AMY1A

gene

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Summary

AMY1A (amylase alpha 1A, HGNC:474) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p21.1, encoding Alpha-amylase 1A (P0DUB6). Calcium-binding enzyme that initiates starch digestion in the oral cavity.

Amylases are secreted proteins that hydrolyze 1,4-alpha-glucoside bonds in oligosaccharides and polysaccharides, and thus catalyze the first step in digestion of dietary starch and glycogen. The human genome has a cluster of several amylase genes that are expressed at high levels in either salivary gland or pancreas. This gene encodes an amylase isoenzyme produced by the salivary gland. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding the same protein.

Source: NCBI Gene 276 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

GWAS associations: 1
Clinical variants (ClinVar): 30 total
Druggable target: yes — 6 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
MANE Select transcript: NM_004038

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:474
Approved symbol	AMY1A
Name	amylase alpha 1A
Location	1p21.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000237763
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	104700
Entrez	276

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 10 — 8 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000370083, ENST00000422549, ENST00000461518, ENST00000494409, ENST00000872085, ENST00000872086, ENST00000872087, ENST00000962698, ENST00000962699, ENST00000962700

RefSeq mRNA: 6 — MANE Select: NM_004038 NM_001008221, NM_001422120, NM_001422123, NM_001422127, NM_001422129, NM_004038

CCDS: CCDS30782

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000370083 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001615366	103662657	103662775
ENSE00001618329	103656285	103656498
ENSE00001669527	103660360	103660482
ENSE00001786647	103660577	103660676
ENSE00001800716	103655760	103655928
ENSE00003512225	103657794	103657991
ENSE00003594796	103662886	103663011
ENSE00003627931	103659410	103659543
ENSE00003628416	103658440	103658670
ENSE00003740032	103664331	103664554
ENSE00003790665	103656844	103656990

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 124 present calls, max score 86.63.

Top tissues by expression

131 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	86.63	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	84.80	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	81.10	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	80.22	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	70.76	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	70.66	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	68.26	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	67.92	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	62.19	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	60.89	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	59.24	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	58.60	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	57.44	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	57.44	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	57.07	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	55.71	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	54.75	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	54.54	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	54.32	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	53.72	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	52.41	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	52.17	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	51.97	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	51.90	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	51.27	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	51.08	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	51.06	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	51.04	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	50.08	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	49.98	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6058	no	9.34
E-ANND-3	no	1.74

