ALB

Summary

ALB (albumin, HGNC:399) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4q13.3, encoding Albumin (P02768). Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs.

This gene encodes the most abundant protein in human blood. This protein functions in the regulation of blood plasma colloid osmotic pressure and acts as a carrier protein for a wide range of endogenous molecules including hormones, fatty acids, and metabolites, as well as exogenous drugs. Additionally, this protein exhibits an esterase-like activity with broad substrate specificity. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. A peptide derived from this protein, EPI-X4, is an endogenous inhibitor of the CXCR4 chemokine receptor.

Source: NCBI Gene 213 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): congenital analbuminemia (Definitive, ClinGen) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 234 total — 19 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 31
• Druggable target: yes — 36 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000477

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:399
Approved symbol	ALB
Name	albumin
Location	4q13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000163631
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	103600
Entrez	213

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 66 — 55 protein_coding, 6 retained_intron, 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000295897, ENST00000401494, ENST00000415165, ENST00000441319, ENST00000476441, ENST00000484992, ENST00000486939, ENST00000495173, ENST00000503124, ENST00000504043, ENST00000505649, ENST00000507673, ENST00000508932, ENST00000509063, ENST00000510166, ENST00000511370, ENST00000514786, ENST00000515133, ENST00000876006, ENST00000876007, ENST00000876008, ENST00000876009, ENST00000876010, ENST00000876011, ENST00000876012, ENST00000876013, ENST00000876014, ENST00000876015, ENST00000876016, ENST00000876017, ENST00000876018, ENST00000876019, ENST00000876020, ENST00000876021, ENST00000876022, ENST00000876023, ENST00000876024, ENST00000876025, ENST00000876026, ENST00000876027, ENST00000876028, ENST00000876029, ENST00000876030, ENST00000876031, ENST00000876032, ENST00000876033, ENST00000876034, ENST00000876035, ENST00000876036, ENST00000876037, ENST00000876038, ENST00000876039, ENST00000876040, ENST00000876041, ENST00000876042, ENST00000876043, ENST00000876044, ENST00000876045, ENST00000876046, ENST00000876047, ENST00000876048, ENST00000876049, ENST00000876050, ENST00000876051, ENST00000876052, ENST00000944004

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_000477 NM_000477

CCDS: CCDS3555

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000295897 — 15 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001823230	73421092	73421482
ENSE00003469460	73404287	73404406
ENSE00003478256	73415035	73415167
ENSE00003483791	73420254	73420321
ENSE00003496168	73417531	73417669
ENSE00003543612	73419507	73419639
ENSE00003568358	73405116	73405173
ENSE00003579711	73418088	73418311
ENSE00003597862	73410312	73410409
ENSE00003617571	73409355	73409487
ENSE00003635156	73416256	73416353
ENSE00003645399	73408594	73408805
ENSE00003665028	73411996	73412125
ENSE00003680849	73406629	73406761
ENSE00003689383	73413420	73413634

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 178 present calls, max score 99.99.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 460.6669 / max 168941.6138, expressed in 170 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (42 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
48080	451.4215	138
48094	1.3376	22
48090	1.1534	20
48121	0.6086	24
48122	0.5889	19
48086	0.4879	19
48098	0.4718	17
48087	0.4347	16
48131	0.4335	16
48128	0.4270	13

Top tissues by expression

292 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	99.99	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	99.99	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	99.55	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	97.08	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	96.05	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	95.55	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	94.95	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	94.71	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	93.29	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	93.17	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	93.08	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	92.22	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	90.63	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.78	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	86.75	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	86.70	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	85.56	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	84.89	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	83.19	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	82.08	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	80.69	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	80.24	silver quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	79.19	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	78.03	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	77.17	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	77.16	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	77.12	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	73.86	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	73.43	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	73.29	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 16 experiment(s), a significant marker in 14.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-10553	yes	182542.37
E-CURD-98	yes	154104.78
E-GEOD-130473	yes	122463.03
E-MTAB-6701	yes	101974.44
E-MTAB-7407	yes	82492.32
E-HCAD-9	yes	31685.68
E-CURD-122	yes	5866.53
E-MTAB-10137	yes	4145.24
E-MTAB-8495	yes	4124.52
E-HCAD-32	yes	1388.53
E-ANND-5	yes	950.92
E-GEOD-81547	yes	26.65
E-MTAB-5061	yes	19.31
E-MTAB-8221	no	60215.40
E-HCAD-31	no	3.66

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

26 targeting ALB, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-1250-3P	99.96	70.04	4038
HSA-MIR-6809-3P	99.91	71.45	3814
HSA-MIR-3140-3P	99.88	68.47	2069
HSA-MIR-3919	99.87	69.45	2489
HSA-MIR-30A-3P	99.87	69.74	2928
HSA-MIR-30D-3P	99.87	69.92	2917
HSA-MIR-30E-3P	99.87	69.68	2942
HSA-MIR-4698	99.84	71.41	4303
HSA-MIR-4307	99.82	70.45	3374
HSA-MIR-6505-5P	99.73	69.25	1595
HSA-MIR-12117	99.50	67.57	868
HSA-MIR-143-3P	99.49	69.05	1457
HSA-MIR-4770	99.49	69.09	1451
HSA-MIR-5683	99.36	68.59	2083
HSA-MIR-6088	99.29	68.45	1284
HSA-MIR-580-5P	99.28	70.94	1776
HSA-MIR-4795-5P	99.11	66.90	876
HSA-MIR-4478	99.07	65.16	2320
HSA-MIR-5197-3P	98.71	67.05	1905
HSA-MIR-496	98.66	69.80	931
HSA-MIR-3929	98.32	65.58	1026
HSA-MIR-1245B-3P	98.01	68.91	1387
HSA-MIR-4708-5P	97.77	67.82	831
HSA-MIR-376A-5P	97.70	65.61	863
HSA-MIR-4524B-3P	95.52	64.12	964
HSA-MIR-6777-3P	95.35	64.30	699

