ALDH2

Summary

ALDH2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member, HGNC:404) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q24.12, encoding Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (P05091). Required for clearance of cellular formaldehyde, a cytotoxic and carcinogenic metabolite that induces DNA damage.

This protein belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of proteins. Aldehyde dehydrogenase is the second enzyme of the major oxidative pathway of alcohol metabolism. Two major liver isoforms of aldehyde dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial, can be distinguished by their electrophoretic mobilities, kinetic properties, and subcellular localizations. Most Caucasians have two major isozymes, while approximately 50% of East Asians have the cytosolic isozyme but not the mitochondrial isozyme. A remarkably higher frequency of acute alcohol intoxication among East Asians than among Caucasians could be related to the absence of a catalytically active form of the mitochondrial isozyme. The increased exposure to acetaldehyde in individuals with the catalytically inactive form may also confer greater susceptibility to many types of cancer. This gene encodes a mitochondrial isoform, which has a low Km for acetaldehydes, and is localized in mitochondrial matrix. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.

Source: NCBI Gene 217 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 93
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 56 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 3
• Druggable target: yes — 3 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• Cancer driver (intOGen): activating (oncogene-like) across 1 cancer types
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000690

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:404
Approved symbol	ALDH2
Name	aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member
Location	12q24.12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000111275
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
Entrez	217

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 42 — 39 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000261733, ENST00000416293, ENST00000548536, ENST00000549106, ENST00000551450, ENST00000871406, ENST00000871407, ENST00000871408, ENST00000871409, ENST00000871410, ENST00000871411, ENST00000871412, ENST00000871413, ENST00000871414, ENST00000871415, ENST00000871416, ENST00000871417, ENST00000871418, ENST00000871419, ENST00000871420, ENST00000871421, ENST00000871422, ENST00000871423, ENST00000871424, ENST00000871425, ENST00000871426, ENST00000871427, ENST00000871428, ENST00000871429, ENST00000871430, ENST00000871431, ENST00000931977, ENST00000931978, ENST00000951568, ENST00000951569, ENST00000951570, ENST00000951571, ENST00000951572, ENST00000951573, ENST00000951574, ENST00000951575, ENST00000951576

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_000690 NM_000690, NM_001204889

CCDS: CCDS55885, CCDS9155

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000261733 — 13 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001129780	111809543	111817532
ENSE00002409511	111766933	111767096
ENSE00003482109	111799906	111800063
ENSE00003513839	111803859	111803973
ENSE00003515748	111783158	111783298
ENSE00003538556	111798078	111798242
ENSE00003577573	111789823	111789934
ENSE00003592919	111790434	111790562
ENSE00003596965	111785267	111785346
ENSE00003632584	111792061	111792163
ENSE00003667483	111792598	111792782
ENSE00003684013	111791306	111791419
ENSE00003687836	111781918	111782022

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 301 present calls, max score 99.59.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 82.4448 / max 3111.2499, expressed in 1611 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
128045	82.4448	1611

Top tissues by expression

305 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	99.59	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	99.48	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	99.46	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	99.37	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	99.33	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	99.31	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	99.28	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	99.27	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	99.26	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	99.24	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	99.24	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	99.23	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	99.22	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	99.20	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	99.19	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	99.18	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	99.16	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	99.15	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	99.14	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	99.12	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	99.10	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	99.09	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	99.07	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	99.04	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	99.01	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	99.01	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	99.01	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.00	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	98.96	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	98.96	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 11 experiment(s), a significant marker in 10.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-79	yes	1489.86
E-MTAB-8060	yes	137.82
E-MTAB-8142	yes	81.27
E-CURD-122	yes	72.60
E-MTAB-10553	yes	30.26
E-GEOD-130148	yes	20.06
E-MTAB-9388	yes	10.93
E-MTAB-6678	yes	8.13
E-MTAB-9801	yes	7.06
E-GEOD-83139	no	2.74
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CEBPB, CEBPG, HES1, HNF4A, MYC, NR2F2, PITX3, PPARA, RARA, TP63

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

31 targeting ALDH2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6833-3P	100.00	70.63	3197
HSA-MIR-4768-5P	100.00	69.49	2861
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-4510	100.00	66.60	2050
HSA-MIR-6127	100.00	66.76	2188
HSA-MIR-6129	100.00	66.46	2080
HSA-MIR-6130	100.00	66.69	2012
HSA-MIR-6133	100.00	66.48	2064
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-6809-3P	99.91	71.45	3814
HSA-MIR-4753-3P	99.90	71.03	3786
HSA-MIR-153-5P	99.89	73.86	6317
HSA-MIR-3942-3P	99.57	69.03	2854
HSA-MIR-578	99.46	68.36	1787
HSA-MIR-8065	99.19	70.38	1289
HSA-MIR-16-1-3P	98.70	69.23	1538
HSA-MIR-3689A-5P	98.35	70.12	1049
HSA-MIR-3689B-5P	98.35	70.12	1049
HSA-MIR-3689E	98.35	70.12	1049
HSA-MIR-3689F	98.35	70.08	1052
HSA-MIR-4793-5P	96.88	65.90	872
HSA-MIR-4423-5P	95.24	64.42	454
HSA-MIR-3679-5P	94.75	66.46	862
HSA-MIR-1185-5P	94.47	65.95	725
HSA-MIR-4444	92.67	67.92	56

