AMD1

Summary

AMD1 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1, HGNC:457) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6q21, encoding S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme (P17707). Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 43.0% of cell lines).

This gene encodes an important intermediate enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis. The polyamines spermine, spermidine, and putrescine are low-molecular-weight aliphatic amines essential for cellular proliferation and tumor promotion. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been identified. Pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosomes 5, 6, 10, X and Y.

Source: NCBI Gene 262 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 60 total — 2 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Druggable target: yes
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 43.0% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001634

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:457
Approved symbol	AMD1
Name	adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1
Location	6q21
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	SAMDC
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000123505
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	180980
Entrez	262

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 15 — 11 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 retained_intron

ENST00000368876, ENST00000368877, ENST00000368885, ENST00000451850, ENST00000465404, ENST00000612642, ENST00000619590, ENST00000672937, ENST00000675380, ENST00000851729, ENST00000940236, ENST00000940237, ENST00000940238, ENST00000940239, ENST00000940240

RefSeq mRNA: 7 — MANE Select: NM_001634 NM_001287214, NM_001287215, NM_001287216, NM_001393406, NM_001393407, NM_001393408, NM_001634

CCDS: CCDS5086, CCDS75504, CCDS75505

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000368885 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002270479	110890254	110890356
ENSE00003443472	110893476	110895713
ENSE00003525544	110888857	110888983
ENSE00003566640	110892161	110892203
ENSE00003568309	110887505	110887591
ENSE00003714051	110892735	110892827
ENSE00003742253	110892299	110892443
ENSE00003746288	110892910	110893065
ENSE00003844320	110874785	110875215

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 292 present calls, max score 99.24.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 110.6608 / max 1085.8300, expressed in 1824 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
69262	108.7744	1824
69258	1.2819	720
69259	0.4477	205
69260	0.0877	30
204150	0.0690	29

Top tissues by expression

295 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	99.24	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	98.73	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	97.95	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	97.74	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	96.93	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	96.54	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	96.48	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	96.22	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	96.12	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	96.07	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	95.98	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	95.95	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	95.90	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	95.81	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	95.76	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	95.73	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	95.69	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	95.66	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	95.59	gold quality
choroid plexus epithelium	UBERON:0003911	95.53	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	95.48	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	95.39	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	95.32	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	95.31	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	95.28	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	95.16	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	95.06	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	95.00	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	94.94	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	94.93	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-135922	yes	19.89
E-HCAD-1	yes	11.43
E-ENAD-20	no	1253.52
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): MYC

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

191 targeting AMD1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-1252-5P	100.00	69.80	2774
HSA-MIR-3689D	100.00	66.14	1181
HSA-MIR-6851-5P	100.00	65.63	1294
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-4531	99.99	69.70	3181
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-513B-5P	99.99	69.96	2150
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-6870-5P	99.99	68.55	2115
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-4723-5P	99.97	68.70	2034
HSA-MIR-5698	99.97	68.49	2029
HSA-MIR-7111-5P	99.97	68.48	2062
HSA-MIR-1250-3P	99.96	70.04	4038
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-128-3P	99.95	71.17	2484
HSA-MIR-216A-3P	99.95	71.19	2505
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 43.0% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 21)

