APOBR

Summary

APOBR (apolipoprotein B receptor, HGNC:24087) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p12.1, encoding Apolipoprotein B receptor (Q0VD83). Macrophage receptor that binds to the apolipoprotein B48 (APOB) of dietary triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL) or to a like domain of APOB in hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoprotein (HTG-VLDL).

Apolipoprotein B48 receptor is a macrophage receptor that binds to the apolipoprotein B48 of dietary triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins. This receptor may provide essential lipids, lipid-soluble vitamins and other nutrients to reticuloendothelial cells. If overwhelmed with elevated plasma triglyceride, the apolipoprotein B48 receptor may contribute to foam cell formation, endothelial dysfunction, and atherothrombogenesis.

Source: NCBI Gene 55911 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 24
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 159 total — 25 pathogenic, 5 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_018690

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:24087
Approved symbol	APOBR
Name	apolipoprotein B receptor
Location	16p12.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	APOB48R, APOB100R
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000184730
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605220
Entrez	55911

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000564831, ENST00000875807

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_018690 NM_018690

CCDS: CCDS58442

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000564831 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001432475	28498081	28498349
ENSE00002613323	28495099	28497996
ENSE00003849476	28494643	28494738
ENSE00003849541	28498436	28498964

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 160 present calls, max score 96.99.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 18.0187 / max 1259.3027, expressed in 556 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
153373	17.8207	550
153376	0.1106	46
153372	0.0874	47

Top tissues by expression

276 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	96.99	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	96.49	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	96.48	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	96.46	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	95.10	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	93.63	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	87.10	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	85.15	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	83.37	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	83.26	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	82.79	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	82.39	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	81.02	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	80.44	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	79.69	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	79.10	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	78.22	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	76.96	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	76.51	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	75.73	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	75.06	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	74.98	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	74.15	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	73.98	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	73.08	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	72.19	silver quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	69.91	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	69.50	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	69.47	gold quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	68.34	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	7.01

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): PPARA, PPARG

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• Atherogenic remnant lipoproteins induced macrophage foam cell formation via apoB48R, indicating a potential role of apoB48R in atherosclerosis. (PMID:15591219)
• Nucleotide variations in the apolipoprotein B48 receptor gene is associated with hypercholesterolemia (PMID:15830122)
• investigation of apoB48R gene transcription in circulating monocytes: increase in apoB48R gene transcription following high-fat meal (PMID:21367954)
• These findings suggest that APOB48R represents a molecular target of postprandial lipoproteins via PPAR-dependent pathways in human monocytes and macrophages and advance an important link between postprandial metabolism of dietary fats and atherogenesis. (PMID:22190030)
• The obesity risk alleles of non-synonymous SNPs at SH2B1 and APOB48R have no strong effect on weight loss-related phenotypes in overweight children after a 1-year lifestyle intervention. (PMID:23519644)
• the findings reported here demonstrated that patients with mutations in FASN (c.G7192T, p.A2398S) and APOBR (c.C1883G, p.T628R) may be predisposed to hypothyroidism. These mutations may disrupt the regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis and lipid metabolism. These findings may reveal the high degree of genetic heterogeneity in hypothyroidism phenotypes. (PMID:30272292)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Apobr	ENSMUSG00000042759
rattus_norvegicus	Apobr	ENSRNOG00000017403

Protein

Protein identifiers

Apolipoprotein B receptor — Q0VD83 (reviewed: Q0VD83)

Alternative names: Apolipoprotein B-100 receptor, Apolipoprotein B-48 receptor

All UniProt accessions (1): Q0VD83

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Macrophage receptor that binds to the apolipoprotein B48 (APOB) of dietary triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins (TRL) or to a like domain of APOB in hypertriglyceridemic very low density lipoprotein (HTG-VLDL). Binds and internalizes TRL when out of the context of the macrophage. May provide essential lipids to reticuloendothelial cells. Could also be involved in foam cell formation with elevated TRL and remnant lipoprotein (RLP). Mediates the rapid high-affinity uptake of chylomicrons (CM), HTG-VLDL, and trypsinized (tryp) VLDL devoid of APOE in vitro in macrophages.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in peripheral blood leukocytes > bone marrow = spleen > lymph node, and only faintly visible in appendix and thymus. Expressed in the brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, and placenta. Expressed primarily by reticuloendothelial cells: monocytes, macrophages, and endothelial cells. Expressed in atherosclerotic lesion foam cells.