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• binding study with novel antiretroviral nucleoside derivatives of AZT (PMID:11689002)
• solvent effects on the secondary structure of two proteins (serum albumin and apomyoglobin) were examined by circular dichroism following encapsulation in the hydrated pores of a silica glass matrix by the sol-gel method (PMID:11734007)
• first high-resolution crystal structures of HSA complexed with two important unsaturated fatty acids, the monounsaturated oleic acid (C18:1) and the polyunsaturated arachidonic acid (C20:4) (PMID:11743713)
• Tryptophan at amino acid position 214 is the principal site for nitrosation. (PMID:11810025)
• Results support the involvement of certain basic amino acid residues in the catabolism of HSA-bound 15-keto-PGE2. (PMID:11847277)
• structural characterization of structure in solution and dry state (PMID:11906609)
• Efficient identification of photolabelled amino acid residues by combining immunoaffinity purification with MS: revealing the semotiadil-binding site and its relevance to binding sites for myristates in domain III of human serum albumin. (PMID:11931649)
• Data show that glucose interacts with multiple sites on human serum albumin, affecting its biochemical and biophysical properties. This may interfere with HSA normal function contributing to diabetic complications. (PMID:12009306)
• chemical analysis of electrostatic interactions in human serum albumin (PMID:12118010)
• Albumin is the major component of plasma that blocks CLL cell killing by chlorambucil or radiation. (PMID:12480711)
• review of role of serum albumin as a transport protein (PMID:12617161)
• albumin is a substrate of human chymase (PMID:12815038)
• Synthesis rate of albumin and fibrinogen are coordinately up-regulated. (PMID:12969171)
• albumin affects glucose metabolism by impairing insulin-induced insulin receptor substrate (IRS) signaling through a protein kinase C alpha-mediated mechanism (PMID:12970360)
• A detailed chemometric analysis of ligand binding to domain-3A of human serum albumin is described. NMR & fluorescence data on a set of 889 chemically diverse compounds were used to develop a group contribution model based on 74 chemical fragments. (PMID:13677478)
• Albumin isolated from uraemic plasma had a characteristically increased melting temperature because of bound ligands; purification of uraemic plasma at pH 5.08 completely restored the binding affinity of albumin for all the marker ligands (PMID:14520007)
• The developed immunoassay system using fluorescence dye and lateral-flow chromatography is a simple, fast and reliable method for quantifying the albumin concentration in whole blood. (PMID:14687905)
• Propofol-binding sites are primarily found in domain III, whereas halothane sites are more widely distributed. Greater hydrophobic contacts, van der Waals interactions & hydrogen-bond formation account for the stronger binding of propofol. (PMID:14759223)
• serum albumin may have a role in preventing the progression of atherosclerosis to major adverse cardiac events in patients with a low risk profile (PMID:14983239)
• human serum albumin studied by acoustic relaxation spectroscopy (PMID:15137089)
• ALB increased at 10 min postexercise in younger men only, whereas fibrinogen was elevated in both groups through 180 min postexercise. (PMID:15149953)
• The effective specific volume, the activation energy and entropy of viscous flow for hydrated HSA were calculated (PMID:15210122)
• the role of this fluidity in the correlation between stability and function of the protein (PMID:15353599)
• albumin may have a role in progression of bronchial carcinoma (PMID:15646839)
• Based on the fluorescence responses for both hypocrellin B(JB) and human serum albumin HSA), binding of HB to HSA are more specific rather than distributed randomly on the surface of HSA. (PMID:15716124)
• Albumin colocalized together with its transcription factor PCD/DCoH/HNF-1alpha in suprabasal keratinocytes in human full-thickness skin sections and in keratinocytes cultured in serum-free medium. (PMID:15740590)
• The protein secondary structure showed no alterations at low PEG concentration (0.1 mM), whereas at high polymer content (1 mM), a reduction of alpha-helix from 59 ) to 53% and an increase of beta-turn from 11 to 22% occurred in the PEG-HSA complexes. (PMID:15832324)
• glycation can influence or change local secondary structure in human serum albumin, as shown through NMR analysis of synthetic peptides (PMID:15837789)
• A pictorial model for the unfolding of the domains has been formulated (PMID:15890566)
• Contribution of histidine residues located in domain I into the neutral-to-basic (N-B) transition of human serum albumin was studied using site-directed mutagenesis. (PMID:15913893)
• Cardamonin binding to albumin bindig site II alters protein secondary structure. (PMID:15942949)
• Analbuminemia in a Swiss family is caused by a C –> T transition at nucleotide 4446 (PMID:15996651)
• Modification of arginine residues by methylglyoxal may be particularly damaging because arginine residues have a high frequency of occurrence in ligand and substrate recognition sites in receptor and enzyme active sites. (PMID:16037246)
• In the present study, the qualitative modification of albumin in HD patients (n = 20) was examined and their results were compared with healthy age-matched controls (n = 10). (PMID:16054887)
• report myristate binding to the N and B conformational states of Mn(III)heme-HSA (i.e. at pH 7.0 and 10.0, respectively) as investigated by optical absorbance and NMR spectroscopy (PMID:16156788)
• All three major serum-binding proteins, thyroxine-binding globulin, transthyretin, and albumin, were present in cytosol. May modify thyroid hormone deiodination and materno-fetal thyroid hormone transport. (PMID:16159939)
• Data show that after the vitamin B6 was added into HSA solution the fluorescence of HSA was quenched partially. (PMID:16201370)
• Human plasma contains four esterases: butyrylcholinesterase, paraoxonase, acetylcholinesterase, and albumin. (PMID:16213467)
• Human granulosa cells express the carboxyl and amino terminal part of the HSA gene in levels comparable to those found in human hepatocytes. (PMID:16253963)
• The unfolding of domain II precedes that of domain I and the unfolding of domain III follows that of domain I. (PMID:16324740)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Alb	ENSMUSG00000029368
rattus_norvegicus	Alb	ENSRNOG00000002911

Paralogs (3): AFM (ENSG00000079557), AFP (ENSG00000081051), GC (ENSG00000145321)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Albumin — P02768 (reviewed: P02768)

All UniProt accessions (8): A0A0C4DGB6, B7WNR0, C9JKR2, D6RCE7, D6RHD5, P02768, H0YA55, H7C013

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Binds water, Ca(2+), Na(+), K(+), fatty acids, hormones, bilirubin and drugs. Its main function is the regulation of the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood. Major zinc transporter in plasma, typically binds about 80% of all plasma zinc. Major calcium and magnesium transporter in plasma, binds approximately 45% of circulating calcium and magnesium in plasma. Potentially has more than two calcium-binding sites and might additionally bind calcium in a non-specific manner. The shared binding site between zinc and calcium at residue Asp-273 suggests a crosstalk between zinc and calcium transport in the blood. The rank order of affinity is zinc > calcium > magnesium. Binds to the bacterial siderophore enterobactin and inhibits enterobactin-mediated iron uptake of E.coli from ferric transferrin, and may thereby limit the utilization of iron and growth of enteric bacteria such as E.coli. Does not prevent iron uptake by the bacterial siderophore aerobactin.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with FCGRT; this interaction regulates ALB homeostasis. Interacts with TASOR. In plasma, occurs in a covalently-linked complex with chromophore-bound alpha-1-microglobulin with molar ratio 1:2 and 1:1; this interaction does not prevent fatty acid binding to ALB.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Plasma.