• AdoMetDC is ubiquitinated and degraded by the 26 S proteasome (PMID:14718534)
• The adhesion-dependent expression of SAM-DC and ODC contributes to extracellular matrix-dependent salivary gland cell differentiation. (PMID:15521072)
• For such cells, gamma-radiation and cisplatin, which are direct DNA-damaging agents, were very effective for promoting cell death. (PMID:17069747)
• schizophrenia and bipolar disorder patients, the increase of S-adenosyl methionine is associated with an overexpression of DNA methyltransferase-1 mRNA in Brodmann’s area 9 GABAergic neurons. (PMID:17259861)
• Antisense RNA specifically inhibited the expression of ODC and AdoMetDC and the synthesis of polyamine, while it induced p21 expression, resulting in cell growth arrest in the G1 phase in prostate cancer cells (PMID:18548481)
• Binding of putrescine to wild type dimeric ADOMETDC protein is cooperative; putrescine activates the enzyme through electrostatic effects and acts as a switch to correctly orient key catalytic residues. (PMID:19053272)
• determined crystal structures cocrystallized with 5’-deoxy-5’-dimethylthioadenosine and 5’-deoxy-5’-(N-dimethyl)amino-8-methyladenosine. The crystal structures revealed cation-pi interaction between the ligand and aromatic side chains of Phe7 and Phe223 (PMID:19527050)
• Decreased AMD1 is associated with prostate cancer. (PMID:20215859)
• Overexpression of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in rodent fibroblasts led to aggressive transformants. (PMID:21134486)
• This study demomistrated that H3K4me3 modification plays an important role in up regulation of AMD1 in prefrontal cortex. (PMID:22008221)
• Genetic variant of AMD1 is associated with obesity. (PMID:22496743)
• Gene expression studies have identified altered expression of AMD1 in suicide completers with a history of mood disorders. (PMID:23260169)
• (AMD1)-mediated mRNA processing and cell adhesion activated & inhibited transition mechanisms (PMID:24652003)
• AMD1 gene variants previously found to associate among Indian children did not associate with risk of obesity or obesity-related quantitative measures among Caucasian children and juvenile men from Denmark. (PMID:26558825)
• AMD1 is upregulated in human prostate cancer with activated mTORC1 (PMID:28658205)
• AMD1 mRNA employs ribosome stalling as a mechanism for molecular memory formation (PMID:29310120)
• this study shows that AMD1 promotes cell migration in epidermal wound healimg (PMID:29906410)
• Three SNPs (RUNX3 rs7553295 G > T, AMD1 rs1279590 G > A and MSRA rs73534533 C > A) were replicated in the validation dataset, and their meta-analysis showed an adjusted hazards ratio [HR] of 0.82 [95% confidence interval (CI) =0.75-0.89] and pmeta = 2.86 x 10(-6) , 0.81 (0.73-0.91) and pmeta = 4.63 x 10(-4) , and 0.77 (0.68-0.89) and pmeta = 2.07 x 10(-4) , respectively). (PMID:30650190)
• Polyamine synthesis enzyme AMD1 is closely associated with tumorigenesis and prognosis of human gastric cancers. (PMID:31140554)
• AMD1 is required for the maintenance of leukemic stem cells and promotes chronic myeloid leukemic growth. (PMID:33203990)
• AMD1 promotes breast cancer aggressiveness via a spermidine-eIF5A hypusination-TCF4 axis. (PMID:38654332)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	amd1	ENSDARG00000043856
mus_musculus	Amd2	ENSMUSG00000063953
mus_musculus	Amd1	ENSMUSG00000075232
rattus_norvegicus	Amd1	ENSRNOG00000000585
drosophila_melanogaster	SamDC	FBGN0019932
caenorhabditis_elegans	smd-1	WBGENE00004875

Protein

Protein identifiers

S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase proenzyme — P17707 (reviewed: P17707)

All UniProt accessions (5): A0A5F9ZHD5, B4DZ60, F6R5I9, P17707, Q5VXN5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Essential for biosynthesis of the polyamines spermidine and spermine. Promotes maintenance and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, by maintaining spermine levels.

Subunit / interactions. Heterotetramer of two alpha and two beta chains.

Post-translational modifications. Is synthesized initially as an inactive proenzyme. Formation of the active enzyme involves a self-maturation process in which the active site pyruvoyl group is generated from an internal serine residue via an autocatalytic post-translational modification. Two non-identical subunits are generated from the proenzyme in this reaction, and the pyruvate is formed at the N-terminus of the alpha chain, which is derived from the carboxyl end of the proenzyme. The post-translation cleavage follows an unusual pathway, termed non-hydrolytic serinolysis, in which the side chain hydroxyl group of the serine supplies its oxygen atom to form the C-terminus of the beta chain, while the remainder of the serine residue undergoes an oxidative deamination to produce ammonia and the pyruvoyl group blocking the N-terminus of the alpha chain.