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• a rapid, reliable and inexpensive method, mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA), for the determination of human ALDH2 usual and atypical alleles (PMID:11798074)
• Individuals possessing more susceptible ALDH2 1-2/2-2 genotypes were more likely to reveal p53 overexpression. (PMID:12010862)
• The degree of liver dysfunction in alcoholic liver disease with ALDH2*1/2*2 may be less pronounced than that with ALDH2*1/2*1. (PMID:12198368)
• The frequencies of the mutant ALDH2*2 allele were significantly higher in patients with esophageal cancer (27.7%) than in healthy control subjects (7.3%; p< 0.0001; habitual alcohol drinkers). (PMID:12198369)
• ALDH2 Lys/Lys genotype is a risk factor for myocardial infarction in Japanese men due to its influence on HDL cholesterol level. (PMID:12452318)
• No causal relation between hypertension and the ALDH2 genotype per se, after excluding for some confounding factors, especially for alcohol drinking. (PMID:12484509)
• Polymorphisms of alcohol-metabolizing enzymes: analyses of mutations on the CYP2E1, ADH2, ADH3 and ALDH2 genes in a Mexican-American population living in the Los Angeles area. (PMID:12554615)
• Genotype is associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus. (PMID:12706323)
• Maternal inheritance of diabetes is associated with inactive ALDH2 genotype in diabetics with renal failure. (PMID:12706324)
• Alcohol-related red cell value changes associated with inactive ALDH2 in Japanese men suggest the importance of acetaldehyde’s role in increasing MCV and the potential for using MCV as a marker for high-risk drinkers for esophageal cancer. (PMID:14506399)
• genotypes of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and beta3-adrenergic receptor were strongly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase level which increased with the accumulation of components of metabolic syndrome (PMID:14506613)
• The human aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 promoter contains a retinoid response element which may contribute to regulation of the retinoic acid receptor. (PMID:14691372)
• this study of haplotype frequency and linkage disequilibrium of ALDH2 illuminates the global evolutionary history of the ALDH2 gene (PMID:15008789)
• The ALDH2 gene may interact with the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene in the development of anxiety-depressive alcohol dependence in the Taiwan Han Chinese population. (PMID:15084894)
• ALDH2 gene is implicated in conduct disorders and alcohol dependence in Chinese, Korean and White American individuals (PMID:15122947)
• These results indicate that mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) functions as a protector against oxidative stress, and that ALDH2 deficiency is a risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. (PMID:15126281)
• The accumulation of acetaldehyde due to ALDH2 inactivity is associated with alcoholic polyneuropathy. (PMID:15182962)
• results suggest that ALDH2 catalyses the mitochondrial bioactivation of nitroglycerin by the formation of a reactive NO-related intermediate that activates soluble guanylate cyclase (PMID:15377279)
• Meta-analysis using three diabetes population studies strongly confirmed the association between ALDH2 inactivity and maternal inheritance. (PMID:15563966)
• analyis of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 tissue distribution and its role in alcohol metabolism (PMID:15569633)
• Smoking habit did increase the risk of pancreatic cancer, and this risk was further enhanced in subjects with inactive ALDH2 in a male population but not in a female population (PMID:15714130)
• ALDH2 genotype is significantly associated with acetaldehyde-induced micronuclei and alcohol-induced facial flushing. (PMID:15840430)
• Polymorphisms of the alcohol metabolism-related ALDH2 gene are significantly different in Korean patients with alcoholism and Korean control subjects without alcoholism. (PMID:15902904)
• x-ray crystallographic structure of ALDH2*2 (PMID:15983043)
• Individuals with the variant alleles ALDH2*2 had a decreased risk of colorectal adenoma, suggesting that folate inhibits the growth of colorectal adenomas. (PMID:16108833)
• None of the 40 subjects with inactive mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2*2 allele) exhibited pancreatitis (P = 0.004). (PMID:16163053)
• Findings indicate that the ALDH2 polymorphism may modify hepatocellular carcinoma risk among light to moderate drinkers. (PMID:16187278)
• interaction between ALDH2 and ADH2 polymorphisms may have a role in colorectal cancer in Japan (PMID:16332725)
• ALDH2*2 allele has been associated with lower rates of alcohol dependence. (PMID:16404797)
• Results suggest that the Lys504 allele of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 contributes to the lack of an efficacious clinical response to nitroglycerin in Chinese heart disease patients. (PMID:16440063)
• Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 is associated with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (PMID:16639733)
• Heterozygous ALDH2 * 1/ * 2 plus homozygous ALDH2 * 2/ * 2 genotype decreased the risk of trichloroethylene-induced medicamentosa-like dermatitis. (PMID:16758956)
• mtALDH overexpression attenuates hyperoxia-induced cell death in lung epithelial cells through reduction of reactive oxygen species, activation of ERK/MAPK, and PI3K-Akt cell survival signaling pathways (PMID:16782756)
• Genetic variation in ALDH2 affects alcohol metabolism in Europeans. However, the data do not support the hypothesis that this leads to effects on alcohol sensitivity, consumption, or risk of dependence. (PMID:16792555)
• possible interaction between the ALDH2 1510 G/A polymorphism and age in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (PMID:17033202)
• Results suggest that ALDH2 polymorphisms play a pivotal role on esophageal cancer and that the effect of these polymorphisms was modified by the amount of alcohol consumed. (PMID:17036331)
• ALDH2 genotype affects the genotoxic damage caused by acetaldehyde (PMID:17040107)
• Genetic polymorphisms of ALDH2 is associated with oral and pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (PMID:17071628)
• present study revealed that the ALDH2 *1/*1 genotype was significantly associated with the prevalence of multiple lacunar infarcts in Japanese men (PMID:17388993)
• ALDH2 polymorphisms may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MI in elderly Korean men (PMID:17459359)

Cross-species orthologs

8 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	aldh2.2	ENSDARG00000028087
danio_rerio	aldh2.1	ENSDARG00000089924
		ENSDARG00000099154
mus_musculus	Aldh2	ENSMUSG00000029455
rattus_norvegicus	Aldh2	ENSRNOG00000073701
drosophila_melanogaster	Aldh	FBGN0012036
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000107
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000108

Paralogs (17): ALDH3B1 (ENSG00000006534), ALDH3A2 (ENSG00000072210), ALDH3A1 (ENSG00000108602), ALDH5A1 (ENSG00000112294), ALDH8A1 (ENSG00000118514), ALDH6A1 (ENSG00000119711), ALDH1A2 (ENSG00000128918), ALDH3B2 (ENSG00000132746), ALDH1L2 (ENSG00000136010), ALDH1B1 (ENSG00000137124), ALDH9A1 (ENSG00000143149), ALDH1L1 (ENSG00000144908), ALDH4A1 (ENSG00000159423), ALDH16A1 (ENSG00000161618), ALDH7A1 (ENSG00000164904), ALDH1A1 (ENSG00000165092), ALDH1A3 (ENSG00000184254)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Aldehyde dehydrogenase, mitochondrial — P05091 (reviewed: P05091)

Alternative names: ALDH class 2, ALDH-E2, ALDHI

All UniProt accessions (4): A0A384NPN7, P05091, F8VSB0, S4R3S4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Required for clearance of cellular formaldehyde, a cytotoxic and carcinogenic metabolite that induces DNA damage.