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): GATA1, SP1

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

the binding region of human salivary alpha-amylase is composed of four glycone and three aglycone-binding sites, while that of mutant Tyr151Met is composed of four glycone and two aglycone-binding sites (PMID:12782315)
This study reports on the effectiveness and specificity of glucopyranosylidene-spiro-thiohydantoin (G-TH) inhibitor on the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-maltoside (GalG(2)CNP) hydrolysis catalysed by human salivary alpha-amylase. (PMID:14637141)
These results suggest that the residue Trp58 plays a critical role in substrate binding and hydrolytic activity of human salivary alpha-amylase. (PMID:15182367)
Data show that tannin is an effective inhibitor of human salivary alpha-amylase and indicate a higher stability for the enzyme-inhibitor complex than the enzyme-substrate-inhibitor complex. (PMID:15194503)
A marked increasse in salivary alpha-amylase activity due to psychosocial stress and a reaction significantly different from a nonstress condition is observed. (PMID:15708646)
The addition of salivary alpha-amylase to culture supernatants of S. gordonii precipitated a protein complex containing amylase, AbpA, amylase-binding protein B (AbpB), and the glucosyltransferase produced by S. gordonii (Gtf-G). (PMID:17593303)
copy number of the salivary amylase gene (AMY1) is correlated positively with salivary amylase protein level and that individuals from populations with high-starch diets have, on average, more AMY1 copies than those with traditionally low-starch diets (PMID:17828263)
Social evaluation-responders allocated significantly more money than controls; while there was no significant correlation between social evaluation-induced salivary amylase elevation and the allocated money. (PMID:17984929)
The crystal structure of HSAmy-ar (multiple mutant) as an acarbose complex was determined at a resolution of 1.5 A and compared with the existing wild-type acarbose complex. (PMID:18951906)
show that AMY1 copy number relates to salivary amylase concentration and enzymatic activity level, which, in turn, account for individual variation in the oral perception of starch viscosity (PMID:20967220)
These findings confirm that sAA is sensitive to the effects of potentially stressful stimuli (state variance) and at the same time demonstrate its relative robustness and stability across time and conditions (trait variance). (PMID:21827821)
salivary alpha-amylase increases may reflect levels of emotional arousal, including high arousal positive emotions (PMID:21840370)
results show a strong association between acute physical stressor-induced elevations in sAA levels and patients with MDD. (PMID:22063648)
Regression analyses demonstrated significant curvilinear relations and interactions between cortisol and sAA in the prediction of child functioning. (PMID:22100627)
Salivary alpha-amylkase levels in the responder group were significantly elevated compared with the non-responder group and controls both before and after electrical stimulation in panic disorder patients. (PMID:22391145)
High amylase individuals may be better adapted to ingest starches, whereas low amylase individuals may be at greater risk for insulin resistance and diabetes if chronically ingesting starch-rich diets. (PMID:22492122)
Excercise significantly elevated salivary alpha-amylase in patients with mild cognitive impairment and normal aging controls. (PMID:22914593)
A review of the possible impact of copy number polymorphism of the AMY1 gene on nutritional issues such as starch digestion, effect on glycemic response after starch consumption, effect on taste perception and satiety, influence on psychosocial stress and relation to oral health. (PMID:22965187)
Adults who indicated that they would respond in a harsh way to the crying infant were significantly less likely to show a decrease in salivary alpha amylase. (PMID:23144191)
AMY1A can be of great diagnostic utility when trying to differentiate Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma and oncocytoma (PMID:24225843)
Salivary alpha amylase increased during wound care procedures of pediatric burn patients, and correlated with self-report of pain. (PMID:24433940)
Low copy number of the salivary amylase gene predisposes to obesity. (PMID:24686848)
findings suggest that both affective arousal andvalence should be accounted for when examining differences in salivary alpha Amylase reactivity and diurnal patterns. (PMID:25076484)
Elevation in AMY1a following a second bout of downhill running may indicate an adaptive stress response which reduces the inflammatory events resulting from this type of exercise or an exercise-induced enhancement in innate secretory immunity. (PMID:25145588)
Our current study suggests putative benefits of high number of AMY1 copies (and related production of salivary amylase) on energy metabolism in Mexican children. (PMID:25394825)
Results suggest that AMY1 copy number and salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) amount played crucial roles in sAA activity; however, the roles were attenuated after stimulation due to fortified release of glycosylated sAA (PMID:25446200)
Diurnal and stress-response salivary alpha amylase patterns were related to child adiposity: decreased morning alpha amylase was associated with increased BMI. (PMID:25588701)
genetic association study in population in China: Data suggest that copy number variation of AMY1A gene is not associated with down-regulation of salivary response in thin children as compared to salivary response in normal weight children. (PMID:25784372)
genetic association studies in a population of men in Republic of Korea: Data suggest that low AMY1A gene copy number is associated with high insulin resistance and thus with genetic predisposition to diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome. (PMID:25996848)
The purpose of this study was to a) determine the heart rate variability (HRV) and saliva markers of immunity (salivary immunoglobulin A; sIgA) and stress (salivary alpha-amylase; sAA) responses to chronic training in elite swimmers with a disability. (PMID:26043224)
Alpha-amylase in blood increases after pharmacological activation of the adrenergic pathways suggesting that sympathetic receptors are responsible for these changes. Psychological stress, however, does not seem to have an impact on alpha-amylase in blood (PMID:26110636)
Splenic asthenia children had positive correlations between AMY1 copy number and sAA activity before or after citric acid stimulation. (PMID:26237829)
low serum amylase level is significantly associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (PMID:26642703)
Data show that carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) modestly differentiated between mucinous and nonmucinous lesions, and amylase did not distinguish intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) from mucinous cystadenomas (MCAs). (PMID:26646270)
Results from 2 case-control cohorts of Chinese and Malays, show no previously reported association between AMY1 and obesity or body mass index. (PMID:27068483)
Serum amylase levels in the normal range are positively associated with integrated islet beta cell function in patients with early type 2 diabetes. (PMID:27606813)
AMY1 copy number was significantly correlated with the variation observed in salivary amylase production and enzyme activity but did not explain the majority of observed variation between individuals. AMY1-odd and AMY1-even haplotypes showed a different relationship between copy number and expression levels, but the difference was not statistically significant. (PMID:28219410)
Alcohol dependent patients showed significantly lower stress-related salivary alpha-amylase activity than healthy controls. (PMID:28314952)
higher levels of sAA in EHS participants (PMID:28466664)
Our findings suggest an effect of the interaction between starch intake and AMY1 copy number on obesity. Individuals with high starch intake but low genetic capacity to digest starch had the lowest BMI, potentially because larger amounts of undigested starch are transported through the gastrointestinal tract, contributing to fewer calories extracted from ingested starch. (PMID:28539377)