Activity regulation. Both proenzyme processing and catalytic activity are stimulated by putrescine. Catalytic activity is inhibited by iodoacetic acid.

Cofactor. Binds 1 pyruvoyl group covalently per subunit.

Pathway. Amine and polyamine biosynthesis; S-adenosylmethioninamine biosynthesis; S-adenosylmethioninamine from S-adenosyl-L-methionine: step 1/1.

Similarity. Belongs to the eukaryotic AdoMetDC family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P17707-1	1	yes
P17707-2	2

RefSeq proteins (7): NP_001274143, NP_001274144, NP_001274145, NP_001380335, NP_001380336, NP_001380337, NP_001625* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001985	S-AdoMet_decarboxylase_euk	Family
IPR016067	S-AdoMet_deCO2ase_core	Homologous_superfamily
IPR018166	S-AdoMet_deCO2ase_CS	Conserved_site
IPR048283	AdoMetDC-like	Family

Pfam: PF01536

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 4.1.1.50 — adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (BRENDA: 59 organisms, 25 substrates, 228 inhibitors, 45 Km, 15 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

4 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 4. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
S-ADENOSYL-L-METHIONINE	0.0019–1	36
S-ADENOSYLMETHIONINE	0.06–0.96	4
LYSINE	1.518	1
S-ADENOSYL-METHIONINE	—	0

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• S-adenosyl-L-methionine + H(+) = S-adenosyl 3-(methylsulfanyl)propylamine + CO2 (RHEA:15981)

UniProt features (73 total): mutagenesis site 25, strand 17, helix 13, active site 6, binding site 4, chain 2, modified residue 2, site 1, splice variant 1, sequence conflict 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

28 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1JL0	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.5
3EP6	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
1MSV	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.75
3EPB	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.75
3H0W	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.81
9P1H	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.81
3DZ6	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.83
3DZ4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.84
3EP3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.84
3DZ2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.86
3EP4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.89
1I7B	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
3DZ7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.91
3EP8	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.97
3EP5	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.99
1I72	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
3EP7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1I79	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.01
3EPA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
9PBB	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.17
9P7Q	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.21
1I7M	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.24
3H0V	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.24
1JEN	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.25
3EP9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.35
1I7C	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
3DZ5	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.43
3DZ3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.62

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P17707-F1	93.52	0.86

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (7): 67–68 (cleavage (non-hydrolytic); by autolysis); 8; 11; 68 (schiff-base intermediate with substrate; via pyruvic acid); 82 (proton donor; for catalytic activity); 229 (proton acceptor; for processing activity); 243 (proton acceptor; for processing activity)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 223; 247; 7; 67

Post-translational modifications (2): 68, 298

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (25):

Position	Phenotype
7	no effect.
8	loss of activity. normal putrescine-stimulated processing.
11	loss of activity. loss of putrescine-stimulated processing.
15	little effect.
49	little effect.
50	17 percent decrease in catalytic activity. no effect on processing.
61	little effect.
66	38 percent decrease in catalytic activity. slight reduction in processing.
67	little effect.
68–69	loss of catalytic activity and processing.
68	loss of catalytic activity and processing.
69	24 percent decrease in catalytic activity. slight reduction in processing.
80	greatly reduced catalytic activity. no putrescine-stimulated processing.
82	loss of activity. greatly reduced putrescine-stimulated processing.
223	no effect.
226	little effect.
229	loss of processing.
229	greatly reduced processing.
229	greatly reduced catalytic activity but little effect on processing.
243	greatly reduced catalytic activity and processing.
243	loss of processing.
247	little effect.
249	little effect.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-351202	Metabolism of polyamines

MSigDB gene sets: 283 (showing top): MYAATNNNNNNNGGC_UNKNOWN, ELVIDGE_HYPOXIA_DN, AAGCAAT_MIR137, BUYTAERT_PHOTODYNAMIC_THERAPY_STRESS_DN, GRUETZMANN_PANCREATIC_CANCER_DN, KAAB_FAILED_HEART_ATRIUM_DN, PAL_PRMT5_TARGETS_UP, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_8HR_UP, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, KEGG_CYSTEINE_AND_METHIONINE_METABOLISM, ASTON_MAJOR_DEPRESSIVE_DISORDER_DN, TATTATA_MIR374, GENTILE_RESPONSE_CLUSTER_D3, RACCACAR_AML_Q6, CHANDRAN_METASTASIS_DN