Subunit / interactions. Homotetramer.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion matrix.

Post-translational modifications. In response to mitochondrial stress, the precursor protein is ubiquitinated by the SIFI complex in the cytoplasm before mitochondrial import, leading to its degradation. Within the SIFI complex, UBR4 initiates ubiquitin chain that are further elongated or branched by KCMF1.

Disease relevance. AMED syndrome, digenic (AMEDS) [MIM:619151] A form of bone marrow failure syndrome, a heterogeneous group of life-threatening disorders characterized by hematopoietic defects in association with a range of variable extra-hematopoietic manifestations. AMEDS is an autosomal recessive, digenic form characterized by childhood onset of bone marrow failure resulting in aplastic anemia, in association with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, and poor overall growth with short stature. The disease is caused by variants affecting distinct genetic loci, including the gene represented in this entry. AMEDS patients carry ADH5 biallelic variants and homozygous or heterozygous ALDH2 variant p.Glu504Lys, affecting protein activity. Cellular and animal studies demonstrate that the simultaneous loss of ALDH2 and ADH5 activities leads to an increase of cellular formaldehyde sensitivity and multisystem abnormalities including hematopoietic failure.

Pathway. Alcohol metabolism; ethanol degradation; acetate from ethanol: step 2/2.

Polymorphism. Genetic variation in ALDH2 is responsible for individual differences in responses to drinking alcohol [MIM:610251]. Allele ALDH2*2 is associated with a very high incidence of acute alcohol intoxication in Orientals and South American Indians, as compared to Caucasians.

Similarity. Belongs to the aldehyde dehydrogenase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P05091-1	1	yes
P05091-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_000681, NP_001191818 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR015590	Aldehyde_DH_dom	Domain
IPR016160	Ald_DH_CS_CYS	Conserved_site
IPR016161	Ald_DH/histidinol_DH	Homologous_superfamily
IPR016162	Ald_DH_N	Homologous_superfamily
IPR016163	Ald_DH_C	Homologous_superfamily
IPR029510	Ald_DH_CS_GLU	Conserved_site

Pfam: PF00171

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 1.2.1.3 — aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) (BRENDA: 46 organisms, 365 substrates, 267 inhibitors, 547 Km, 169 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

128 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 15. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
NAD+	0.0003–16	121
ACETALDEHYDE	0.0001–80	59
PROPANAL	—	54
BENZALDEHYDE	—	21
HEXANAL	—	15
PROPIONALDEHYDE	0.0028–12	15
PHOSPHONOACETALDEHYDE	0.0032–0.5	13
GLYCOLALDEHYDE	0.005–0.69	10
FORMALDEHYDE	0.031–0.7	7
P-NITROBENZALDEHYDE	—	7
6-DIMETHYLAMINO-2-NAPHTHALDEHYDE	0.0017–0.02	6
BUTANAL	0.0002–0.045	6
METHYLGLYOXAL	0.0086–1.876	6
NADP+	0.27–8.47	6
OCTANAL	—	6

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• an aldehyde + NAD(+) + H2O = a carboxylate + NADH + 2 H(+) (RHEA:16185)

UniProt features (80 total): strand 26, helix 19, sequence conflict 12, modified residue 9, sequence variant 3, turn 3, active site 2, transit peptide 1, chain 1, splice variant 1, short sequence motif 1, binding site 1, site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

29 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1O04	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.42
3N80	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.5
8DR9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.5
3INJ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.69
3N81	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
3INL	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.86
1O02	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
3N83	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
2ONP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1ZUM	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
3SZ9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
4KWG	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
1O01	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.15
2ONO	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.15
4FR8	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
1O05	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.25
3N82	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.25
4FQF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.28
4KWF	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.31
2VLE	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
5L13	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
1NZX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.45
1NZZ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.45
2ONM	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
1CW3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.58
1O00	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
1NZW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.65
8SHS	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.66
2ONN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.75

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P05091-F1	96.02	0.96

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (3): 285 (proton acceptor); 319 (nucleophile); 186 (transition state stabilizer)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 262–267

Post-translational modifications (9): 159, 368, 383, 426, 428, 451, 52, 73, 78

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

13 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-380612	Metabolism of serotonin
R-HSA-445355	Smooth Muscle Contraction
R-HSA-71384	Ethanol oxidation
R-HSA-9837999	Mitochondrial protein degradation
R-HSA-112311	Neurotransmitter clearance
R-HSA-112315	Transmission across Chemical Synapses
R-HSA-112316	Neuronal System
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-211859	Biological oxidations
R-HSA-211945	Phase I - Functionalization of compounds
R-HSA-380615	Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-397014	Muscle contraction

MSigDB gene sets: 352 (showing top): VERHAAK_AML_WITH_NPM1_MUTATED_DN, GOBP_PHENOL_CONTAINING_COMPOUND_METABOLIC_PROCESS, REACTOME_BIOLOGICAL_OXIDATIONS, GOBP_PHENOL_CONTAINING_COMPOUND_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, JAEGER_METASTASIS_DN, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GOBP_ALDEHYDE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, KEGG_GLYCOLYSIS_GLUCONEOGENESIS, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_OXYGEN_CONTAINING_COMPOUND, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_AMINE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, KEGG_VALINE_LEUCINE_AND_ISOLEUCINE_DEGRADATION, LINDGREN_BLADDER_CANCER_CLUSTER_2A_DN, CAIRO_HEPATOBLASTOMA_CLASSES_DN, GOBP_DOPAMINE_METABOLIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (9): carbohydrate metabolic process (GO:0005975), alcohol metabolic process (GO:0006066), ethanol metabolic process (GO:0006067), ethanol catabolic process (GO:0006068), nitroglycerin metabolic process (GO:0018937), aldehyde catabolic process (GO:0046185), cellular detoxification of aldehyde (GO:0110095), regulation of dopamine biosynthetic process (GO:1903179), regulation of serotonin biosynthetic process (GO:1905627)