Post-translational modifications. There are 2 forms in macrophages, the membrane-binding proteins 200 kDa (MBP 200) and 235 kDa (MBP 235), that can be reduced into a single active ligand-binding species with intermediate mobility (MBP 200R).

Induction. Suppressed significantly by PPARA and PPARG in THP-1 and blood-borne monocyte-macrophages. Decreased after pitavastatin treatment in peripheral blood macrophages and remnant lipoprotein (RLP)-induced foam cell formation.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q0VD83-4	4	yes
Q0VD83-2	2
Q0VD83-3	3

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_061160* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR026158	ApolipoprotB_rcpt	Family

UniProt features (35 total): compositionally biased region 18, region of interest 5, modified residue 4, sequence conflict 3, splice variant 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q0VD83-F1	41.14	0.02

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (4): 458, 510, 572, 594

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-8964046	VLDL clearance
R-HSA-174824	Plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling, and clearance
R-HSA-382551	Transport of small molecules
R-HSA-8964043	Plasma lipoprotein clearance

MSigDB gene sets: 192 (showing top): GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN, RACCACAR_AML_Q6, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GGGTGGRR_PAX4_03, AAAYRNCTG_UNKNOWN, GOBP_GLYCEROLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GNF2_ICAM3, TGANTCA_AP1_C, GOBP_LIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEUTRAL_LIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, PU1_Q6, GNF2_CD97, MILI_PSEUDOPODIA_CHEMOTAXIS_UP, RGAGGAARY_PU1_Q6, GOBP_LIPID_LOCALIZATION

GO Biological Process (7): triglyceride metabolic process (GO:0006641), lipid transport (GO:0006869), cholesterol metabolic process (GO:0008203), foam cell differentiation (GO:0090077), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629), steroid metabolic process (GO:0008202), vesicle-mediated transport (GO:0016192)

GO Molecular Function (2): lipoprotein particle receptor activity (GO:0030228), very-low-density lipoprotein particle receptor activity (GO:0030229)

GO Cellular Component (6): centrosome (GO:0005813), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), very-low-density lipoprotein particle (GO:0034361), low-density lipoprotein particle (GO:0034362), chylomicron (GO:0042627)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Plasma lipoprotein clearance	1
Transport of small molecules	1
Plasma lipoprotein assembly, remodeling, and clearance	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
transport	2
plasma lipoprotein particle	2
acylglycerol metabolic process	1
lipid localization	1
sterol metabolic process	1
secondary alcohol metabolic process	1
cell differentiation	1
primary metabolic process	1
lipid metabolic process	1
cellular process	1
cargo receptor activity	1
lipoprotein particle binding	1
lipoprotein particle receptor activity	1
very-low-density lipoprotein particle binding	1
centriole	1
microtubule organizing center	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
triglyceride-rich plasma lipoprotein particle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1246 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
APOBR	APOB	P04114	937
APOBR	TUFM	P49411	645
APOBR	SH2B1	Q9NRF2	575
APOBR	RABEP2	Q9H5N1	565
APOBR	SGF29	Q96ES7	524
APOBR	SULT1A2	P50226	507
APOBR	ATXN2L	Q8WWM7	476
APOBR	EIF3C	Q99613	473
APOBR	NUPR1	O60356	470
APOBR	APOA5	Q6Q788	458
APOBR	CLN3	Q13286	454
APOBR	PLBD1	Q6P4A8	423
APOBR	OR10H1	Q9Y4A9	421
APOBR	SBK1	Q52WX2	420
APOBR	NCOA7	Q8NI08	416