GO Biological Process (4): polyamine metabolic process (GO:0006595), spermine biosynthetic process (GO:0006597), spermidine biosynthetic process (GO:0008295), polyamine biosynthetic process (GO:0006596)

GO Molecular Function (6): adenosylmethionine decarboxylase activity (GO:0004014), putrescine binding (GO:0019810), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein binding (GO:0005515), lyase activity (GO:0016829), carboxy-lyase activity (GO:0016831)

GO Cellular Component (1): cytosol (GO:0005829)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
polyamine biosynthetic process	2
biogenic amine metabolic process	1
spermine metabolic process	1
spermidine metabolic process	1
polyamine metabolic process	1
biogenic amine biosynthetic process	1
carboxy-lyase activity	1
polyamine binding	1
cation binding	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
carbon-carbon lyase activity	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

72 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
MED4	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.900
MED28	MED19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
SHC1	AP2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
CCDC120	AIP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
HDAC11	CLUH	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
PTH2	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.590
AMD1	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
AMD1	THAP4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KPTN	EIF4G3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
POP4	NME2P1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
BMP15	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
POMC	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PRELP	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GLTP	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
FBXO4	AMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ARID1A	ACTL6A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CLEC11A	VWA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MISP	OBSL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ADCYAP1	GGPS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RPP25L	RPP40	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (101): AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Two-hybrid), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMD1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1L4T4, A2XCT8, A2Z7C4, A9SCJ6, A9SDW6, A9SS00, B4G0F3, B7PRF6, B8BKI7, B9SQI7, C3ZAH2, C5WWY0, C5X1F5, D7T737, F6HDT7, F6QS54, F7FKV1, O00763, O48707, P17707, P28918, P35574, P46952, P46953, P50243, Q0VCA8, Q10RE5, Q2LZI9, Q2PQH8, Q3B8C8, Q3ZBL1, Q562C9, Q5IH13, Q5IH14, Q5ZL43, Q6DIY2, Q6DIZ0, Q6P7I0, Q6PBX5, Q6YXW6

Diamond homologs: A2XV58, D3Z6H8, O02655, O04009, O24575, O49972, O65354, O76240, O80402, P0DMN7, P17707, P17708, P21182, P28918, P46255, P50243, P50244, P79888, P82185, P91931, Q04694, Q0JC10, Q25264, Q27883, Q38IY3, Q39676, Q39677, Q3E9D5, Q42613, Q42679, Q42829, Q43820, Q8T1E3, Q96286, Q96471, Q96555, Q9AXE3, Q9LSU6, Q9M4D8, Q9M6K1

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

60 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	34
Likely benign	0
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (3)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
688010	GRCh37/hg19 6q21-22.31(chr6:110981075-119608396)x1	Pathogenic
973822	NM_015076.5(CDK19):c.82G>C (p.Gly28Arg)	Pathogenic
973825	NM_015076.5(CDK19):c.83G>C (p.Gly28Ala)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