GO Molecular Function (8): aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity (GO:0004029), aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity (GO:0004030), phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity (GO:0008957), electron transfer activity (GO:0009055), NAD binding (GO:0051287), carboxylesterase activity (GO:0106435), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor (GO:0016620)

GO Cellular Component (3): mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial matrix (GO:0005759), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-9 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Serotonin clearance from the synaptic cleft	1
Muscle contraction	1
Phase I - Functionalization of compounds	1
Metabolism of proteins	1
Transmission across Chemical Synapses	1
Neuronal System	1
Metabolism	1
Biological oxidations	1
Neurotransmitter clearance	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
regulation of biosynthetic process	2
primary metabolic process	1
small molecule metabolic process	1
primary alcohol metabolic process	1
ethanol metabolic process	1
primary alcohol catabolic process	1
xenobiotic metabolic process	1
aldehyde metabolic process	1
catabolic process	1
cellular response to aldehyde	1
cellular detoxification	1
regulation of dopamine metabolic process	1
dopamine biosynthetic process	1
serotonin biosynthetic process	1
aldehyde dehydrogenase [NAD(P)+] activity	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors, NAD or NADP as acceptor	1
aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	1
molecular_function	1
adenyl nucleotide binding	1
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity	1
catalytic activity	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
mitochondrion	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1
extracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4280 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ALDH2	ADH1B	P00325	984
ALDH2	ADH1C	P00326	959
ALDH2	ADH4	P08319	926
ALDH2	AVP	P01185	923
ALDH2	ADH1A	P07327	907
ALDH2	ADH7	P40394	890
ALDH2	ADH6	P28332	878
ALDH2	ADH5	P11766	877
ALDH2	CYP2E1	P05181	837
ALDH2	MAOA	P21397	781
ALDH2	F5H6H0	F5H6H0	780
ALDH2	ANKK1	Q8NFD2	777
ALDH2	SLC6A4	P31645	760
ALDH2	ACO2	Q99798	720
ALDH2	MAOB	P27338	690

IntAct

79 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
SERPINB5	ALDH2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
COX5B	COX7A2L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MCRIP2	CASC3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ALDH2	ALDH1A1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.490
ALDH1A1	ALDH2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.490
ALDH2	ALDH2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
TOP1	ALDH2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ALDH2	SIRT3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
HSPB2	ALDH2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ALDH2	PCNA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RPL13A	ALDH2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SIRT4	VWA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
JUN	TPM3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HSCB	RBP5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TNFRSF10A	NAP1L4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LRRK2		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SERPINB5	RAP1BL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ALDH2	ALDH1A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
COX6B1	ALDH1L1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
M		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	NUDT19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PA	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SST	ATP1A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PGR	DDX3X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MAP3K7	ACOT7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RIPK4	TBCA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (195): ALDH2 (Affinity Capture-MS), IGKC (Affinity Capture-MS), ALDH1A2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ALDH6A1 (Affinity Capture-MS), FGB (Affinity Capture-MS), SERPINA1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TF (Affinity Capture-MS), FGG (Affinity Capture-MS), IGHG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), IGHG3 (Affinity Capture-MS), IGHG4 (Affinity Capture-MS), APOA1 (Affinity Capture-MS), FGA (Affinity Capture-MS), CALML5 (Affinity Capture-MS), ALDH2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A2I7G3B0, A6ZR27, C5I9X1, C7A2A0, O14293, O35945, O74187, P00352, P05091, P08157, P11884, P12762, P13601, P15437, P17202, P20000, P24549, P30837, P30841, P40047, P40108, P41751, P42041, P42757, P46367, P47738, P47771, P48644, P51647, P51977, P54114, P54115, P81178, P86886, Q25417, Q27640, Q28399, Q29490, Q2XQV4, Q5R6B5

Diamond homologs: A0A0E3T3B5, A0A0E3T552, A0A2I7G3B0, A0B2F6, A4JJG5, A4VKC2, A4XPI6, A5WA96, A6VEI4, A6ZR27, A8GBX8, A9AN00, B0KN18, B1J2K9, B1JSQ9, B1K708, B1Z033, B2FQ90, B3VMC0, B4EHJ1, B6ECN9, B7V5R4, C0P9J6, C3K3D2, C5I9X1, C6DKY5, C6KEM4, G5DDC2, H8ZPX2, O04895, O14293, O24174, O34660, O35945, O59808, O74187, O93344, O94788, P00352, P05091

SIGNOR signaling

6 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
AMPK	“up-regulates activity”	ALDH2	phosphorylation
PRKAA1	“up-regulates activity”	ALDH2	phosphorylation
PRKCE	“up-regulates activity”	ALDH2	phosphorylation
ALDH2	“up-regulates activity”	HDAC3	binding

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

From intOGen — cancer-driver classification: activating (oncogene-like) across 1 cancer types — OS.

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

56 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	28
Likely benign	7
Benign	7