Post-translational modifications. Kenitra variant is partially O-glycosylated at Thr-620. It has two new disulfide bonds Cys-600 to Cys-602 and Cys-601 to Cys-606. Glycated in diabetic patients. Phosphorylated by FAM20C in the extracellular medium. Acetylated on Lys-223 by acetylsalicylic acid.

Disease relevance. Hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic (FDAH) [MIM:615999] A disorder characterized by abnormally elevated levels of total serum thyroxine (T4) in euthyroid patients. It is due to abnormal serum albumin that binds T4 with enhanced affinity. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Analbuminemia (ANALBA) [MIM:616000] A rare autosomal recessive disorder manifested by the presence of a very low amount of circulating serum albumin. Affected individuals manifest mild edema, hypotension, fatigue, and, occasionally, lower body lipodystrophy (mainly in adult females). The most common biochemical finding is hyperlipidemia, with a significant increase in the total and LDL cholesterol concentrations, but normal concentrations of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Polymorphism. A variant structure of albumin could lead to increased binding of zinc resulting in an asymptomatic augmentation of zinc concentration in the blood. The sequence shown is that of variant albumin A.

Similarity. Belongs to the ALB/AFP/VDB family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P02768-1	1	yes
P02768-2	2
P02768-3	3

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_000468* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000264	ALB/AFP/VDB	Family
IPR014760	Serum_albumin_N	Domain
IPR020857	Serum_albumin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020858	Serum_albumin-like	Homologous_superfamily
IPR021177	Serum_albumin/AFP/Afamin	Family

Pfam: PF00273

UniProt features (253 total): sequence variant 66, site 38, helix 34, glycosylation site 24, disulfide bond 17, sequence conflict 16, strand 15, modified residue 14, binding site 12, turn 8, domain 3, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, propeptide 1, mutagenesis site 1, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

189 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
9IK6	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.69
6YG9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.89
1N5U	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
8RCO	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
8RCP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
8RGK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
8RGL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
9EOD	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
9CSG	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.91
6QIO	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.95
9IK7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.97
7VR0	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.98
7Y2D	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
8A9Q	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
4L8U	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.01
9ULR	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.01
7DJN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.04
3SQJ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.05
7FFS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.05
8Z8V	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.05
6L4K	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.09
8YG7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.09
7AAI	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
7X7X	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
9EOS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
8K1Y	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.15
5Z0B	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.17
4Z69	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.19
3A73	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.19
1E7A	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P02768-F1	92.57	0.88

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 11 — 2ESG, 4HGK, 4HGM, 5FUO, 5VNW, 6M58, 8OI2, 8Y9S, 8Y9T, 8Y9U, 8Z8V

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (38): 28 (not glycated); 44 (not glycated); 65 (not glycated); 88 (not glycated); 97 (not glycated); 117 (not glycated); 130 (not glycated); 160 (not glycated); 183 (not glycated); 198 (not glycated); 205 (not glycated); 214 (not glycated) …

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (12): 264; 268; 271; 273; 273; 276; 279; 283; 27; 30; 37; 91

Post-translational modifications (14): 29, 82, 89, 107, 229, 297, 443, 444, 446, 460, 513, 543, 558, 588

Disulfide bonds (17): 269–277, 289–303, 302–313, 340–385, 384–393, 416–462, 461–472, 485–501, 500–511, 538–583, 582–591, 77–86, 99–115, 114–125, 148–193, 192–201, 224–270

Glycosylation sites (24): 36, 75, 161, 186, 223, 249, 257, 300, 305, 337, 341, 342, 347, 375, 402, 437, 463, 468, 518, 549 …

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (1):

Position	Phenotype
91	impairs metal binding.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

31 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-114608	Platelet degranulation
R-HSA-159418	Recycling of bile acids and salts
R-HSA-189451	Heme biosynthesis
R-HSA-189483	Heme degradation
R-HSA-2168880	Scavenging of heme from plasma
R-HSA-381426	Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
R-HSA-8957275	Post-translational protein phosphorylation
R-HSA-8964058	HDL remodeling
R-HSA-9707564	Cytoprotection by HMOX1
R-HSA-9749641	Aspirin ADME
R-HSA-9757110	Prednisone ADME
R-HSA-9793528	Ciprofloxacin ADME
R-HSA-109582	Hemostasis
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-174824	Plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling, and clearance
R-HSA-189445	Metabolism of porphyrins
R-HSA-194068	Bile acid and bile salt metabolism
R-HSA-2173782	Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors
R-HSA-2262752	Cellular responses to stress
R-HSA-382551	Transport of small molecules
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-556833	Metabolism of lipids
R-HSA-5653656	Vesicle-mediated transport
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification
R-HSA-76002	Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
R-HSA-76005	Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+
R-HSA-8953897	Cellular responses to stimuli
R-HSA-8957322	Metabolism of steroids
R-HSA-8963899	Plasma lipoprotein remodeling
R-HSA-9711123	Cellular response to chemical stress

MSigDB gene sets: 254 (showing top): MODULE_93, MODULE_52, GOBP_MEMBRANE_DEPOLARIZATION, YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, PID_HNF3B_PATHWAY, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, REACTOME_PLATELET_ACTIVATION_SIGNALING_AND_AGGREGATION, REACTOME_METABOLISM_OF_PORPHYRINS, HUMMERICH_BENIGN_SKIN_TUMOR_DN, HUMMERICH_MALIGNANT_SKIN_TUMOR_DN, HNF1_Q6, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MEMBRANE_DEPOLARIZATION, CEBPB_01, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_TRANSPORT, chr4q13

GO Biological Process (6): cellular response to starvation (GO:0009267), bilirubin transport (GO:0015723), response to nutrient levels (GO:0031667), negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization (GO:0051902), cellular response to calcium ion starvation (GO:0072732), cellular oxidant detoxification (GO:0098869)