Cross-species orthologs

12 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
drosophila_melanogaster	Amy-d	FBGN0000078
drosophila_melanogaster	Amy-p	FBGN0000079
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-A2	FBGN0002569
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-A3	FBGN0002571
drosophila_melanogaster	Amyrel	FBGN0020506
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-B1	FBGN0032381
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-B2	FBGN0032382
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-A4	FBGN0033294
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-A7	FBGN0033296
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-A8	FBGN0033297
drosophila_melanogaster	Mal-A6	FBGN0050360
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00008220

Paralogs (7): GBE1 (ENSG00000114480), SLC3A1 (ENSG00000138079), SLC3A2 (ENSG00000168003), AMY1B (ENSG00000174876), AMY1C (ENSG00000187733), AMY2B (ENSG00000240038), AMY2A (ENSG00000243480)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Alpha-amylase 1A — P0DUB6 (reviewed: P0DUB6)

Alternative names: 1,4-alpha-D-glucan glucanohydrolase 1, Salivary alpha-amylase

All UniProt accessions (2): P0DUB6, Q5T084

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Calcium-binding enzyme that initiates starch digestion in the oral cavity. Catalyzes the hydrolysis of internal (1->4)-alpha-D-glucosidic bonds, yielding a mixture of maltose, isomaltose, small amounts of glucose as well as small linear and branched oligosaccharides called dextrins.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Cofactor. Binds 1 Ca(2+) ion per subunit. Binds 1 Cl(-) ion per subunit.

Similarity. Belongs to the glycosyl hydrolase 13 family.

RefSeq proteins (6): NP_001008222, NP_001409049, NP_001409052, NP_001409056, NP_001409058, NP_004029* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR006046	Alpha_amylase	Family
IPR006047	GH13_cat_dom	Domain
IPR006048	A-amylase/branching_C	Domain
IPR013780	Glyco_hydro_b	Homologous_superfamily
IPR017853	GH_hydrolase_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR031319	A-amylase_C	Domain

Pfam: PF00128, PF02806

UniProt features (84 total): strand 28, helix 20, turn 12, binding site 7, disulfide bond 5, modified residue 4, glycosylation site 2, active site 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, site 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

13 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
3DHP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.5
1SMD	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
1Z32	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
3BLP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
1JXK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
1JXJ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.99
1MFU	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1MFV	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
3BLK	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1Q4N	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.07
1NM9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
1C8Q	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
1XV8	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P0DUB6-F1	96.57	0.96

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (3): 315 (transition state stabilizer); 212 (nucleophile); 248 (proton donor)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (7): 352; 115; 173; 182; 210; 216; 313

Post-translational modifications (4): 16, 365, 427, 474

Disulfide bonds (5): 43–101, 85–130, 156–175, 393–399, 465–477

Glycosylation sites (2): 427, 476

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-189085	Digestion of dietary carbohydrate
R-HSA-8935690	Digestion
R-HSA-8963743	Digestion and absorption

MSigDB gene sets: 40 (showing top): GOBP_OLIGOSACCHARIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, LEE_NEURAL_CREST_STEM_CELL_DN, REACTOME_DIGESTION_OF_DIETARY_CARBOHYDRATE, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, TURASHVILI_BREAST_DUCTAL_CARCINOMA_VS_DUCTAL_NORMAL_DN, KEGG_STARCH_AND_SUCROSE_METABOLISM, BASAKI_YBX1_TARGETS_DN, chr1p21, RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_POORLY_DIFFERENTIATED_DN, NAKAMURA_TUMOR_ZONE_PERIPHERAL_VS_CENTRAL_UP, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_DN, GOMF_HYDROLASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_GLYCOSYL_BONDS, DODD_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_DN, GOMF_HYDROLASE_ACTIVITY_HYDROLYZING_O_GLYCOSYL_COMPOUNDS, LIU_PROSTATE_CANCER_DN

