene is related to bacterial GHB dehydrogenases and has a conserved NAD-binding site (PMID:19013439)
• ADHFE1 has an important role of differentiation in CRC, as well as normal colorectal mucosa and embryonic developmental processes. (PMID:23517143)
• These results demonstrate that the promoter hypermethylation of ADHFE1 is frequently present in CRC and alcohol induces methylation-mediated down expression of ADHFE1 and proliferation of CRC cells. (PMID:24886599)
• data support the hypothesis that ADHFE1 and MYC signaling contribute to D-2HG accumulation in breast tumors and show that D-2HG is an oncogenic metabolite and potential driver of disease progression. (PMID:29202474)
• Genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of low- and high-grade adenoma reveals potential biomarkers for early detection of colorectal carcinoma. (PMID:32317010)
• Combined detection of SDC2/ADHFE1/PPP2R5C methylation in stool DNA for colorectal cancer screening. (PMID:37270460)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	adhfe1	ENSDARG00000053518
mus_musculus	Adhfe1	ENSMUSG00000025911
rattus_norvegicus	Adhfe1	ENSRNOG00000007069
drosophila_melanogaster	T3dh	FBGN0017482
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00012608

Protein

Protein identifiers

Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase, mitochondrial — Q8IWW8 (reviewed: Q8IWW8)

Alternative names: Alcohol dehydrogenase iron-containing protein 1, Fe-containing alcohol dehydrogenase

All UniProt accessions (6): Q8IWW8, B4DFI7, B4DV11, F2Z2N0, F2Z3D8, F2Z3E5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the cofactor-independent reversible oxidation of gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) to succinic semialdehyde (SSA) coupled to reduction of 2-ketoglutarate (2-KG) to D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG). D,L-3-hydroxyisobutyrate and L-3-hydroxybutyrate (L-3-OHB) are also substrates for HOT with 10-fold lower activities.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion.

Tissue specificity. Only expressed in adult liver.

Similarity. Belongs to the iron-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family. Hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase subfamily.

Isoforms (4)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q8IWW8-1	1	yes
Q8IWW8-2	2
Q8IWW8-3	3
Q8IWW8-4	4

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_653251* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001670	ADH_Fe/GldA	Domain
IPR039697	Alcohol_dehydrogenase_Fe	Family
IPR042157	HOT	Family
IPR056798	ADH_Fe_C	Domain

Pfam: PF00465, PF25137

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 1.1.99.24 — hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase (BRENDA: 19 organisms, 18 substrates, 5 inhibitors, 17 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

6 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 6. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
2-OXOGLUTARATE	0.018–0.085	5
4-HYDROXYBUTYRATE	0.06–0.3	5
D-2-HYDROXYGLUTARATE	0.42–4.5	2
SUCCINIC SEMIALDEHYDE	0.0046–0.01	2
D-2-HYDROXYBUTYRATE	4.5	1
L-3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE	3	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 2 shown:

• (S)-3-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + acetoacetate (RHEA:23048)
• 4-hydroxybutanoate + 2-oxoglutarate = (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate + succinate semialdehyde (RHEA:24734)

UniProt features (9 total): splice variant 3, modified residue 2, sequence variant 2, transit peptide 1, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8IWW8-F1	93.00	0.85

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2): 445, 452

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-880009	Interconversion of 2-oxoglutarate and 2-hydroxyglutarate

MSigDB gene sets: 109 (showing top): GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_COLON_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, GOBP_DICARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_GENERATION_OF_PRECURSOR_METABOLITES_AND_ENERGY, FOSTER_TOLERANT_MACROPHAGE_DN, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM4, GOBP_LIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_SMALL_MOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOMF_OXIDOREDUCTASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_CH_OH_GROUP_OF_DONORS, GOBP_LIPID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_2_OXOGLUTARATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_FATTY_ACID_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, chr8q13, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_MATRIX, MARSON_BOUND_BY_E2F4_UNSTIMULATED

GO Biological Process (4): 2-oxoglutarate metabolic process (GO:0006103), ketone body catabolic process (GO:0046952), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629), obsolete L-glutamate fermentation via 2-hydroxyglutarate (GO:0019552)

GO Molecular Function (4): alcohol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity (GO:0004022), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), hydroxyacid-oxoacid transhydrogenase activity (GO:0047988), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491)

GO Cellular Component (2): mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial matrix (GO:0005759)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
dicarboxylic acid metabolic process	1
small molecule catabolic process	1
fatty acid derivative catabolic process	1
primary metabolic process	1
alcohol dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity	1
cation binding	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors	1
catalytic activity	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
mitochondrion	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1940 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ADHFE1	AVP	P01185	828
ADHFE1	D2HGDH	Q8N465	640
ADHFE1	L2HGDH	Q9H9P8	617
ADHFE1	ALDH6A1	Q02252	544
ADHFE1	AKR7A2	O43488	519
ADHFE1	HIBCH	Q6NVY1	482
ADHFE1	ADH7	P40394	452
ADHFE1	ADH6	P28332	436
ADHFE1	IDH2	P48735	433
ADHFE1	ALDH8A1	Q9H2A2	416
ADHFE1	OXTR	P30559	408
ADHFE1	SFT2D3	Q587I9	402
ADHFE1	IDH1	O75874	396
ADHFE1	CNRIP1	Q96F85	392
ADHFE1	ADH1A	P07327	390