GO Molecular Function (15): DNA binding (GO:0003677), fatty acid binding (GO:0005504), copper ion binding (GO:0005507), toxic substance binding (GO:0015643), antioxidant activity (GO:0016209), pyridoxal phosphate binding (GO:0030170), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein-folding chaperone binding (GO:0051087), molecular carrier activity (GO:0140104), exogenous protein binding (GO:0140272), enterobactin binding (GO:1903981), protein binding (GO:0005515), lipid binding (GO:0008289), oxygen binding (GO:0019825), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (11): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), nucleus (GO:0005634), endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), endoplasmic reticulum lumen (GO:0005788), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), platelet alpha granule lumen (GO:0031093), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), blood microparticle (GO:0072562), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-14 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Drug ADME	3
Metabolism of porphyrins	2
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+	1
Bile acid and bile salt metabolism	1
Binding and Uptake of Ligands by Scavenger Receptors	1
Metabolism of proteins	1
Post-translational protein modification	1
Plasma lipoprotein remodeling	1
Cellular response to chemical stress	1
Transport of small molecules	1
Metabolism	1
Metabolism of steroids	1
Vesicle-mediated transport	1
Cellular responses to stimuli	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
binding	4
protein binding	3
cellular anatomical structure	3
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	3
molecular_function	2
anion binding	2
cytoplasm	2
endomembrane system	2
cellular response to nutrient levels	1
cellular response to stress	1
response to starvation	1
dicarboxylic acid transport	1
nitrogen compound transport	1
response to stimulus	1
mitochondrial depolarization	1
regulation of mitochondrial depolarization	1
negative regulation of membrane depolarization	1
cellular response to starvation	1
cellular detoxification	1
nucleic acid binding	1
lipid binding	1
monocarboxylic acid binding	1
transition metal ion binding	1
cellular oxidant detoxification	1
vitamin B6 binding	1
macrolide binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
small molecule binding	1
cation binding	1
endoplasmic reticulum	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1
platelet alpha granule	1
secretory granule lumen	1
cellular_component	1
extracellular vesicle	1
extracellular region	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

10898 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ALB	INS	P01308	999
ALB	ORM2	P19652	998
ALB	ORM1	P02763	997
ALB	LALBA	P00709	997
ALB	FN1	P02751	997
ALB	FCGRT	P55899	997
ALB	LTF	P02788	996
ALB	SERPINA1	P01009	996
ALB	SHBG	P04278	996
ALB	APOA1	P02647	994
ALB	HP	P00737	994
ALB	LRP2	P98164	994
ALB	CUBN	O60494	992
ALB	MB	P02144	992
ALB	SPARC	P09486	991
ALB	TTR	P02766	991

IntAct

191 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
MED4	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.900
MAPK6	HERC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
MED20	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
CTBP1	ZEB2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
ALB	ALB	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.760
HSPA8	GAK	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.760
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
CCNA2	GMNN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ALB	TFRC	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.560
	ALB	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.540
	ALB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
FOXP3	FOXP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CA8	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
DDX31	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ADAMTS18	ALB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ALB	FAM20C	psi-mi:“MI:0217”(phosphorylation reaction)	0.440
FCGRT	ALB	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440

BioGRID (455): ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Two-hybrid), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS), ALB (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2V9Z4, A6YF56, G3MYZ3, O01454, O35090, O89020, P02768, P02769, P02770, P02771, P02772, P02773, P02774, P04276, P07724, P08759, P08835, P14639, P14872, P19121, P21614, P21847, P21848, P28050, P35747, P36953, P43652, P49064, P49065, P49066, P49822, P53789, P83632, P84407, Q03156, Q17077, Q25513, Q27388, Q28522, Q28789

Diamond homologs: A2V9Z4, A6YF56, G3MYZ3, O35090, O89020, P02768, P02769, P02770, P02771, P02772, P02773, P07724, P08759, P08835, P14639, P14872, P19121, P21847, P28050, P35747, P36953, P43652, P49064, P49065, P49066, P49822, P81188, P84407, P85295, Q28522, Q28789, Q3SZ57, Q3T478, Q5NVH5, Q5XLE4, Q8MJ76, Q8MJU5, P83517, P21848, Q03156

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
HNF1B	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	ALB	“transcriptional regulation”

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 209 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Downstream signal transduction	5	14.1×	2e-03
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+	6	7.2×	5e-03
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation	8	6.3×	3e-03
Platelet degranulation	8	5.2×	5e-03
Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)	8	5.1×	5e-03
RAF/MAP kinase cascade	9	4.1×	8e-03
Vesicle-mediated transport	14	3.6×	3e-03
Membrane Trafficking	13	3.6×	4e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
negative regulation of cytokine production	5	14.8×	7e-03
autophagosome maturation	6	12.2×	5e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

234 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	19
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	96
Likely benign	25
Benign	16

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (20)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
156314	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.166C>T (p.Gln56Ter)	Pathogenic
156319	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.228_229del (p.Val78fs)	Pathogenic
156320	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.412C>T (p.Arg138Ter)	Pathogenic
156323	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.714G>A (p.Trp238Ter)	Pathogenic
18186	NM_000477.5(ALB):c.71G>C (p.Arg24Pro)	Pathogenic
18187	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.74A>T (p.Asp25Val)	Pathogenic
18203	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.1693A>G (p.Lys565Glu)	Pathogenic
18207	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.1780G>A (p.Glu594Lys)	Pathogenic
18210	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.714-2A>G	Pathogenic
18224	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.872dup (p.Asn291fs)	Pathogenic
18238	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.725G>C (p.Arg242Pro)	Pathogenic
18239	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.269T>C (p.Leu90Pro)	Pathogenic
18240	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.79+1G>A	Pathogenic
2788444	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.1378A>T (p.Lys460Ter)	Pathogenic
4682120	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.724C>A (p.Arg242Ser)	Pathogenic
4696783	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.1020C>A (p.Cys340Ter)	Pathogenic
4720501	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.70C>T (p.Arg24Ter)	Pathogenic
4755693	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.1225C>T (p.Gln409Ter)	Pathogenic
636260	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.1098dup (p.Val367fs)	Pathogenic
2442164	NM_000477.7(ALB):c.656_659del (p.Lys219fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

0 predictions. Top by Δscore:

AlphaMissense

4030 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
4:73410366:T:A	C224S	0.997
4:73410367:G:C	C224S	0.997
4:73412012:A:C	S244R	0.996
4:73412014:C:A	S244R	0.996
4:73412014:C:G	S244R	0.996
4:73418113:G:A	C485Y	0.996
4:73410366:T:C	C224R	0.995
4:73412090:T:A	C270S	0.995
4:73412091:G:C	C270S	0.995
4:73418112:T:A	C485S	0.995
4:73418113:G:C	C485S	0.995
4:73418160:T:A	C501S	0.995
4:73418161:G:C	C501S	0.995
4:73408618:T:A	C99S	0.994
4:73408619:G:C	C99S	0.994
4:73408713:A:C	K130N	0.994
4:73408713:A:T	K130N	0.994
4:73412091:G:A	C270Y	0.994
4:73417622:T:A	C461S	0.994
4:73417623:G:C	C461S	0.994
4:73418112:T:C	C485R	0.994
4:73418114:T:G	C485W	0.994
4:73418161:G:A	C501Y	0.994
4:73418162:C:G	C501W	0.994
4:73406721:G:A	C77Y	0.993
4:73406722:T:G	C77W	0.993
4:73408619:G:A	C99Y	0.993
4:73408765:T:A	C148S	0.993
4:73408766:G:C	C148S	0.993
4:73412090:T:C	C270R	0.993