GO Biological Process (2): carbohydrate metabolic process (GO:0005975), oligosaccharide metabolic process (GO:0009311)

GO Molecular Function (8): alpha-amylase activity (GO:0004556), calcium ion binding (GO:0005509), chloride ion binding (GO:0031404), catalytic activity (GO:0003824), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787), hydrolase activity, acting on glycosyl bonds (GO:0016798), cation binding (GO:0043169), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (3): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Digestion	1
Digestion and absorption	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
primary metabolic process	1
carbohydrate metabolic process	1
amylase activity	1
metal ion binding	1
anion binding	1
molecular_function	1
catalytic activity	1
hydrolase activity	1
ion binding	1
cation binding	1
extracellular vesicle	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

ESM2 similar proteins: H2N0D4, O18344, O18345, O18408, O18420, O18552, O76260, O76261, O76262, O76263, O76264, O76265, O76284, O76459, O77011, O77012, O77013, O77014, O77015, O77016, O77018, O77019, O77020, O77021, O77022, O97396, P00687, P00688, P00689, P00690, P04063, P04746, P04750, P08144, P09107, P0DTE7, P0DTE8, P0DUB6, P19961, P54215

Diamond homologs: A0A096XJN4, B0KZK1, H2N0D4, O18344, O18345, O18408, O18420, O18552, O76260, O76261, O76262, O76263, O76264, O76265, O76284, O76459, O77011, O77012, O77013, O77014, O77015, O77016, O77018, O77019, O77020, O77021, O77022, O97396, P00687, P00688, P00689, P00690, P04746, P08144, P08486, P09107, P09794, P0DTE7, P0DTE8, P0DUB6

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

30 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	17
Likely benign	5
Benign	5

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1380 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:103656839:TGTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103656841:TAGGT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103656842:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103656843:GG:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103656987:TGGGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:103656988:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103656988:GGGGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:103656989:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103656989:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103656989:GGGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:103656990:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103656990:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:103656991:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103656991:GTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:103656992:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:103657793:GGTTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:103658631:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103658667:GGAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103658668:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
1:103659397:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:103659398:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:103659405:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103659406:CTAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103659407:TAGG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103659408:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:103659408:AGG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103659409:G:GA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:103659409:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:103659409:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:103659409:GGTA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1003027647 (1:103660460 A>G), RS1004874086 (1:103655151 A>G), RS1005586971 (1:103660642 G>A), RS1016309644 (1:103655165 G>A,C), RS1029100176 (1:103660918 GAAAATA>G), RS1044735674 (1:103664067 G>A,T), RS1053446789 (1:103660373 G>T), RS1156428450 (1:103662098 G>A), RS1157156527 (1:103664305 G>A), RS1158049492 (1:103662267 C>A,T), RS1159402738 (1:103655373 C>T), RS1159914236 (1:103660509 T>A), RS1162278934 (1:103660316 T>C), RS1163508876 (1:103654902 C>T), RS1164316420 (1:103660070 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:104700 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): primary ovarian failure (MONDO:0005387)

Orphanet (1): NON RARE IN EUROPE: Primary ovarian failure (Orphanet:619)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006585_2903	Blood protein levels	6.000000e-35

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D016649	Primary Ovarian Insufficiency	C12.050.351.500.056.630.750; C12.100.250.056.630.750; C19.391.630.750

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (2): CHEMBL2478 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL6066863 (PROTEIN FAMILY)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

6 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 162,315 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL404271	ACARBOSE	4	16
CHEMBL50	QUERCETIN	3	74,559
CHEMBL145	CAFFEIC ACID	3	36,305
CHEMBL151	LUTEOLIN	2	23,523
CHEMBL31574	FISETIN	2	7,745
CHEMBL583912	(-)-EPICATECHIN	2	20,167

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

5 measured of 19 human assays (21 total across all organisms); most potent 5 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
YPYSCWVRH	IC50	34 nM
(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-{[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-{[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino}oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol	IC50	996 nM
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one	KI	2200 nM
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,6,7-tetrahydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one	IC50	10200 nM
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one	IC50	72800 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