IntAct

5 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
MAP1LC3A	APOBR	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
KRAS	IGKV2D-24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
APOBR		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (7): APOBR (Proximity Label-MS), APOBR (Affinity Capture-RNA), APOBR (Protein-peptide), APOBR (Co-fractionation), APOBR (Co-fractionation), APOBR (Co-fractionation), APOBR (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2TJV2, A5PKC7, A5PL33, A5YM69, A6NDB9, A6QP92, A8MYA2, O75807, O95359, P0DPF6, P21263, P48681, P58871, Q08DY0, Q0VD83, Q0VDD7, Q14676, Q2KI51, Q2TBI7, Q3KNY0, Q3KR64, Q4R736, Q5IS41, Q5JQC4, Q5PSV9, Q5QJ38, Q5SWP3, Q5TM68, Q63003, Q6IN02, Q6NXZ1, Q6NYC8, Q6P5H2, Q6ZRC1, Q767L8, Q7YR40, Q86Y26, Q8BI84, Q8BQ30, Q8N1P7

Diamond homologs: Q0VD83, Q8VBT6

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

159 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	25
Likely pathogenic	5
Uncertain significance	90
Likely benign	24
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (30)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1340752	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28485883-29589674)x1	Pathogenic
148886	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.1-11.2(chr16:28392832-29342070)x1	Pathogenic
150642	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.1-11.2(chr16:28392832-29320029)x1	Pathogenic
152023	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.1-11.2(chr16:28392832-29170875)x1	Pathogenic
1703567	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28349949-29342589)	Pathogenic
1710520	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28483659-29341550)x1	Pathogenic
1807834	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28486929-29351826)x1	Pathogenic
1808112	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28490480-29379768)x1	Pathogenic
253631	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28486693-29043960)x1	Pathogenic
2573121	GRCh37/hg19 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:21475039-29043958)x1	Pathogenic
268058	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28484556-29043450)x1	Pathogenic
3063415	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28486928-29438326)x1	Pathogenic
3063422	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28371467-29379768)x1	Pathogenic
395542	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28486693-29048572)x1	Pathogenic
4279102	GRCh37/hg19 16p12.1-11.2(chr16:27078317-29001333)x2	Pathogenic
441576	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28384463-29343462)x1	Pathogenic
442530	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28466730-29427247)x1	Pathogenic
443086	GRCh37/hg19 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:22718350-28858721)x4	Pathogenic
443382	GRCh37/hg19 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:21379628-29351826)x3	Pathogenic
545197	NC_000016.10:g.(?28351819)(29325073_?)del	Pathogenic
564309	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28389576-29438326)x1	Pathogenic
58086	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:21463739-29249579)x3	Pathogenic
58099	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:21602183-29314373)x3	Pathogenic
685912	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28371467-29416001)x3	Pathogenic
815811	GRCh37/hg19 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:21576802-29351826)x3	Pathogenic
1330173	GRCh37/hg19 16p11.2(chr16:28353878-29478115)x3	Likely pathogenic
146289	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:22634385-29227323)x3	Likely pathogenic
146471	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.1-11.2(chr16:28492482-29170875)x1	Likely pathogenic
151527	GRCh38/hg38 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:21350622-29202837)x3	Likely pathogenic
4076058	GRCh37/hg19 16p12.2-11.2(chr16:23034306-28605212)x1	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