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000236315 (4:73418918 C>T), RS10002897 (4:73404707 A>G), RS1000474352 (4:73420822 T>C), RS1000589905 (4:73420506 A>G), RS1000932485 (4:73407561 G>A), RS1000987701 (4:73419702 G>A,C), RS1001030097 (4:73406429 A>T), RS1001066991 (4:73407146 C>A), RS1001127206 (4:73419916 T>G), RS1001229515 (4:73418978 G>C), RS1001405633 (4:73407090 GTATT>G,GTATTTATT), RS1002104967 (4:73407121 A>G,T), RS1002158644 (4:73406903 T>G), RS1002161396 (4:73420333 T>G), RS10022167 (4:73413092 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:103600 | disease phenotypes: MIM:615999

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
congenital analbuminemia	Definitive	Autosomal recessive
hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic	Strong	Autosomal dominant

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (2)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic	Moderate	AD
congenital analbuminemia	Definitive	AR

Mondo (4): hyperthyroxinemia, familial dysalbuminemic (MONDO:0014448), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, arthrochalasia type (MONDO:0007525), hyperthyroidism (MONDO:0004425), congenital analbuminemia (MONDO:0014449)

Orphanet (5): Congenital analbuminemia (Orphanet:86816), Arthrochalasia Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (Orphanet:1899), OBSOLETE: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type 7A (Orphanet:99875), OBSOLETE: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type 7B (Orphanet:99876), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (Orphanet:276271)

HPO phenotypes

31 total (30 of 31 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000282	Facial edema
HP:0000939	Osteoporosis
HP:0000969	Edema
HP:0001263	Global developmental delay
HP:0001513	Obesity
HP:0001518	Small for gestational age
HP:0001562	Oligohydramnios
HP:0001622	Premature birth
HP:0001643	Patent ductus arteriosus
HP:0002615	Hypotension
HP:0002783	Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
HP:0003073	Hypoalbuminemia
HP:0003075	Hypoproteinemia
HP:0003077	Hyperlipidemia
HP:0003124	Hypercholesterolemia
HP:0003141	Increased LDL cholesterol concentration
HP:0005268	Miscarriage
HP:0005413	Elevated circulating alpha-globulin concentration
HP:0008247	Euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia
HP:0009125	Lipodystrophy
HP:0010702	Increased circulating immunoglobulin concentration
HP:0010741	Pedal edema
HP:0011342	Mild global developmental delay
HP:0012378	Fatigue
HP:0030851	Low pulse pressure
HP:0031097	Abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone level
HP:0032386	Elevated circulating transferrin concentration
HP:0033076	Abnormal circulating free T4 concentration

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (3)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D006980	Hyperthyroidism	C19.874.397
D050010	Hyperthyroxinemia, Familial Dysalbuminemic	C16.320.427; C19.874.410.249
C562625	Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Type VII, Autosomal Dominant (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3253 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

36 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 942,122 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL12	DIAZEPAM	4	92,281
CHEMBL1200712	EVANS BLUE	4	24,260
CHEMBL129	ZIDOVUDINE	4	4,996
CHEMBL1380	ABACAVIR	4	30,419
CHEMBL139	DICLOFENAC	4	125,009
CHEMBL141	LAMIVUDINE	4	12,250
CHEMBL1434	MINOCYCLINE	4	62,058
CHEMBL1447	LINCOMYCIN	4	33,659
CHEMBL1460	DIDANOSINE	4	89,412
CHEMBL1464	WARFARIN	4	69,797
CHEMBL1730	CEFOTAXIME	4	480
CHEMBL2103837	TAFAMIDIS	4	672
CHEMBL262777	VANCOMYCIN	4	100,538
CHEMBL36506	NOVOBIOCIN	4	11,401
CHEMBL374478	RIFAMPIN	4	93,834
CHEMBL374975	FUSIDIC ACID	4	47,850
CHEMBL388590	BENZBROMARONE	4	8,245
CHEMBL3940890	ACORAMIDIS	4	576
CHEMBL4	OFLOXACIN	4	47,798
CHEMBL409	BICALUTAMIDE	4	86,587
CHEMBL4301898	BRILLIANT BLUE G FREE ACID	4
CHEMBL473417	VISMODEGIB	4
CHEMBL521	IBUPROFEN	4
CHEMBL532	ERYTHROMYCIN	4
CHEMBL54349	ALPIDEM	4
CHEMBL568	OXAZEPAM	4
CHEMBL6	INDOMETHACIN	4
CHEMBL71	CHLORPROMAZINE	4
CHEMBL782	TOLBUTAMIDE	4
CHEMBL853	ZALCITABINE	4

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

144 potent at pChembl≥5 of 200 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.08	Ki	8.27	nM	CHEMBL5199978
7.82	Kd	15	nM	CHEMBL5270477
7.70	Kd	20	nM	CHEMBL4874500
7.52	Kd	30	nM	CHEMBL4875916
7.52	Kd	30	nM	CHEMBL3394540
7.52	Kd	30	nM	CHEMBL5567878
7.52	Kd	30	nM	CHEMBL5559833
7.52	Kd	30	nM	CHEMBL5550030
7.52	Kd	30	nM	CHEMBL5563477
7.41	Kd	39	nM	CHEMBL5205331
7.41	Kd	39	nM	CHEMBL5204039
7.41	Kd	39	nM	CHEMBL5270284
7.30	Ki	49.7	nM	CHEMBL5436933
7.16	Kd	70	nM	CHEMBL4852232
7.05	Kd	89.3	nM	PYROPHEOPHORBIDE A
7.05	Kd	90	nM	CHEMBL81444
7.00	Kd	99	nM	CHEMBL3260990
6.97	Kd	108	nM	CHEMBL5287247
6.93	Kd	118	nM	CHEMBL5172861
6.92	Kd	119	nM	CHEMBL5203652
6.79	Kd	164	nM	CHEMBL5204199
6.78	Kd	168	nM	CHEMBL5183937
6.78	Kd	168	nM	CHEMBL5275396
6.77	Kd	170	nM	CHEMBL4845813
6.68	Kd	210	nM	CHEMBL4870031
6.66	Kd	220	nM	CHEMBL4866037
6.64	Kd	230	nM	CHEMBL3260990
6.64	Kd	230	nM	CHEMBL5082399
6.57	Kd	270	nM	CHEMBL4866759
6.55	Kd	280	nM	CHEMBL337637
6.54	Kd	290	nM	CHEMBL4877313
6.51	Kd	310	nM	CHEMBL4856339
6.50	Kd	320	nM	BRILLIANT BLUE G FREE ACID
6.49	Kd	321	nM	CHEMBL2180871
6.48	Kd	330	nM	CHEMBL5287247
6.47	Kd	340	nM	CHEMBL5091083
6.44	Ki	360	nM	CHEMBL3417694
6.44	Kd	363	nM	CHEMBL4850435
6.44	Kd	360	nM	CHEMBL5093073
6.42	Kd	382	nM	RESVERATROL HEXANOIC ACID
6.41	Kd	390	nM	CHEMBL249022
6.41	Kd	390	nM	CHEMBL4869829
6.40	Ki	400	nM	CHEMBL2314198
6.38	Kd	420	nM	CHEMBL249990
6.37	Kd	430	nM	CHEMBL4879282
6.33	Kd	467	nM	CHEMBL5267643
6.28	Kd	520	nM	CHEMBL6170858
6.24	Kd	580	nM	CHEMBL4873867
6.23	Kd	593	nM	BETULINIC ACID
6.18	Kd	660	nM	CHEMBL77613