243 potent at pChembl≥5 of 327 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.70	EC50	2	nM	CHEMBL3940413
8.52	EC50	3	nM	CHEMBL5613512
8.52	EC50	3	nM	CHEMBL3933500
7.40	IC50	39.9	nM	CHEMBL5590766
7.35	IC50	44.77	nM	CHEMBL5593047
7.32	IC50	47.97	nM	CHEMBL5595111
7.32	IC50	48.08	nM	CHEMBL5595096
7.31	IC50	49.32	nM	CHEMBL5592906
7.28	IC50	52.97	nM	CHEMBL5592459
7.27	IC50	53.95	nM	CHEMBL5595454
7.26	IC50	55.21	nM	CHEMBL5593276
7.24	IC50	57.54	nM	CHEMBL5591259
7.23	IC50	59.29	nM	CHEMBL5592359
7.22	IC50	59.98	nM	CHEMBL5594054
7.21	IC50	60.95	nM	CHEMBL5590296
7.18	IC50	65.77	nM	CHEMBL5594396
7.18	IC50	65.77	nM	CHEMBL5594825
7.18	IC50	65.31	nM	CHEMBL5596000
7.17	IC50	67.76	nM	CHEMBL5595749
7.16	IC50	68.55	nM	CHEMBL5592466
7.11	IC50	77.98	nM	CHEMBL5592801
7.09	IC50	80.35	nM	CHEMBL5590293
7.08	IC50	83.75	nM	CHEMBL5592637
7.04	IC50	91.41	nM	CHEMBL5592947
7.03	IC50	93.11	nM	CHEMBL5593659
7.03	IC50	92.9	nM	CHEMBL5594837
7.01	IC50	97.72	nM	CHEMBL5595658
7.00	IC50	99.31	nM	CHEMBL5593920
6.92	IC50	120	nM	ACARBOSE
6.86	IC50	138.4	nM	CHEMBL5592880
6.72	Ki	190	nM	CHEMBL3618492
6.72	IC50	190	nM	CHEMBL5624535
6.70	IC50	201	nM	CHEMBL5624476
6.68	IC50	210	nM	ACARBOSE
6.64	IC50	230	nM	CHEMBL5267115
6.62	IC50	240	nM	CHEMBL5282550
6.62	IC50	241	nM	CHEMBL5630676
6.61	IC50	243	nM	CHEMBL5624847
6.58	IC50	260	nM	CHEMBL5290104
6.54	IC50	290	nM	CHEMBL5286589
6.54	IC50	287	nM	CHEMBL5631075
6.50	IC50	320	nM	CHEMBL5272639
6.50	IC50	320	nM	CHEMBL5275030
6.50	IC50	319	nM	CHEMBL5630566
6.47	IC50	340	nM	CHEMBL5286991
6.46	IC50	350	nM	CHEMBL5286580
6.43	IC50	370	nM	CHEMBL5271666
6.43	IC50	367	nM	CHEMBL5624515
6.42	IC50	380	nM	CHEMBL5279591
6.41	IC50	390	nM	CHEMBL5268343

