AFM

Summary

AFM (afamin, HGNC:316) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4q13.3, encoding Afamin (P43652). Functions as a carrier for hydrophobic molecules in body fluids.

This gene is a member of the albumin gene family, which is comprised of four genes that localize to chromosome 4 in a tandem arrangement. These four genes encode structurally-related serum transport proteins that are known to be evolutionarily related. The protein encoded by this gene is regulated developmentally, expressed in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream.

Source: NCBI Gene 173 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 105 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001133

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:316
Approved symbol	AFM
Name	afamin
Location	4q13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	ALB2, ALBA
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000079557
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	104145
Entrez	173

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 18 — 17 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000226355, ENST00000505794, ENST00000853600, ENST00000853601, ENST00000853602, ENST00000853603, ENST00000853604, ENST00000853605, ENST00000853606, ENST00000853607, ENST00000853608, ENST00000853609, ENST00000853610, ENST00000853611, ENST00000853612, ENST00000853613, ENST00000853614, ENST00000853615

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_001133 NM_001133

CCDS: CCDS3557

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000226355 — 15 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000721769	73483941	73483989
ENSE00000721773	73484258	73484390
ENSE00000721776	73485862	73486073
ENSE00000721779	73486967	73487099
ENSE00000721781	73487724	73487821
ENSE00000721784	73488630	73488759
ENSE00000721786	73491872	73492086
ENSE00000721789	73495300	73495432
ENSE00000721833	73499114	73499246
ENSE00000721836	73500004	73500227
ENSE00000721839	73501787	73501919
ENSE00000851046	73481745	73481863
ENSE00001309148	73503050	73503110
ENSE00001330731	73503876	73504001
ENSE00003500183	73497652	73497749

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 73 present calls, max score 99.02.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 1.8976 / max 845.6471, expressed in 23 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
48151	1.8976	23

Top tissues by expression

251 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	99.02	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	96.35	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	92.05	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	82.84	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	80.84	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	78.15	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	75.84	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	73.80	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	73.65	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	69.46	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	64.52	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	58.65	silver quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	57.24	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	56.66	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	56.55	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	54.36	silver quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	52.56	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	52.43	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	52.28	silver quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	51.73	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	50.73	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	50.41	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	50.30	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	50.18	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	50.18	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	49.86	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	49.50	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	49.45	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	49.35	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	49.34	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-135	yes	3318.84
E-CURD-119	yes	65.75
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CTCF, HNF1A, HNF1B, SP3, TBP, TBPL2

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

13 targeting AFM, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-205-3P	99.92	69.92	3165
HSA-MIR-137-3P	99.87	74.74	2401
HSA-MIR-4698	99.84	71.41	4303
HSA-MIR-4645-3P	99.76	69.33	993
HSA-MIR-7156-5P	99.64	68.81	1369
HSA-MIR-4273	99.45	67.93	1206
HSA-MIR-6739-3P	99.22	68.84	1843
HSA-MIR-935	98.82	69.36	1072
HSA-MIR-501-5P	98.77	68.88	1328
HSA-MIR-4297	98.77	66.95	2013
HSA-MIR-197-3P	98.09	69.23	1004
HSA-MIR-3664-3P	97.85	67.62	1452
HSA-MIR-125A-3P	97.04	66.92	902

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 22)