PubChem BioAssay actives

135 with measured affinity, of 2691 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
N-[[2-((18F)fluoromethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-N-(4-phenoxy-3-pyridinyl)acetamide	1992575: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0083	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-5-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-5-carbamimidamido-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[(2S,3R)-1-[(2S)-2-carbamoylpyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	1940746: Binding affinity to human albumin assessed as dissociation constant	kd	0.0150	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(3-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0200	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-naphthalen-2-ylpropanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0300	uM
7-[(2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl)methylamino]-4-methylchromen-2-one	2074276: Reversible binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.0300	uM
7-(2-methylphenyl)-3-(3-naphthalen-1-yloxypropyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid	1200464: Displacement of probe S1 from recombinant human serum albumin domain 3 after 5 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0300	uM
7-[(2-hydroxyphenyl)methylamino]-4-methylchromen-2-one	2074276: Reversible binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.0300	uM
7-[(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylamino]-4-methylchromen-2-one	2074276: Reversible binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.0300	uM
7-[(3,5-dibromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)methylamino]-4-methylchromen-2-one	2074276: Reversible binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.0300	uM
7-[(2-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)methylamino]-4-methylchromen-2-one	2074276: Reversible binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.0300	uM
(2S)-2-[[(3R,6S,9S,12S,15S,18S,21S)-6-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-15-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-methyl-12,18-bis(2-methylpropyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,25-heptaoxo-21-[[(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-1,23-dithia-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexazacyclohexacosane-3-carbonyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoic acid	1884314: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0390	uM
(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,23R,26S)-15-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-6-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-9-[3-(diaminomethylideneamino)propyl]-12-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,5,8,11,14,19,25-heptaoxo-17,21-dithia-1,4,7,10,13,24-hexazabicyclo[24.3.0]nonacosane-23-carboxylic acid	1884314: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0390	uM
(4S)-5-amino-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-2-[[2-[2-[2-[(3’,6’-dihydroxy-3-oxospiro[2-benzofuran-1,9’-xanthene]-5-carbonyl)amino]ethoxy]ethoxy]acetyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-6-(hexadecanoylamino)hexanoyl]amino]butanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	1940738: Binding affinity to human albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0390	uM
[1-[4-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)benzoyl]piperidin-4-yl] N-[3-[2-[2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethoxy]ethylcarbamoyl]phenyl]carbamate	1973690: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0497	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.0700	uM
3-[(21S,22S)-16-ethenyl-11-ethyl-4-hydroxy-12,17,21,26-tetramethyl-7,23,24,25-tetrazahexacyclo[18.2.1.15,8.110,13.115,18.02,6]hexacosa-1,4,6,8(26),9,11,13(25),14,16,18(24),19-undecaen-22-yl]propanoic acid	1758625: Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence emission spectrophotometric analysis	kd	0.0893	uM
7-(8-carboxy-1,6,7-trihydroxy-3-methyl-5-propan-2-ylnaphthalen-2-yl)-2,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methyl-4-propan-2-ylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid	203631: Compound was tested for binding activity to human serum albumin (HSA)	kd	0.0900	uM
(1E)-2-(5-tert-butyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-N-(3-chloroanilino)-2-oxoethanimidoyl cyanide	1598740: Displacement of dansylated phenylalanine from human serum albumin by fluorescence assay	kd	0.0990	uM
5-[[(1R)-1-carboxy-5-[4-(4-iodophenyl)butanoylamino]pentyl]carbamoyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid	1940748: Binding affinity to human albumin assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1080	uM
5-[2-[2-[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[2-[2-[2-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,23R,26S)-6-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-9-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-23-carbamoyl-12-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,5,8,11,14,19,25-heptaoxo-17,21-dithia-1,4,7,10,13,24-hexazabicyclo[24.3.0]nonacosan-15-yl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-6-(hexadecanoylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylcarbamoyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid	1884314: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1180	uM
5-[2-[2-[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[2-[2-[2-[[(5S)-5-[[2-[[(3S,6S,9S,12S,15R,23R,26S)-15-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-6-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-9-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-12-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-3-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,5,8,11,14,19,25-heptaoxo-17,21-dithia-1,4,7,10,13,24-hexazabicyclo[24.3.0]nonacosane-23-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-6-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-6-(hexadecanoylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylcarbamoyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid	1884314: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1190	uM
5-[2-[2-[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[2-[2-[2-[[(5S)-6-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-5-[[2-[[(3R,6S,9S,12S,15S,18S,21R)-6-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-15-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-methyl-12,18-bis(2-methylpropyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,25-heptaoxo-21-[[(2S)-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]amino]-1,23-dithia-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexazacyclohexacosane-3-carbonyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-6-oxohexyl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-6-(hexadecanoylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylcarbamoyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid	1884314: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1640	uM
5-[2-[2-[2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[2-[2-[2-[(2S)-2-[[(3R,6S,9S,12S,15S,18S,21R)-3-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]-6-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-15-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-9-methyl-12,18-bis(2-methylpropyl)-5,8,11,14,17,20,25-heptaoxo-1,23-dithia-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexazacyclohexacos-21-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylamino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-6-(hexadecanoylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-carboxy-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-2-oxoethoxy]ethoxy]ethylcarbamoyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid	1884314: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1680	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-6-(pentadecanoylamino)hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-4-carboxy-1-oxo-1-[[(2S)-1-oxo-1-[[(7R,10S,13S,19S,25S,28R,31S,34S,37S,40S,43S,46S,49R)-19,25,43-tris(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-37-(2-carboxyethyl)-31-(carboxymethyl)-7-(carboxymethylcarbamoyl)-13,46-bis(hydroxymethyl)-40-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-10-methyl-9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30,33,36,39,42,45,48-tetradecaoxo-34-propan-2-yl-5,51,56-trithia-8,11,14,17,20,23,26,29,32,35,38,41,44,47-tetradecazatricyclo[26.26.3.13,53]octapentaconta-1(54),2,53(58)-trien-49-yl]amino]propan-2-yl]amino]butan-2-yl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	1940738: Binding affinity to human albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1680	uM
(2S)-2-[(6-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.1700	uM
(2S)-2-[(7-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.2100	uM
(2R)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.2200	uM
4-[[(1R)-1-carboxy-5-[4-(4-iodophenyl)butanoylamino]pentyl]carbamoyl]-2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxoxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid	1821156: Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as dissociation constant using N-alpha-(6-FAM)-N-epsilon-(4-Iodophenylbutanoyl)-D-lysine as substrate and measured after 5 mins by fluorescence based competition assay	kd	0.2300	uM
(2S)-2-[(5-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.2700	uM
2-[2-oxo-2-[3-[(E)-2-(4-propan-2-yl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)ethenyl]anilino]ethyl]benzoic acid	203632: Protein binding affinity for human serum albumin was measured	kd	0.2800	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.2900	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3100	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(3S,6R,11R,17S,20S,23S)-6-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-(4-azidobutylamino)-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-20-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-17-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,13,16,19,22-hexaoxo-8,9-dithia-1,4,12,15,18,21-hexazabicyclo[21.3.0]hexacosane-11-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]butanedioic acid	709576: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3210	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-ethynylbenzoyl)amino]-6-[4-(4-iodophenyl)butanoylamino]hexanoic acid	1821155: Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as dissociation constant and measured after 5 mins by fluorescence based competition assay	kd	0.3400	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-azidobenzoyl)amino]-6-[4-(4-iodophenyl)butanoylamino]hexanoic acid	1821155: Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as dissociation constant and measured after 5 mins by fluorescence based competition assay	kd	0.3600	uM
7-(2-methylphenyl)-1-(2-morpholin-4-ylethyl)-3-(3-naphthalen-1-yloxypropyl)indole-2-carboxylic acid	1200464: Displacement of probe S1 from recombinant human serum albumin domain 3 after 5 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.3600	uM
(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2R)-6-amino-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[2-[3-[(21S,22S)-16-ethenyl-11-ethyl-12,17,21,26-tetramethyl-4-oxo-7,23,24,25-tetrazahexacyclo[18.2.1.15,8.110,13.115,18.02,6]hexacosa-1,5,8(26),9,11,13(25),14,16,18,20(23)-decaen-22-yl]propanoylamino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2R)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]hexanamide	1758625: Binding affinity to human serum albumin assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence emission spectrophotometric analysis	kd	0.3630	uM
6-[4-[(E)-2-(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]phenoxy]hexanoic acid	404515: Binding affinity to human serum albumin at 4 uM by UV-vis measurement	kd	0.3820	uM
5-cyano-2-[(E)-2-(1-methylindol-2-yl)ethenyl]benzoic acid	308402: Binding affinity at human serum albumin	kd	0.3900	uM
(2S)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenyl)-2-(1H-indole-2-carbonylamino)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3900	uM
3-(3-naphthalen-1-yloxypropyl)-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid	1200464: Displacement of probe S1 from recombinant human serum albumin domain 3 after 5 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.4000	uM
(2S)-3-[4-[3-[[2-(cyclopropylamino)-3,4-dioxocyclobuten-1-yl]amino]phenyl]phenyl]-2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonylamino]propanoic acid	310225: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by equilibrium dialysis	kd	0.4200	uM
(2S)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.4300	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(3S,6R,10R,16S,18S,21S)-6-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-acetamido-5-carbamimidamidopentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-18-(3-carbamimidamidopropyl)-16-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-3-(2-methylpropyl)-2,5,12,15,17,20-hexaoxo-8-thia-1,4,11,14,19-pentazabicyclo[19.3.0]tetracosane-10-carbonyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-amino-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	1940751: Binding affinity to human albumin assessed as dissociation constant by surface plasmon resonance assay	kd	0.4670	uM
(2S)-3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-[(4-fluoro-1H-indole-2-carbonyl)amino]propanoic acid	1774672: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.5800	uM
(1R,3aS,5aR,5bR,7aR,9S,11aR,11bR,13aR,13bR)-9-hydroxy-5a,5b,8,8,11a-pentamethyl-1-prop-1-en-2-yl-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,7a,9,10,11,11b,12,13,13a,13b-hexadecahydrocyclopenta[a]chrysene-3a-carboxylic acid	1238544: Binding affinity to human serum albumin with excitation at 285 nm by fluorescence emission spectroscopic analysis	kd	0.5930	uM
2,3-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4-propan-2-ylnaphthalene-1-carbaldehyde	203631: Compound was tested for binding activity to human serum albumin (HSA)	kd	0.6600	uM
5-cyano-2-[[6-[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propylsulfanyl]pyridine-3-carbonyl]amino]benzoic acid	295540: Binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.7000	uM
Indomethacin	1450923: Binding affinity to human serum albumin	kd	0.7000	uM
(2S)-3-[4-[3-(cyclopropylcarbamoylamino)phenyl]phenyl]-2-[(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)sulfonylamino]propanoic acid	310225: Binding affinity to human serum albumin by equilibrium dialysis	kd	0.7400	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