PubChem BioAssay actives

266 with measured affinity, of 864 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(2S)-2-[[(3S,8S)-3-[4-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-7-[1-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxycarbonyl]piperidine-4-carbonyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-2H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-g]isoquinoline-8-carbonyl]amino]-3-[4-(2,3-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)phenyl]propanoic acid	2124618: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin)	ec50	0.0020	uM
(2S)-2-[[(3S,8S)-3-[4-[(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-7-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-2H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-g]isoquinoline-8-carbonyl]amino]-3-[4-(2,5-dimethylpyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]propanoic acid	2124618: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin)	ec50	0.0030	uM
(2S)-2-[[(3S,8S)-3-[4-[(4-chlorophenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-7-[(1S)-1-phenylpropyl]-3,6,8,9-tetrahydro-2H-[1,4]dioxino[2,3-g]isoquinoline-8-carbonyl]amino]-3-[4-(2,3-dimethyl-4-pyridinyl)phenyl]propanoic acid	2124618: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin)	ec50	0.0030	uM
(2S)-N-[(2S)-1-amino-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[(3S,10S,13S,16S)-10-(hydroxymethyl)-3,13-bis[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]-2,5,9,12,15-pentaoxo-7-thia-1,4,8,11,14-pentazabicyclo[14.3.0]nonadecan-8-yl]-3-sulfanylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]pentanamide	1802659: Inhibition Assay (piHA-Dm) from Article 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.001: “Rapid Discovery of Potent and Selective Glycosidase-Inhibiting De Novo Peptides.”	ic50	0.0340	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0399	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0448	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0480	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0481	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(2-ethylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0493	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0530	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(4-propan-2-ylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0539	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0552	uM
(5Z)-3-[(1-butyltriazol-4-yl)methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0575	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(4-nitrophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0593	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0600	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(3-methylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0609	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(2-methoxyphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0653	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-(3-chlorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0658	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0658	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(4-ethylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0678	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(3-methoxyphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0685	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-[2-(4-bromophenyl)-2-oxoethyl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0780	uM
(5Z)-3-[(1-benzyltriazol-4-yl)methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0804	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0838	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-(2-chlorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0914	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0929	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[[1-(4-fluorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0931	uM
(5Z)-3-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)triazol-4-yl]methyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0977	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-[(1-phenyltriazol-4-yl)methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.0993	uM
(3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4-triol	1942520: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) by HPLC analysis	ic50	0.1200	uM
(5Z)-5-(dimethylaminomethylidene)-3-prop-2-ynyl-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2116899: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using 1% starch as substrate preincubated for 30 mins followed by substrate addition and measured after 30 mins by colorimetric analysis	ic50	0.1384	uM
(7R,8S,9S,10R)-7-[[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-5-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyl-5-[[(1S,4R,5S,6S)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-yl]amino]oxan-2-yl]oxy-3,4-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxymethyl]-8,9,10-trihydroxy-2-sulfanylidene-6-oxa-1,3-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one	1248395: Non-competitive inhibition of human salivary alpha-amylase using GalG2CNP as substrate assessed as CNP liberation by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis	ki	0.1900	uM
N-[4-[(Z)-[3-[2-(1,3-dioxoisoindol-2-yl)acetyl]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]methyl]phenyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.1900	uM
N-[4-[(Z)-[3-[2-[4-(benzenesulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetyl]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]methyl]phenyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.2010	uM
N-[(E)-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-2-(4-nitroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.2300	uM
N-[(E)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-2-(4-nitroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.2400	uM
3,4,5-trihydroxy-N-[4-[(Z)-[3-[2-(2-methylsulfonyl-4,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazol-5-yl)acetyl]-2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]methyl]phenyl]benzamide	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.2410	uM
(5Z)-3-[2-(1,3-dioxoisoindol-2-yl)acetyl]-5-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.2430	uM
2-(4-nitroanilino)-N-[(E)-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.2600	uM
N-[4-[(Z)-[2,4-dioxo-3-[2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7-yl]acetyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene]methyl]phenyl]-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzamide	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.2870	uM
N-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)methylideneamino]-2-(4-nitroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.2900	uM
(5Z)-5-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-3-[2-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7-yl]acetyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.3190	uM
2-(4-chloroanilino)-N-[(E)-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3200	uM
N-[(E)-(4-methoxyphenyl)methylideneamino]-2-(4-nitroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3200	uM
N-[(E)-(4-fluorophenyl)methylideneamino]-2-(4-nitroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3400	uM
2-(4-chloroanilino)-N-[(E)-1-pyridin-2-ylethylideneamino]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3500	uM
(5Z)-3-[2-[4-(benzenesulfonyl)piperazin-1-yl]acetyl]-5-[(4-phenylmethoxyphenyl)methylidene]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione	2133787: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated for 20 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by absorbance based assay	ic50	0.3670	uM
N-[(E)-benzylideneamino]-2-(4-nitroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3700	uM
N-[(E)-benzylideneamino]-2-(4-chloroanilino)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3800	uM
2-(4-chloroanilino)-N-[(E)-(4-chlorophenyl)methylideneamino]-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide	1953050: Inhibition of alpha-amylase (unknown origin) using starch as substrate preincubated with substrate for 15 mins followed by compound addition and measured after 15 mins by UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis	ic50	0.3900	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

9 total (human), top 9 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Cadmium	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
potassium persulfate	increases expression	1
beta-methylcholine	affects expression	1
cordycepin	decreases expression, decreases reaction, decreases secretion, increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	decreases expression, decreases reaction, decreases secretion	1
Progesterone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	increases abundance, increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