• Binding of bilirubin with human serum albumin was studied by absorption, fluorescence and CD spectroscopy (PMID:12063119)
• The protein structure of afamin has been determined by homology modeling and its in vitro binding properties confirmed by docking calculations on the proposed structure. (PMID:12463752)
• vitamin E-binding properties were confirmed; found abundant presence of this protein in plasma, extravascular fluids such as follicular, and cerebrospinal fluids (PMID:15952736)
• afamin might be a new family member of binding/transport proteins contributing to alpha-tocopherol homeostasis at the blood-brain barrier (PMID:19046407)
• Reduced Afamin expression is associated with ovarian cancer. (PMID:19336561)
• Afamin levels were altered significantly in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis compared with disease-free controls. (PMID:20858448)
• A linear increase in afamin during pregnancy may serve as basic reference for subsequent investigations of afamin in pregnancy-related disorders. (PMID:24768783)
• Data suggest that up-regulation of AFM levels in serum in women with polycystic ovary syndrome can be used as a biological markers of those women with increased risk of developing metabolic syndrome, especially those with insulin resistance. (PMID:25208973)
• Results provide evidence that afamin could promote glycometabolism by up-regulating the glucose metabolism key enzymes in papillary thyroid carcinoma. (PMID:27329154)
• Afamin binds palmitoylated serine 209 of Wnt3a, providing a structural basis how afamin solubilizes hydrophobic and poorly soluble Wnt proteins. (PMID:29153507)
• The results showed significantly higher serum afamin levels in women with pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus compared to healthy pregnant women. (PMID:29405972)
• Serum afamin concentrations are elevated in the first trimester among patients developing preeclampsia later in pregnancy compared to controls (PMID:30220025)
• LDL apheresis moderately decreases the circulating levels of afamin parallel to lowering HDL-C and ApoA1 levels. (PMID:30247793)
• The concentration of afamin decreases with the severity of alcoholic liver cirrhosis. (PMID:30260179)
• Seminal Plasma and Serum Afamin Levels Are Associated with Infertility in Men with Oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. (PMID:33409873)
• Identification and Validation of Combination Plasma Biomarker of Afamin, Fibronectin and Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin to Predict Pre-eclampsia. (PMID:34078812)
• Novel metabolic marker Afamin: A predictive factor for Large-for-Gestational-Age (LGA) fetus estimation in pregnancies with gestational diabetes mellitus? (PMID:34365029)
• Serum Afamin a Novel Marker of Increased Hepatic Lipid Content. (PMID:34603196)
• Afamin Levels and Their Correlation with Oxidative and Lipid Parameters in Non-diabetic, Obese Patients. (PMID:35053264)
• AFM negatively regulates the infiltration of monocytes to mediate sepsis-associated acute kidney injury. (PMID:36793712)
• Investigation of serum afamin concentration in pregnant women diagnosed with late fetal growth restriction or small for gestational age fetus. (PMID:37518071)
• Comparison of Afamin Values in Umbilical Cord Blood After Delivery in Pregnancies With and Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. (PMID:38189115)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Afm	ENSMUSG00000029369
rattus_norvegicus	Afm	ENSRNOG00000002878

Paralogs (3): AFP (ENSG00000081051), GC (ENSG00000145321), ALB (ENSG00000163631)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Afamin — P43652 (reviewed: P43652)

Alternative names: Alpha-albumin

All UniProt accessions (1): P43652

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Functions as a carrier for hydrophobic molecules in body fluids. Essential for the solubility and activity of lipidated Wnt family members, including WNT1, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8, WNT9A, WNT9B, WNT10A and WNT10B. Binds vitamin E. May transport vitamin E in body fluids under conditions where the lipoprotein system is not sufficient. May be involved in the transport of vitamin E across the blood-brain barrier.

Subunit / interactions. Forms a 1:1 complex with Wnt family members; interacts with WNT1, WNT2B, WNT3, WNT3A, WNT5A, WNT7A, WNT7B, WNT8, WNT9A, WNT9B, WNT10A and WNT10B.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. High level detected in plasma but also in extravascular fluids such as follicular and cerebrospinal fluids (at protein level).

Post-translational modifications. N-glycosylated; more than 90% of the glycans are sialylated.

Domain organisation. The second albumin domain forms a deep binding pocket that contains palmitoleic acid (in vitro). Palmitoleic acid is most likely not the physiological ligand. Instead, this pocket may accomodate the covalently bound lipid moiety of Wnt family members.