430 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Acetaminophen	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases activity, affects cotreatment, decreases expression (+1 more)	9
Copper	affects binding, decreases reaction, increases oxidation, affects cotreatment	8
quinone	decreases reaction, affects binding, increases reaction	7
Warfarin	affects binding, decreases reaction	7
Toluene 2,4-Diisocyanate	affects binding, decreases reaction, increases expression, affects reaction, increases phosphorylation	6
Acetohexamide	affects binding	5
Fenoprofen	affects binding, decreases reaction	5
Mustard Gas	affects binding, increases alkylation	5
Cyclosporine	affects reaction, increases uptake, decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	5
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression, affects binding, affects folding	4
sodium arsenite	decreases reaction, affects methylation, increases expression, decreases expression	4
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases folding, affects folding, affects binding	4
benzene oxide	affects binding, increases reaction	4
Aspirin	affects transport, decreases reaction, decreases secretion, increases secretion, increases reaction (+1 more)	4
Benzene	increases chemical synthesis, decreases reaction, increases reaction, affects binding	4
Doxorubicin	affects binding, increases cleavage, affects expression, decreases expression	4
Glucose	decreases uptake, increases metabolic processing, decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases glycation	4
Tolbutamide	affects binding	4
Tretinoin	decreases reaction, decreases expression, decreases secretion, affects binding	4
Valproic Acid	affects binding, decreases reaction, decreases expression, decreases methylation, increases expression	4
Oleic Acid	affects binding, decreases reduction, affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases expression (+4 more)	4
Palmitic Acid	affects binding, increases reaction, increases reduction, increases oxidation, decreases reduction (+3 more)	4
pimagedine	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases glycation	3
O,O-diethyl O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phosphate	decreases response to substance, decreases activity, increases hydrolysis, affects binding	3
prodan	affects binding, decreases reaction	3
Atazanavir Sulfate	affects binding, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	3
Resveratrol	affects binding, affects folding, increases stability, decreases reaction, increases activity (+2 more)	3
Vehicle Emissions	decreases abundance, decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects binding, decreases expression, decreases methylation	3
Cadmium	affects binding, increases expression	3