1096 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
6:110887588:TCAGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110887589:CAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110887590:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110887591:GGTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110887592:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110887593:TAAGT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110888849:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888852:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888855:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888855:AGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888856:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888856:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888856:GTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888856:GTGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110888983:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110888984:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110888984:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
6:110888985:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
6:110890247:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110890250:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110890251:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110890272:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110890273:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110890323:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
6:110890357:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
6:110892295:TTAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:110892298:G:GA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:110892298:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:110892432:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
6:110892439:CTCGT:C	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2249 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
6:110875130:G:A	G9R	1.000
6:110875130:G:C	G9R	1.000
6:110875130:G:T	G9W	1.000
6:110875137:A:T	E11V	1.000
6:110875138:G:C	E11D	1.000
6:110875138:G:T	E11D	1.000
6:110875143:T:C	L13P	1.000
6:110875158:T:C	F18S	1.000
6:110887512:T:A	W40R	1.000
6:110887512:T:C	W40R	1.000
6:110887525:T:G	L44W	1.000
6:110887540:G:A	C49Y	1.000
6:110887541:T:G	C49W	1.000
6:110887578:G:C	A62P	1.000
6:110887581:T:G	Y63D	1.000
6:110887588:T:A	L65H	1.000
6:110887588:T:C	L65P	1.000
6:110888859:A:T	E67V	1.000
6:110888861:A:C	S68R	1.000
6:110888862:G:T	S68I	1.000
6:110888863:T:A	S68R	1.000
6:110888863:T:G	S68R	1.000
6:110888864:A:C	S69R	1.000
6:110888865:G:T	S69I	1.000
6:110888866:C:A	S69R	1.000
6:110888866:C:G	S69R	1.000
6:110888870:T:C	F71L	1.000
6:110888871:T:C	F71S	1.000
6:110888871:T:G	F71C	1.000
6:110888872:T:A	F71L	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000063460 (6:110843775 G>A,T), RS1000068511 (6:110884913 C>G), RS1000068626 (6:110813041 G>A), RS1000077249 (6:110882252 T>G), RS1000077809 (6:110823937 G>A), RS1000126302 (6:110882128 T>A), RS1000183600 (6:110860304 C>T), RS1000282289 (6:110887796 C>A,T), RS1000282424 (6:110817598 GA>G), RS1000314835 (6:110844405 G>A), RS1000367079 (6:110844597 C>G,T), RS1000370966 (6:110847312 T>G), RS1000376782 (6:110893850 C>T), RS1000421474 (6:110837606 G>T), RS1000437870 (6:110853561 C>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:180980 | disease phenotypes: MIM:618916

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): developmental and epileptic encephalopathy, 87 (MONDO:0030059)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006879_15	Blood metabolite levels	6.000000e-25
GCST006879_16	Blood metabolite levels	5.000000e-08
GCST006879_17	Blood metabolite levels	2.000000e-26
GCST006879_23	Blood metabolite levels	7.000000e-31
GCST006879_24	Blood metabolite levels	3.000000e-25
GCST006879_3	Blood metabolite levels	8.000000e-29
GCST006879_4	Blood metabolite levels	7.000000e-37

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4181 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — Decarboxylases

Most potent curated ligand interactions (1 total), top 1:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
sardomozide	Inhibition	8.0	pIC50

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

24 measured of 34 human assays (34 total across all organisms); most potent 24 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-({4-(aminooxy)butylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	5 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-({2-(aminooxy)ethylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	7 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-hydroxy-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-({4-(aminooxy)butylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	11 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-ethyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-({4-(aminooxy)butylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	15 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-({4-(aminooxy)butylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	18 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-5-({4-(aminooxy)butylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	49 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-({2-(aminooxy)ethylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	55 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-5-({2-(aminooxy)ethylamino}methyl)oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	86 nM
3-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propanehydrazide	IC50	170 nM
3-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propanamide	IC50	400 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	600 nM
3-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propanehydrazide	IC50	1500 nM
{[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}dimethylsulfanium chloride	IC50	3000 nM
3-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-ethyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propanamide	IC50	4000 nM
3-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)propanamide	IC50	7000 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	9000 nM
{[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}dimethylsulfanium chloride	IC50	15000 nM
2-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)acetohydrazide	IC50	31000 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-{[(3-aminopropyl)(methyl)amino]methyl}oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	70000 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-{[(2-aminoethyl)(methyl)amino]methyl}oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	88000 nM
3-({[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino)-N’-hydroxypropanimidamide	IC50	157000 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-ethyl-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-{[(3-aminopropyl)(methyl)amino]methyl}oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	420000 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl]-5-{[(3-aminopropyl)(methyl)amino]methyl}oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	440000 nM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)-5-{[(3-aminopropyl)(methyl)amino]methyl}oxolane-3,4-diol	IC50	500000 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