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2095 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
12:111767098:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
12:111781913:TGTAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111781914:GTAGA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111781915:TAGAT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111781916:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111781916:A:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111781917:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111781917:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111781917:G:GT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111781917:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111781917:GAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111781917:GATT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111781917:GATTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111783153:TCTAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111783154:CTAGG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111783155:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111783156:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111783156:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111783157:G:GC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
12:111783157:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111783157:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111783157:GGAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
12:111783294:TGGCG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
12:111783295:GGCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:111783295:GGCGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:111783296:GCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:111783296:GCGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
12:111783297:CG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
12:111783297:CGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
12:111783298:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3375 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
12:111790434:T:A	W185R	0.999
12:111790434:T:C	W185R	0.999
12:111790439:T:A	N186K	0.999
12:111790439:T:G	N186K	0.999
12:111790440:T:C	F187L	0.999
12:111790442:C:A	F187L	0.999
12:111790442:C:G	F187L	0.999
12:111799909:T:C	F418L	0.999
12:111799911:C:A	F418L	0.999
12:111799911:C:G	F418L	0.999
12:111803896:T:C	F482L	0.999
12:111803898:T:A	F482L	0.999
12:111803898:T:G	F482L	0.999
12:111803918:G:A	G489E	0.999
12:111783215:T:A	W93R	0.998
12:111783215:T:C	W93R	0.998
12:111791402:T:C	F260L	0.998
12:111791404:C:A	F260L	0.998
12:111791404:C:G	F260L	0.998
12:111792120:G:C	E285D	0.998
12:111792120:G:T	E285D	0.998
12:111792133:A:C	S290R	0.998
12:111792135:C:A	S290R	0.998
12:111792135:C:G	S290R	0.998
12:111792646:G:T	G316V	0.998
12:111792670:G:C	R324P	0.998
12:111799913:G:A	G419E	0.998
12:111799936:T:C	F427L	0.998
12:111799938:C:A	F427L	0.998
12:111799938:C:G	F427L	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000057878 (12:111802832 A>G), RS1000065244 (12:111780341 A>G), RS1000100310 (12:111765123 C>A), RS1000171572 (12:111766663 G>A), RS1000243016 (12:111791683 C>G,T), RS1000256508 (12:111776010 TGGTTCAACAGTGAA>T), RS1000286169 (12:111777914 C>T), RS1000345479 (12:111784627 A>T), RS1000450162 (12:111776838 C>A), RS1000473277 (12:111789319 AC>A), RS1000547909 (12:111810693 G>A), RS1000623830 (12:111790232 C>T), RS1000663123 (12:111814936 C>G), RS1000697021 (12:111770273 C>T), RS1000842354 (12:111807899 CAG>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene `` | disease phenotypes: MIM:103780, MIM:610251, MIM:619151

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (3): alcohol dependence (MONDO:0007079), alcohol sensitivity, acute (MONDO:0012454), AMED syndrome, digenic (MONDO:0030894)

Orphanet (1): Aplastic anemia-intellectual disability-dwarfism syndrome (Orphanet:611216)

HPO phenotypes

3 total (3 of 3 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0001033	Facial flushing after alcohol intake
HP:0003533	Reduced acetaldehyde dehydrogenase level

GWAS associations

93 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000466_1	Esophageal cancer	3.000000e-24
GCST000582_4	Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration	7.000000e-10
GCST000583_16	Hematological and biochemical traits	5.000000e-09
GCST000583_24	Hematological and biochemical traits	5.000000e-09
GCST000954_1	Alcohol consumption	9.000000e-59
GCST000994_1	Drinking behavior	4.000000e-211
GCST001011_3	Oral cavity and pharyngeal cancer	2.000000e-08
GCST001072_7	Blood pressure	8.000000e-31
GCST001074_7	Blood pressure	1.000000e-35
GCST001260_3	Coronary heart disease	2.000000e-34
GCST001367_3	Triglycerides	2.000000e-06
GCST001388_4	Intracranial aneurysm	3.000000e-06
GCST001606_4	Renal function-related traits (sCR)	3.000000e-10
GCST001706_8	Stroke (ischemic)	1.000000e-06
GCST001842_1	Drinking behavior	3.000000e-215
GCST001845_2	Coronary heart disease	5.000000e-11
GCST002292_1	Response to alcohol consumption (flushing response)	5.000000e-26
GCST002293_2	Alcohol dependence	5.000000e-08
GCST002294_3	Alcohol consumption (max-drinks)	1.000000e-16
GCST002461_2	Body mass index	3.000000e-11
GCST002475_4	Myocardial infarction	1.000000e-14
GCST002627_12	Hypertension	6.000000e-08
GCST002630_13	Systolic blood pressure	1.000000e-07
GCST002631_3	Diastolic blood pressure	3.000000e-10
GCST003028_2	Serum alpha1-antitrypsin levels	2.000000e-23
GCST003043_77	Inflammatory bowel disease	1.000000e-08
GCST003044_55	Crohn’s disease	7.000000e-08
GCST003129_17	Primary biliary cholangitis	3.000000e-08
GCST003217_7	Triglycerides	1.000000e-08
GCST003258_1	Ischemic stroke	4.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (28, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004509	hemoglobin measurement
EFO:0004528	mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
EFO:0004532	serum gamma-glutamyl transferase measurement
EFO:0004329	alcohol drinking
EFO:0004315	drinking behavior
EFO:0006335	systolic blood pressure
EFO:0006336	diastolic blood pressure
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:1001495	small artery occlusion
EFO:0000195	metabolic syndrome
EFO:0006782	cups of coffee per day measurement
EFO:0004761	uric acid measurement
EFO:0007835	alcohol dependence measurement
EFO:0006340	mean arterial pressure
EFO:0004736	aspartate aminotransferase measurement
EFO:0009104	hyperuricemia
EFO:0004531	urate measurement
EFO:0006525	cigarettes per day measurement
EFO:0006781	coffee consumption measurement
EFO:0010091	tea consumption measurement
EFO:0008111	diet measurement
EFO:0010139	fish consumption measurement
EFO:1001504	small vessel stroke
EFO:0010156	sweet liking measurement
EFO:0007788	BMI-adjusted waist-hip ratio
EFO:0009473	hemolysis
EFO:0003939	energy intake

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (2): CHEMBL1935 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL3542434 (PROTEIN FAMILY)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

3 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 141,084 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL964	DISULFIRAM	4	38,611
CHEMBL120563	THIRAM	2	79,340
CHEMBL8145	DAIDZEIN	2	23,133

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

5 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs671	Toxicity	2B	ethanol	Alcohol abuse
rs671	Metabolism/PK	3	acetaldehyde
rs671	Metabolism/PK	3	ethanol
rs671	Other	3	heroin	Heroin Dependence
rs671	Efficacy	3	naltrexone	Alcohol abuse

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs671	ALDH2	2B	4.75	5	ethanol;acetaldehyde;naltrexone;heroin

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — 1.-.-.- Oxidoreductases

Most potent curated ligand interactions (2 total), top 2:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
prunetin	Inhibition	6.35	pKi
disulfiram	Inhibition	4.44	pIC50