ChEMBL screening assays

953 unique, capped per target: 767 admet, 168 binding, 18 functional

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1000711	Binding	Binding affinity to human plasma albumin by ultracentrifugation	Studies on the interaction of caffeine with bovine hemoglobin. — Eur J Med Chem
CHEMBL1007341	ADMET	Binding affinity to human serum albumin at 289 kelvin by fluorescence quenching measurement	A concise approach to 1,11-didechloro-6-methyl-4’-O-demethyl rebeccamycin and its binding to human serum albumin: fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modeling method. — Bioorg Med Chem
CHEMBL644481	Functional	Warfarin (80 uM) response( between early and middle) on first day of human serum albumin (HSA) immobilization	Biosensor analysis of the interaction between immobilized human serum albumin and drug compounds for prediction of human serum albumin binding levels. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

5 cell lines: 2 transformed cell line, 1 finite cell line, 1 spontaneously immortalized cell line, 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_5U21	GM06248	Finite cell line	Female
CVCL_B6JC	C-HAlb	Spontaneously immortalized cell line	Female
CVCL_E1L0	HyCyte Hep-G2 KO-hALB	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JZ95	CHO-ADLE	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_JZ96	CHO-AFLE	Transformed cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

76 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00946296	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Impact of SSKI Pre-Treatment on Blood Loss in Thyroidectomy for Graves Disease
NCT03379181	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Thermogenesis in Hyperthyroidism and Effect of Anti-Adrenergic Therapy
NCT03393728	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Heart Rate Variability and Hyperthyroidism: Evaluation of the Short-term Effects of Propanolol
NCT05512715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	LIthium as Bridging thErapy Prior to Radioactiveiodine in hyperThYroidism
NCT03303053	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Safety of Cholestyramine and Prednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy in Treatment of Overt Hyperthyroidism
NCT04856488	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Preoperative Lugol’s Solution in Graves’ Disease and Toxic Nodular Goiter
NCT05118542	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Hyperthyroidism and Its Treatment in Graves’ Disease to Early Marker of Atherosclerosis
NCT02203682	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Doxycycline Treatment in Mild Thyroid-Associated Ophthalmopathy
NCT07369063	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Impact of Vitamin D Therapy on Thyroid Function and Antibody Levels in Pediatric Graves’ Disease
NCT04346901	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Comparative Study of mMASI Before and After Hyperthyroid Therapy in Hyperthyroid Subjects With Melasma
NCT01727973	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Subantimicrobial Dose Doxycycline for Moderate to Severe and Active Graves’ Orbitopathy
NCT00001159	Not specified	RECRUITING	Natural History of Thyroid Function Disorders
NCT00151723	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Does Radioiodine Treatment Prevent Atrial Fibrillation and Bone Loss in Endogenous Subclinical Hyperthyroidism?
NCT00437931	Not specified	COMPLETED	Color Flow Doppler Ultrasound in Subclinical Thyroid Dysfunction
NCT00471458	Not specified	COMPLETED	Follow-up Study of the RAI-Treated Hyperthyroid Patients
NCT00525122	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Treatment of M.Graves With Radioactive Iodine: Follow-up Study
NCT00796913	Not specified	COMPLETED	Remission Induction and Sustenance in Graves’ Disease 2
NCT00822289	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Effect of Radioactive Iodine Administration for Thyroid Diseases on H.Pylori Eradication
NCT01095341	Not specified	COMPLETED	Postoperative Hyperthyroidism
NCT01105923	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Study of an Intervention to Improve Problem List Accuracy and Use
NCT01145040	Not specified	UNKNOWN	NOMOTHETICOS: Nonlinear Modelling of Thyroid Hormones’ Effect on Thyrotropin Incretion in Confirmed Open-loop Situation
NCT01306916	Not specified	COMPLETED	Coexisting Thyroid Disease and Hyperparathyroidism
NCT01376648	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Thyroid Hormones Effect on Brown Adipose Tissue
NCT01945229	Not specified	TERMINATED	Thumb-ECG Ambulant Screening for Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Treated for Hyperthyroidism (TAMBOURINE)
NCT02005250	Not specified	COMPLETED	Bone Structure and Strength Evaluated by Extreme-CT Scan Before and After Treatment of Hyper- and Hypothyroidism
NCT02107794	Not specified	COMPLETED	Shared Decision Making in Graves Disease - Graves Disease (GD) Choice
NCT02133040	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Effects of Hyperthyroidism on Amount and Activity of Brown Adipose Tissue
NCT02190214	Not specified	COMPLETED	Thyroid Disorders in Malaysia: A Nationwide Multicentre Study
NCT02375451	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effect of Childhood Radioiodine Therapy on Salivary Function
NCT02499471	Not specified	COMPLETED	Brown Adipose Tissue Activity and Thyroid Hormone
NCT02514187	Not specified	COMPLETED	A Blinded Study Evaluating the Accuracy and Safety of Cyclotron-produced 99mTc in Adult Patients
NCT02710799	Not specified	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effects of Teleconsultations on a Endocrinology Referral List
NCT02772705	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Comparison of SUV Using SPECT/CT Between Grave’s Disease Patients and Normal Humans
NCT02812888	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Serum Betatrophin Levels and Its Influencing Factors in Patients With Hyperthyroidism
NCT03064542	Not specified	COMPLETED	The Role of Thyroid Status in Regulating Brown Adipose Tissue Activity, White Adipose Tissue Partitioning and Resting Energy Expenditure
NCT03434067	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Application of Rapid PTH Test Paper in Operation of Hyperparathyroidism
NCT03444246	Not specified	UNKNOWN	A Trial for the Evaluation of the Treatment and Outcome of Hyperthyroidism With Iodized Salt and Non Iodized Salt
NCT03612908	Not specified	COMPLETED	TSHβX1 and D2 THR92ALA in Pregnancy
NCT03823859	Not specified	COMPLETED	Metabolomics of Thyroid Hormones
NCT03951532	Not specified	COMPLETED	Morbidity and Mortality Associated With the Care Journey in Children and Adolescents With Hyperthyroidism