21 potent at pChembl≥5 of 38 total, top 20 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.30	IC50	5	nM	CHEMBL517131
8.15	IC50	7	nM	CHEMBL510356
7.96	IC50	11	nM	CHEMBL461970
7.82	IC50	15	nM	CHEMBL461779
7.75	IC50	18	nM	CHEMBL516811
7.31	IC50	49	nM	CHEMBL460719
7.26	IC50	55	nM	CHEMBL461780
7.07	IC50	86	nM	CHEMBL453372
6.77	IC50	170	nM	CHEMBL517593
6.40	IC50	400	nM	CHEMBL462656
6.22	IC50	600	nM	CHEMBL516214
5.82	IC50	1500	nM	CHEMBL462138
5.52	IC50	3000	nM	CHEMBL473134
5.42	Ki	3800	nM	CHEMBL2115571
5.40	IC50	4000	nM	CHEMBL517908
5.30	IC50	5000	nM	CHEMBL473336
5.16	IC50	7000	nM	CHEMBL461969
5.14	Ki	7200	nM	CHEMBL3392185
5.05	IC50	9000	nM	CHEMBL472733
5.05	IC50	9000	nM	CHEMBL3392189

PubChem BioAssay actives

33 with measured affinity, of 218 total; 26 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0050	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0050	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-5-[[2-aminooxyethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0070	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-5-[[2-aminooxyethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0070	uM
6-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-7H-purin-8-one	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0110	uM
6-amino-9-[(2R,3R,4S,5R)-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]-7H-purin-8-one;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0110	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-ethylpurin-9-yl)-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0150	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-ethylpurin-9-yl)-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0150	uM
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0180	uM
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0180	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0490	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]-5-[[4-aminooxybutyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0490	uM
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-[[2-aminooxyethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0550	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]-5-[[2-aminooxyethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.0860	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-[6-amino-8-(methylamino)purin-9-yl]-5-[[2-aminooxyethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	0.0860	uM
3-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylamino]propanehydrazide	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.1700	uM
3-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylamino]propanamide	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.4000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	0.6000	uM
3-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylamino]propanehydrazide	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	1.5000	uM
[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-dimethylsulfanium	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	3.0000	uM
[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-methylpurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-dimethylsulfanium chloride	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	3.0000	uM
3-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-amino-8-ethylpurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylamino]propanamide	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	4.0000	uM
[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-dimethylsulfanium chloride	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	5.0000	uM
3-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylamino]propanamide	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	7.0000	uM
3-[[(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylamino]propanamide;sulfuric acid	346361: Inhibition of human C-terminal His-tagged AdoMetDC assessed as release of 14CO2 from S-adenosyl-L-[carboxy-14C]methionine	ic50	7.0000	uM
(2R,3R,4S,5R)-2-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-5-[(dimethylamino)methyl]oxolane-3,4-diol	1798891: AdoMetDC Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801126a: “New Insights into the Design of Inhibitors of Human S-Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase: Studies of Adenine C(8) Substitution in Structural Analogues of S-Adenosylmethionine (dagger).”	ic50	9.0000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

65 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	affects methylation, decreases expression	3
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	decreases expression	3
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	3
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	2
Resveratrol	decreases activity, affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Acetaminophen	increases expression	2
Estradiol	increases expression, increases reaction	2
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects expression	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	2
Tretinoin	decreases expression	2
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases methylation, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
FR900359	increases phosphorylation	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
bismuth tripotassium dicitrate	increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
alpha-pinene	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	1
titanium dioxide	increases methylation	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
afimoxifene	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
2,3-bis(3’-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
4-aminophenylarsenoxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
methacrylaldehyde	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
3,3’,4,5’-tetrahydroxystilbene	decreases activity	1
beta-methylcholine	affects expression	1
bicalutamide	increases expression	1
tamibarotene	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

39 unique, capped per target: 39 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1653935	Binding	Ratio of Kinact to Kiapp for human AdoMetDC expressed in Escherichia coli	Novel S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase inhibitors for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. — Antimicrob Agents Chemother

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.