Similarity. Belongs to the ALB/AFP/VDB family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_001124* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000264	ALB/AFP/VDB	Family
IPR014760	Serum_albumin_N	Domain
IPR020857	Serum_albumin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020858	Serum_albumin-like	Homologous_superfamily
IPR021177	Serum_albumin/AFP/Afamin	Family

Pfam: PF00273

UniProt features (69 total): helix 31, disulfide bond 17, glycosylation site 5, turn 5, domain 3, strand 3, sequence variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

3 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6FAK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
5OKL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.09
6RQ7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.69

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P43652-F1	90.47	0.77

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (17): 77–86, 99–114, 113–124, 148–193, 192–201, 224–270, 269–277, 289–303, 302–313, 340–385, 384–393, 416–462, 461–470, 483–499, 498–509, 536–581, 580–589

Glycosylation sites (5): 488, 33, 109, 383, 402

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 72 (showing top): HNF1_Q6, chr4q13, CAIRO_HEPATOBLASTOMA_CLASSES_DN, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, ACEVEDO_LIVER_TUMOR_VS_NORMAL_ADJACENT_TISSUE_DN, GOBP_PROTEIN_STABILIZATION, HSIAO_LIVER_SPECIFIC_GENES, MODULE_99, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_48HR_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_STABILITY, GOBP_VITAMIN_TRANSPORT, HNF1_C, FLECHNER_BIOPSY_KIDNEY_TRANSPLANT_REJECTED_VS_OK_DN, HNF1_01, CHIANG_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_PROLIFERATION_DN

GO Biological Process (5): response to nutrient levels (GO:0031667), protein stabilization (GO:0050821), vitamin transport (GO:0051180), protein transport within extracellular region (GO:0071693), protein transport (GO:0015031)

GO Molecular Function (2): vitamin E binding (GO:0008431), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), blood microparticle (GO:0072562)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
transport	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
response to stimulus	1
regulation of protein stability	1
protein transport	1
establishment of protein localization to extracellular region	1
protein localization to extracellular region	1
intracellular protein localization	1
establishment of protein localization	1
vitamin binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
binding	1
extracellular vesicle	1
extracellular region	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

904 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
AFM	CP	P00450	681
AFM	ICAM1	P05362	634
AFM	WNT3A	P56704	600
AFM	ZBTB20	Q9HC78	566
AFM	SERPIND1	P05546	546
AFM	F2	P00734	544
AFM	A1BG	P04217	533
AFM	ZHX2	Q9Y6X8	518
AFM	CFI	P05156	512
AFM	C4A	P01028	509
AFM	C4A	P01028	508
AFM	PGLYRP2	Q96PD5	508
AFM	LRG1	P02750	487
AFM	ADIPOQ	Q15848	485
AFM	APOC3	P02656	479
AFM	AHSG	P02765	479

IntAct

28 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TRADD	TNF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.790
AFM	Wnt3a	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
Wnt3a	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
Wnt3a	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.600
WNT3	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
WNT3	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.540
AFM	POTEI	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
WNT1	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT2B	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT3A	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT5A	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT7A	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT7B	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT8A	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT9A	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT9B	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT10A	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
WNT10B	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
	LECT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
AFM	PRMT8	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
TNFAIP3	FZD7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
P		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLK10	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
INSR	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TRIM55	AFM	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (16): AFM (Affinity Capture-MS), POTEI (Affinity Capture-MS), GBP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTA2 (Affinity Capture-MS), AFM (Affinity Capture-MS), AFM (Affinity Capture-MS), AFM (Two-hybrid), ACTA2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTBL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), GBP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), POTEI (Affinity Capture-MS), PRMT8 (Affinity Capture-MS), AFM (Affinity Capture-MS), BIVM (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A2V9Z4, A6YF56, G3MYZ3, O01454, O35090, O89020, P02768, P02769, P02770, P02771, P02772, P02773, P02774, P04276, P07724, P08759, P08835, P14639, P14872, P19121, P21614, P21847, P21848, P28050, P35747, P36953, P43652, P49064, P49065, P49066, P49822, P53789, P83632, P84407, Q03156, Q17077, Q25513, Q27388, Q28522, Q28789

Diamond homologs: A2V9Z4, A6YF56, G3MYZ3, O35090, O89020, P02768, P02769, P02770, P02771, P02772, P02773, P07724, P08759, P08835, P14639, P14872, P19121, P21847, P28050, P35747, P36953, P43652, P49064, P49065, P49066, P49822, P81188, P84407, P85295, Q28522, Q28789, Q3SZ57, Q3T478, Q5NVH5, Q5XLE4, Q8MJ76, Q8MJU5, P83517, P21848, Q03156