94 unique, capped per target: 94 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1116865	Binding	Activity of human salivary alpha amylase by FRET assay	Simple and conveniently accessible bi-fluorescence-labeled substrates for amylases. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

75 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00417066	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Flexible GnRH Antagonist vs Flare up GnRH Agonist Protocol in Poor Responders
NCT00732693	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Physiologic and Standard Sex Steroid Replacement Regimens in Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00837616	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Estrogen Dosing in Turner Syndrome: Pharmacology and Metabolism
NCT01853501	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effects of ADSC Therapy in Women With POF
NCT02783937	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Filgrastim for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
NCT03535480	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Ovarian Transplantation to Restore Ovarian Function in Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00140998	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Estrogen Treatment (Oral vs. Patches) in Turner Syndrome
NCT00001951	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Hormone Replacement in Young Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00370019	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Effects of an Estrogen Replacement Therapy Skin Patch on Ovulation in Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00429494	PHASE2	COMPLETED	GnRH Analogue for Ovarian Function Preservation in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients
NCT03816852	PHASE2	SUSPENDED	The Safety and Efficiency Study of Mesenchymal Stem Cell (19#iSCLife®-POI) in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
NCT04536467	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Prevention of Chemotherapy-Induced Ovarian Failure With Goserelin in Premenopausal Lymphoma Patients
NCT06117982	PHASE2	COMPLETED	The Impact of Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor on Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
NCT02912104	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Therapeutic Trial of Human Amniotic Epithelial Cells Transplantation for Primary Ovarian Failure
NCT03178695	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Inovium Ovarian Rejuvenation Trials
NCT04815213	PHASE1	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Use of Expandeded Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) in Premature Ovarian Failure (POF) in Adult Humans
NCT05138367	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Effects of UCA-PSCs in Women With POF
NCT06132542	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Autologous ADMSC Transplantation in Patients With POI
NCT00948857	PHASE2/PHASE3	TERMINATED	Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Treatment and Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
NCT04031456	PHASE2/PHASE3	RECRUITING	Autologous PRP Infusion May Restore Ovarian Function and May Promote Folliculogenesis in POI Patients
NCT02043743	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Autologous Stem Cells Transplantation in Patients With Idiopathic and Drug Induced Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT02062931	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation In Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT02151890	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Pregnancy After Stem Cell Transplantation in Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT02372474	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	It is a Real The First Baby Of Autologous Stem Cell Therapy in Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT02603744	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Autologous Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Transplantation in Women With Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
NCT02644447	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Transplantation of HUC-MSCs With Injectable Collagen Scaffold for POF
NCT03069209	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cell Transplantation in Patients With Premature Ovarian Failure (POF)
NCT03985462	PHASE1/PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Very Small Embryonic-like Stem Cells for Ovary
NCT04009473	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Stem Cell Therapy and Growth Factor Ovarian in Vitro Activation
NCT04071574	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Comparative Study on the Efficacy of Ovarian Stimulation Protocols on the Success Rate of ICSI in Female Infertility
NCT04922398	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Ovarian Injection of PRP (Platelet -Rich Plasma) Vs Normal Saline in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
NCT05462379	PHASE1/PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Autologous Heterotopic Fresh Ovarian Graft in Woman With LACC Eligible for Pelvic Radiotherapy Treatment.
NCT06202547	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Intra-ovarian Injection of MSC-EVs in Idiopathic Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT01129947	EARLY_PHASE1	WITHDRAWN	The Use of DHEA in Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT05522634	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	A Clinical Study of Chinese Herbal Compound TJAOA101 in the Treatment of Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
NCT07308327	EARLY_PHASE1	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Influence of Gut Microbiota on Ovarian Function: A Single-center, Randomized,Double Blind, Parallel-controlled, Exploratory Clinical Trial
NCT00001275	Not specified	COMPLETED	Ovarian Follicle Function in Patients With Primary Ovarian Failure
NCT00001306	Not specified	COMPLETED	Steroid Therapy in Autoimmune Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00006156	Not specified	COMPLETED	Feasibility Study for Development of an Early Test for Ovarian Failure
NCT00119925	Not specified	UNKNOWN	‘SPRING’-Study: Subfertility Guidelines: Patient Related Implementation in the Netherlands Among Gynaecologists

No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.