IntAct

5 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ADHFE1	H2BC21	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ADHFE1	GNAQ	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ADHFE1	LIPC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ATG16L1		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (3): ADHFE1 (Proximity Label-MS), GNAQ (Two-hybrid), LIPC (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A098DDI1, A1CP85, A1D244, A6QP15, A8WTJ7, B0XRM8, B2B223, B6JVD0, B6QCA7, B6QWH9, B8M0U4, B8N4Q9, C1FYJ9, C1H8L1, C5DVG6, C5MRT8, D1ZA70, O13702, O62742, P07857, P11915, P14882, P16862, P32020, P53585, P54889, P91938, Q08224, Q08B39, Q0D0F3, Q10174, Q17EN4, Q28XT3, Q2UCP6, Q4QQW3, Q4WS76, Q53062, Q54GJ7, Q5RF11, Q6P371

Diamond homologs: A0A0H2URT2, A0A0H2ZM56, A0A0S1X9S7, A4IP64, A6QP15, A6ZTT5, B1VB76, C5MRT8, F8DVL8, P0A9Q7, P0A9Q8, P0DJA2, P10127, P13604, P33744, P37686, P38945, P41795, P45513, P76553, Q08B39, Q09669, Q17EN4, Q24803, Q28XT3, Q4QQW3, Q53062, Q59477, Q5RF11, Q8IWW8, Q8R0N6, Q9RCG0, Q9W265, Q9XDN0, A8WTJ7, Q54GJ7, Q6P371, Q7Q547, Q9U2M4, E5Y946

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

94 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	6
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	76
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (6)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1340821	GRCh37/hg19 8q13.1-13.2(chr8:66045954-69807260)x1	Pathogenic
1527436	GRCh37/hg19 8q12.3-13.2(chr8:65194424-68570319)	Pathogenic
59787	GRCh38/hg38 8q12.1-21.13(chr8:57361243-79170078)x3	Pathogenic
59788	GRCh38/hg38 8q12.3-21.13(chr8:61691800-82537696)x3	Pathogenic
60364	GRCh38/hg38 8q12.3-21.11(chr8:62230636-73227786)x1	Pathogenic
686117	GRCh37/hg19 8q12.3-13.1(chr8:65280508-67782846)x1	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

2425 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
8:66432571:GCAGC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:66432574:GC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:66432576:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:66445215:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66445216:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66447262:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66448971:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:66451951:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66451952:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66451952:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66451952:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66451952:GCCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66451952:GCCAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:66452090:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:66453839:GC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:66460461:CCCAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
8:66460464:AGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:66460466:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
8:66460467:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:66439430:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
8:66445213:CCAA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
8:66445214:CAA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
8:66445215:AAGC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
8:66445216:AGC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
8:66445217:G:GA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:66445217:GCTTC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:66447263:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:66448863:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:66448864:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
8:66448968:TTGGT:T	donor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

3016 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
8:66445309:G:C	A149P	0.990
8:66445310:C:A	A149D	0.989
8:66445271:C:A	A136D	0.988
8:66445274:T:A	V137D	0.988
8:66445305:G:C	K147N	0.988
8:66445305:G:T	K147N	0.988
8:66445302:T:G	C146W	0.987
8:66445268:T:A	V135D	0.985
8:66447287:A:C	S192R	0.984
8:66447289:T:A	S192R	0.984
8:66447289:T:G	S192R	0.984
8:66445316:T:C	L151P	0.983
8:66445300:T:C	C146R	0.981
8:66454111:A:C	S314R	0.981
8:66454113:T:A	S314R	0.981
8:66454113:T:G	S314R	0.981
8:66444598:T:C	L68P	0.980
8:66445294:G:C	D144H	0.980
8:66452053:A:C	S279R	0.980
8:66452055:T:A	S279R	0.980
8:66452055:T:G	S279R	0.980
8:66445277:G:A	G138D	0.978
8:66445406:T:C	L181P	0.977
8:66445412:C:A	A183E	0.975
8:66448895:T:C	L220P	0.975
8:66445301:G:A	C146Y	0.974
8:66444624:T:C	C77R	0.973
8:66445270:G:C	A136P	0.969
8:66445277:G:T	G138V	0.969
8:66445296:C:A	D144E	0.968

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000219802 (8:66431036 T>C,G), RS1000262365 (8:66446325 G>A), RS1000268955 (8:66431222 G>GT), RS1000279096 (8:66446010 A>G), RS1000334392 (8:66443857 T>A), RS1000355968 (8:66432717 C>A,T), RS1000528339 (8:66463544 G>A), RS1000551601 (8:66438147 A>G), RS1000672780 (8:66445175 C>T), RS1000694072 (8:66431461 T>C), RS1000921232 (8:66437734 C>T), RS1000934004 (8:66462843 C>CA), RS1001152573 (8:66451390 A>G), RS1001172769 (8:66440771 G>A), RS1001192543 (8:66455529 C>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:611083 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST008103_169	Bipolar disorder	7.000000e-06
GCST008115_21	Bipolar I disorder	2.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009963	bipolar I disorder

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4947 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

25 total (human), top 25 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation, decreases expression	3
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression	3
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases expression	3
bisphenol A	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
2,5,2’,5’-tetrachlorobiphenyl	increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
bisphenol S	decreases methylation	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression	1
Ethanol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Folic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Oxygen	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
Thapsigargin	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1
beta-Naphthoflavone	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1 unique, capped per target: 1 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL645177	Binding	The compound was tested for the ability to inactivate horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in the presence of 0.2 mM NAD+K	Inactivation of liver alcohol dehydrogenases and inhibition of ethanol metabolism by ambivalent active-site-directed reagents. — J Med Chem

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.