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

63 measured of 65 human assays (65 total across all organisms); most potent 50 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value	Patent
tert-butyl N-[1-[3-[2-[3-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-4-oxochromen-7-yl]ethynyl]azetidine-1-carbonyl]cyclopropyl]-N-methylcarbamate	IC50	2.3 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(cyclobutanecarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	4 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	5 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylcyclobutanecarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	5 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(2,2-difluorocyclopropanecarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	5 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
tert-butyl N-[1-[3-[2-[3-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-4-oxochromen-7-yl]ethynyl]azetidine-1-carbonyl]cyclopropyl]carbamate	IC50	5 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(3,3-difluorocyclobutanecarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	6 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(3-methyloxetane-3-carbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	6 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(1-methylcyclopropanecarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	6 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
tert-butyl N-[1-[3-[2-[3-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-4-oxochromen-7-yl]ethynyl]azetidine-1-carbonyl]cyclobutyl]carbamate	IC50	6 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	6.5 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-[2-(3-propan-2-ylimidazol-4-yl)ethynyl]chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	7 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(3-methoxypropanoyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	8 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
tert-butyl 3-[2-[3-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-4-oxochromen-7-yl]ethynyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate	IC50	9 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-[2-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)ethynyl]chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	9 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
cyclopentyl 3-[2-[3-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-4-oxochromen-7-yl]ethynyl]azetidine-1-carboxylate	IC50	9 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-(2,3-dimethylimidazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	15 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(2-hydroxyacetyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	15 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(2-hydroxypropanoyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	15 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	16 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-(2-pyridin-3-ylethynyl)chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	21 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2-chloro-6-methyl-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	23 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
2,6-dichloro-N-[[4-(5-fluoro-2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	25 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-(1-methylpiperidine-4-carbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	35 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-(oxan-4-yl)ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	43 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	47 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-(2-pyrimidin-5-ylethynyl)chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	57 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-(2-cyclopropylethynyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	57.7 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2,6-dichloro-4-(2-methoxyethoxy)-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	63 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-[1-[3-(dimethylamino)propanoyl]azetidin-3-yl]ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	64 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
tert-butyl 4-[2-[3-[4-(methanesulfonamido)phenyl]-4-oxochromen-7-yl]ethynyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate	IC50	86 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-(2-pyridin-2-ylethynyl)chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	90 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	95 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-(3-methoxyprop-1-ynyl)-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]cyclopropanesulfonamide	IC50	96 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2,6-dichloro-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	102 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
1-(2-methylpropyl)-3-[2-[4-oxo-3-[4-[(sulfinatoamino)methyl]phenyl]chromen-7-yl]ethynyl]azetidine	IC50	109 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	156 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2,6-dimethyl-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	166 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-(2-piperidin-4-ylethynyl)chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	174 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2-chloro-3-fluoro-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	215 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-(azetidin-3-yl)ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	266 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2,6-dichloro-N-[[2-fluoro-4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	304 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[4-oxo-7-(2-phenylethynyl)chromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	329 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2-chloro-6-fluoro-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	379 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
7-[2-(1-hydroxycyclopentyl)ethynyl]-4-oxo-3-[4-[(sulfinatoamino)methyl]phenyl]chromene	IC50	386 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
2-chloro-3,6-difluoro-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	464 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
2,6-dichloro-N-[[3-methyl-4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	480 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction
N-[4-[7-[2-(1-aminocyclohexyl)ethynyl]-4-oxochromen-3-yl]phenyl]methanesulfonamide	IC50	528 nM	US-8673966: ALDH-2 inhibitors in the treatment of addiction
ethyl 2-[3-hydroxy-2-oxo-3-(2-oxo-2-pyridin-4-ylethyl)indol-1-yl]acetate	IC50	800 nM	US-9320722: Regulators of aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A1 and related therapeutic methods
2,6-difluoro-N-[[4-(2-oxo-1H-pyridin-4-yl)phenyl]methyl]benzamide	IC50	890 nM	US-9000015: Compounds for the treatment of addiction

ChEMBL bioactivities

200 potent at pChembl≥5 of 213 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.64	IC50	2.3	nM	CHEMBL3660752
8.52	IC50	3	nM	CHEMBL113123
8.40	IC50	4	nM	CHEMBL3660748
8.40	IC50	4	nM	CHEMBL112696
8.30	IC50	5	nM	CHEMBL3660728
8.30	IC50	5	nM	CHEMBL3660742
8.30	IC50	5	nM	CHEMBL3660747
8.30	IC50	5	nM	CHEMBL3660751
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL3660739
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL3660744
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL3660749
8.22	IC50	6	nM	CHEMBL5856466
8.19	IC50	6.5	nM	CHEMBL3660730
8.15	IC50	7	nM	CHEMBL3660732
8.10	IC50	8	nM	CHEMBL3660738
8.05	IC50	9	nM	CHEMBL3660726
8.05	IC50	9	nM	CHEMBL3660727
8.05	IC50	9	nM	CHEMBL3660735
8.05	IC50	9	nM	CHEMBL112007
8.05	IC50	9	nM	CHEMBL113640
7.82	IC50	15	nM	CHEMBL3660731
7.82	IC50	15	nM	CHEMBL3660741
7.82	IC50	15	nM	CHEMBL3660745
7.80	IC50	16	nM	CHEMBL3660743
7.72	Ki	19	nM	CHEMBL4099822
7.68	IC50	21	nM	CHEMBL3660722
7.64	IC50	23	nM	CHEMBL3667538
7.64	IC50	23	nM	CHEMBL3667541
7.60	IC50	25	nM	CHEMBL3667547
7.46	IC50	35	nM	CHEMBL3660746
7.46	Ki	35	nM	CHEMBL4072941
7.40	IC50	40	nM	DAIDZIN
7.40	IC50	40	nM	CHEMBL115092
7.40	IC50	40	nM	CHEMBL114083
7.40	IC50	40	nM	CHEMBL114397
7.40	IC50	40	nM	CHEMBL113123
7.37	IC50	43	nM	CHEMBL3660736
7.33	IC50	47	nM	CHEMBL3660716
7.30	IC50	50	nM	CHEMBL3128207
7.30	IC50	50	nM	CHEMBL112696
7.30	IC50	50	nM	CHEMBL112007
7.24	IC50	57.7	nM	CHEMBL3660712
7.24	IC50	57	nM	CHEMBL3660721
7.22	IC50	60	nM	CHEMBL113640
7.20	IC50	63	nM	CHEMBL3667535
7.19	IC50	64	nM	CHEMBL3660740
7.17	IC50	67	nM	CHEMBL1349972
7.17	IC50	67	nM	CHEMBL4090473
7.16	IC50	70	nM	CHEMBL113113
7.10	IC50	80	nM	CHEMBL115092