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 26 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
WNT ligand biogenesis and trafficking	12	282.0×	2e-27
Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)	13	137.5×	1e-25
TCF dependent signaling in response to WNT	6	39.2×	1e-07

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
cell fate commitment	12	147.8×	1e-21
Wnt signaling pathway, planar cell polarity pathway	5	94.9×	2e-07
cellular response to retinoic acid	9	87.8×	5e-14
canonical Wnt signaling pathway	13	83.0×	1e-20
negative regulation of fat cell differentiation	5	65.0×	8e-07
neuron differentiation	13	54.3×	3e-18
positive regulation of JNK cascade	5	34.1×	1e-05
positive regulation of gene expression	6	9.7×	5e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

105 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	100
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2827 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
4:73484386:TACCT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73484388:CCT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73484389:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73484389:CTGTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
4:73484391:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73484391:G:T	donor_loss	1.0000
4:73484392:TAAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
4:73486039:GCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73486046:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73487098:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73487099:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73492084:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73492087:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73497703:GAAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73497704:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73497729:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73497729:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73497733:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73497750:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73499214:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
4:73501784:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
4:73501785:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
4:73503037:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:73483990:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
4:73484256:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:73484257:G:GA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:73484257:GCACC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:73484387:ACCT:A	donor_gain	0.9900
4:73484393:A:AG	donor_loss	0.9900
4:73484394:AGTA:A	donor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

4032 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
4:73491893:T:A	C289S	0.959
4:73491894:G:C	C289S	0.959
4:73485978:G:C	K129N	0.955
4:73485978:G:T	K129N	0.955
4:73491965:T:A	C313S	0.953
4:73491966:G:C	C313S	0.953
4:73486984:C:A	A167D	0.951
4:73487796:T:C	F230L	0.951
4:73487798:T:A	F230L	0.951
4:73487798:T:G	F230L	0.951
4:73485928:T:A	C113S	0.948
4:73485929:G:C	C113S	0.948
4:73488646:A:C	S244R	0.945
4:73488648:T:A	S244R	0.945
4:73488648:T:G	S244R	0.945
4:73491893:T:C	C289R	0.945
4:73500028:T:A	C483S	0.945
4:73500029:G:C	C483S	0.945
4:73487778:T:A	C224S	0.944
4:73487779:G:C	C224S	0.944
4:73486983:G:C	A167P	0.942
4:73491965:T:C	C313R	0.941
4:73485886:T:A	C99S	0.939
4:73485887:G:C	C99S	0.939
4:73488745:T:C	C277R	0.936
4:73485961:T:A	C124S	0.931
4:73485962:G:C	C124S	0.931
4:73485928:T:C	C113R	0.930
4:73500076:T:A	C499S	0.930
4:73500077:G:C	C499S	0.930

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000247285 (4:73500548 A>T), RS1000425949 (4:73481731 T>C), RS1000446180 (4:73482951 C>T), RS1000456895 (4:73481934 T>C), RS1000594009 (4:73487175 T>C), RS1000702745 (4:73492942 G>C), RS1000767776 (4:73487472 G>A), RS1000814035 (4:73488876 A>C), RS1000929651 (4:73489073 C>G), RS1001124262 (4:73499367 G>T), RS1001213116 (4:73498299 T>G), RS1001374106 (4:73488498 T>A), RS1001442264 (4:73482497 C>T), RS1001540063 (4:73495442 A>G), RS1001888099 (4:73482130 A>C,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:104145 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001942_8	Prostate cancer	5.000000e-13
GCST005096_7	Iris color (b* coordinate)	4.000000e-07
GCST006585_263	Blood protein levels	3.000000e-14

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0003949	eye color

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation	3
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	2
Acetaminophen	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	2
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
6-hydroxy-5-((p- sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
pirinixic acid	affects binding, decreases expression, increases activity	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
Olanzapine	affects phosphorylation	1
Rosiglitazone	decreases expression	1
Cadmium	affects binding	1
Chenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Copper	affects binding	1
Deoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Endosulfan	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Estradiol	decreases expression	1
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycocholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine	decreases expression	1
Tartrazine	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, decreases methylation	1
Palmitic Acid	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.