PubChem BioAssay actives

115 with measured affinity, of 462 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
11-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyundecanoic acid	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.0030	uM
10-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxydecanoic acid	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.0040	uM
6-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyhexanoic acid	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.0090	uM
7-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyheptanoic acid	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.0090	uM
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-propylfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one	1441758: Competitive inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity using propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of varying levels NAD+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	ki	0.0190	uM
2,3,5,6-tetramethylfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one	1441761: Non-competitive inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity using varying levels of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	ki	0.0350	uM
7-[2-[2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethoxy]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.0400	uM
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.0400	uM
8-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyoctanoic acid	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.0400	uM
7-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.0400	uM
5-bromo-1-(2-phenylethyl)indole-2,3-dione	1074883: Inhibition of human ALDH2 using propionaldehyde as substrate preincubated for 2 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometry in presence of NAD+	ic50	0.0500	uM
13,14-dimethyl-8,12-dioxatetracyclo[7.7.0.02,6.011,15]hexadeca-1(9),2(6),10,13,15-pentaen-7-one	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.0670	uM
9,10-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-[1]benzofuro[6,5-c]isochromen-5-one	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.0670	uM
7-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.0700	uM
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-propan-2-yloxychromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.0800	uM
7-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	31428: Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.1000	uM
5-chloro-1-[(E)-3-phenylprop-2-enyl]indole-2,3-dione	1074883: Inhibition of human ALDH2 using propionaldehyde as substrate preincubated for 2 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometry in presence of NAD+	ic50	0.1000	uM
7-(6-aminohexoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1000	uM
5-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxypentanoic acid	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1000	uM
7-(6-hydroxyhexoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1200	uM
ethyl 2-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyacetate	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1300	uM
12-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxydodecanoic acid	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1300	uM
7-hex-5-enoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1500	uM
7-chloro-4-methyl-3-phenyl-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexahydrochromen-2-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1500	uM
9,10-dimethyl-[1]benzofuro[6,5-c]isochromen-5-one	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.1500	uM
3,4,8,9-tetramethylfuro[2,3-f]chromen-7-one	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.1500	uM
3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-prop-2-enoxychromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.1800	uM
2,2-dichloro-N-[8-[(2,2-dichloroacetyl)amino]octyl]acetamide	1418961: Inhibition of N-terminal His6-tagged recombinant human mitochondrial ALDH2 using propionaldehyde as substrate preincubated for 20 mins to 1 hr followed by substrate addition and measured for 5 mins in presence of NADH by fluorescence assay	ic50	0.2293	uM
ethyl 5-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxypentanoate	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.2400	uM
7-(4-aminobutoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.2500	uM
7-(3-bromopropoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.2600	uM
7-(4-bromobutoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.2700	uM
ethyl 6-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyhexanoate	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.2800	uM
7-(6-bromohexoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.3000	uM
methyl 2-(4-methyl-2-oxochromen-7-yl)oxypropanoate	1441758: Competitive inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity using propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of varying levels NAD+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	ki	0.3100	uM
ethyl 2-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxypropanoate	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.3200	uM
dimethylcarbamothioylsulfanyl N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioate	1762211: Inhibition of ALDH2 (unknown origin)	ic50	0.3200	uM
3,5-dimethyl-6-propylfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.3400	uM
2,3-dimethyl-5-propylfuro[3,2-g]chromen-7-one	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.3600	uM
7-[2-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)ethoxy]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	31427: Inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	ic50	0.4000	uM
5-chloro-1-(2-phenylethyl)indole-2,3-dione	1074883: Inhibition of human ALDH2 using propionaldehyde as substrate preincubated for 2 mins followed by substrate addition by spectrophotometry in presence of NAD+	ic50	0.4100	uM
5-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-7-methoxychromen-4-one	341734: Inhibition of human recombinant ALDH2	ki	0.4500	uM
4-methyl-6,7-dihydropyrano[3,2-g]chromene-2,8-dione	1441738: Inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity by measuring NAD(P)H level preincubated for 2 mins followed by addition of propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of NAD+ by spectrophotometric method	ic50	0.4700	uM
7-(9-hydroxynonoxy)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)chromen-4-one	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	0.7000	uM
cyclopropyl-[4-[[1-[(3-methylphenyl)methyl]benzimidazol-2-yl]methyl]piperazin-1-yl]methanone	1766111: Inhibition of human ALDH2 assessed as NADH formation using propionaldehyde as substrate by spectrophotometry	ic50	0.7900	uM
3-[[[2-carboxyethyl(ethyl)carbamothioyl]disulfanyl]carbothioyl-ethylamino]propanoic acid	1762211: Inhibition of ALDH2 (unknown origin)	ic50	0.8500	uM
[4-[(5-bromo-2,3-dioxoindol-1-yl)methyl]phenyl]methyl carbamimidoselenoate;hydrobromide	1702903: Inhibition of ALDH2 (unknown origin) assessed as NADH formation using acetaldehyde as substrate	ic50	0.9390	uM
2-[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxochromen-7-yl]oxyhexanoic acid	34047: Inhibition of hamster liver aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH-2	ic50	1.0000	uM
7-bromo-5-methyl-1H-indole-2,3-dione	1074877: Inhibition of human ALDH2 using propionaldehyde as substrate by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	ki	1.0000	uM
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(3-oxo-3-piperidin-1-ylpropyl)furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one	1441758: Competitive inhibition of full length recombinant human ALDH2 expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as reduction in dehydrogenase activity using propionaldehyde as substrate in presence of varying levels NAD+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	ki	1.1000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

134 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Acetaldehyde	affects response to substance, decreases metabolic processing, affects metabolic processing, increases chemical synthesis, increases metabolic processing (+4 more)	12
Ethanol	affects response to substance, decreases expression, decreases reaction, decreases phosphorylation, increases activity (+9 more)	11
Nitroglycerin	affects metabolic processing, affects reaction, decreases abundance, decreases activity, decreases metabolic processing (+2 more)	5
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, affects expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	5
Cyclosporine	increases expression, decreases expression	5
propionaldehyde	decreases reaction, increases reaction, affects metabolic processing, increases metabolic processing, increases oxidation	4
bisphenol A	affects expression, decreases methylation, increases expression	4
sodium arsenite	increases expression	4
NAD	decreases activity, decreases reaction, decreases expression, affects binding, affects cotreatment (+1 more)	4
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	3
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases expression, increases abundance	3
Formaldehyde	increases metabolic processing, affects metabolic processing, decreases reaction	3
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression	3
sulforaphane	affects reaction, increases expression	2
enilconazole	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases activity	2
butyraldehyde	affects metabolic processing, decreases expression	2
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal	increases abundance, increases oxidation, affects binding, decreases activity, decreases reaction	2
benzaldehyde	increases metabolic processing, affects binding, decreases reaction	2
N-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-2,6-dichlorobenzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases activity, decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases activity	2
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases reaction	2
Vorinostat	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, decreases methylation, increases methylation	2
Lead	decreases expression, decreases reaction, affects abundance, affects reaction, affects cotreatment (+1 more)	2
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases reaction, increases abundance	2
Retinaldehyde	affects cotreatment, increases oxidation, increases metabolic processing	2
Rotenone	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases activity, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Smoke	increases abundance, affects response to substance, decreases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Tretinoin	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases expression	2

ChEMBL screening assays

71 unique, capped per target: 66 binding, 5 functional

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1019409	Binding	Activation of human ALDH2 assessed as phosphorylated enzyme at 20 uM in absence of rat PKCepsilon by spectrophotometry	Activation of aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 reduces ischemic damage to the heart. — Science
CHEMBL641178	Functional	Compound was evaluated for the inhibition of Hamster Liver mitochondrial ALDH-2	The mitochondrial monoamine oxidase-aldehyde dehydrogenase pathway: a potential site of action of daidzin. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

18 cell lines: 8 induced pluripotent stem cell, 4 cancer cell line, 3 finite cell line, 3 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B0YR	Abcam SW480 ALDH2 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_B5LY	AP57P	Finite cell line	Male
CVCL_B5LZ	AP57P(SVT)	Transformed cell line	Male
CVCL_B5M0	FA50P	Finite cell line	Female
CVCL_B5M1	FA50P-iPSC#1	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female
CVCL_B5M2	AP39P-iPSC#1	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female
CVCL_B5M3	FA50P-iPSC#2	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female
CVCL_B5M4	AP39P-iPSC#2	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female
CVCL_D8HB	Ubigene HCT 116 ALDH2 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_E0TK	Ubigene Hep G2 ALDH2 KO	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000437	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Tobacco Dependence in Alcoholism Treatment (Nicotine Patch/Naltrexone)
NCT00000438	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholism
NCT00000441	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Drug Therapy for Alcohol Detoxification
NCT00000442	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone for Relapse Prevention
NCT00000444	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Timing of Smoking Intervention in Alcohol Treatment (Nicotine Patch)
NCT00000445	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Use of Naltrexone in a Clinical Setting
NCT00000447	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavioral/Drug Therapy for Alcohol-Nicotine Dependence (Naltrexone/Nicotine Patch)
NCT00000448	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholic Women
NCT00000449	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavior and Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholics
NCT00000450	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Maintenance Treatment of Alcoholism
NCT00000452	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Dependence
NCT00000454	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Smoking Cessation in Alcoholism Treatment
NCT00000455	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone for Early Problem Drinkers
NCT00000456	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavioral Therapy Plus Naltrexone for Alcoholism
NCT00004551	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavioral Counseling for Alcohol Dependent Smokers (Nicotine Patch)
NCT00004554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sertraline for Alcohol Dependence and Depression
NCT00006203	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone, Craving, and Drinking
NCT00006204	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Drug Treatment for Depressed Alcoholics (Naltrexone/Fluoxetine)
NCT00006449	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-Treatment Effects of Naltrexone
NCT00006489	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for Alcoholism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Naltrexone)
NCT00018824	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Alcohol Use In Older Adults With Depression
NCT00044434	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bupropion as a Smoking Cessation Aid in Alcoholics
NCT00064844	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Combination Nicotine Replacement for Alcoholic Smokers
NCT00082199	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Aripiprazole in Subjects With Alcoholism
NCT00115037	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Managing Alcoholism in People Who Do Not Respond to Naltrexone
NCT00120601	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Trial for the Treatment of Alcohol Dependence
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148031	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Hepatitis C Treatment in Injection Drug Users
NCT00159107	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Integrative Therapy in Alcoholism
NCT00167687	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prazosin Alcohol Dependence IVR Study
NCT00223275	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone for Bipolar Disorder and Alcohol Dependence
NCT00226109	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	Clinical Trial Studying the Effects of Spironolactone on Heart and Skeletal Muscle Function in Chronic Alcoholics
NCT00246441	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Paroxetine for Comorbid Social Anxiety Disorder and Alcoholism
NCT00249379	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Study of Acamprosate to Prevent Alcohol Relapse in Criminal Justice Supervisees
NCT00261872	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Patients With Alcoholism and Attention Deficit Disorder
NCT00317031	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Individually Adapted Therapy of Alcoholism
NCT00325182	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Levetiracetam on Alcohol Dependent Subjects
NCT00329407	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Topiramate on Alcohol Use in Alcohol Dependent Subjects
NCT00330174	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Acamprosate in Alcoholics With Comorbid Anxiety or Depression
NCT00352469	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial of Seroquel SR for Alcohol Dependence and Comorbid Anxiety