707 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:28495168:GCGGC:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:28495188:G:GA	donor_gain	0.9900
16:28498303:C:T	donor_gain	0.9900
16:28498348:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:28498349:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:28494721:GCCT:G	donor_gain	0.9800
16:28495187:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9800
16:28495209:G:T	donor_gain	0.9800
16:28498180:C:A	acceptor_gain	0.9800
16:28495177:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
16:28498345:CACGG:C	donor_loss	0.9700
16:28498347:CGGG:C	donor_loss	0.9700
16:28498348:GGGT:G	donor_loss	0.9700
16:28498349:GGTA:G	donor_loss	0.9700
16:28498351:T:C	donor_loss	0.9700
16:28495159:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9600
16:28494681:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9500
16:28494763:A:G	donor_gain	0.9500
16:28495178:A:T	donor_gain	0.9500
16:28497971:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9500
16:28494730:G:T	donor_gain	0.9400
16:28495171:GC:G	donor_gain	0.9400
16:28495172:C:G	donor_gain	0.9400
16:28498329:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9400
16:28498330:A:T	donor_gain	0.9400
16:28498350:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9400
16:28497993:CGAGG:C	donor_loss	0.9300
16:28498076:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9300
16:28498077:GCAGG:G	acceptor_loss	0.9300
16:28498078:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9300

AlphaMissense

7048 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:28498437:T:C	F1076L	0.976
16:28498439:T:A	F1076L	0.976
16:28498439:T:G	F1076L	0.976
16:28495114:T:C	F25L	0.945
16:28495116:T:A	F25L	0.945
16:28495116:T:G	F25L	0.945
16:28495127:T:C	L29P	0.919
16:28495118:T:A	V26D	0.913
16:28498460:G:A	M1083I	0.907
16:28498460:G:C	M1083I	0.907
16:28498460:G:T	M1083I	0.907
16:28498471:T:C	L1087P	0.907
16:28494688:T:C	F3L	0.906
16:28494690:C:A	F3L	0.906
16:28494690:C:G	F3L	0.906
16:28498463:G:A	M1084I	0.900
16:28498463:G:C	M1084I	0.900
16:28498463:G:T	M1084I	0.900
16:28498123:A:C	S1000R	0.891
16:28498125:T:A	S1000R	0.891
16:28498125:T:G	S1000R	0.891
16:28498462:T:C	M1084T	0.885
16:28498459:T:C	M1083T	0.882
16:28494725:T:C	L15S	0.870
16:28498438:T:C	F1076S	0.870
16:28498451:C:A	H1080Q	0.867
16:28498451:C:G	H1080Q	0.867
16:28494721:G:C	A14P	0.866
16:28498438:T:G	F1076C	0.857
16:28497990:G:C	W983C	0.856

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000239420 (16:28494402 A>C), RS1001659333 (16:28494140 G>C,T), RS1002051515 (16:28498078 C>G,T), RS1002685253 (16:28498703 G>A,C), RS1004575448 (16:28493834 C>G), RS1005414422 (16:28494094 T>C), RS1005445406 (16:28493803 C>T), RS1005959553 (16:28497633 G>A), RS1007959008 (16:28495519 C>A,T), RS1008891711 (16:28494375 A>G), RS1008958075 (16:28494826 C>G,T), RS1008983364 (16:28499419 C>T), RS1009328585 (16:28496149 G>T), RS1009396226 (16:28492829 A>C), RS1010436290 (16:28494734 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605220 | disease phenotypes: MIM:613444, MIM:613604, MIM:614671, MIM:181500

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (4): distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome (MONDO:0013267), chromosome 16p12.2-p11.2 deletion syndrome (MONDO:0013320), chromosome 16p11.2 duplication syndrome (MONDO:0013847), schizophrenia (MONDO:0005090)

Orphanet (4): Distal 16p11.2 microdeletion syndrome (Orphanet:261222), 16p11.2p12.2 microdeletion syndrome (Orphanet:261211), Proximal 16p11.2 microduplication syndrome (Orphanet:370079), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Schizophrenia (Orphanet:3140)

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0100753	Schizophrenia

GWAS associations

24 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000830_13	Body mass index	2.000000e-20
GCST003435_17	Body fat percentage	7.000000e-07
GCST003435_30	Body fat percentage	7.000000e-09
GCST004131_83	Inflammatory bowel disease	2.000000e-12
GCST004132_69	Crohn’s disease	3.000000e-10
GCST004599_108	Mean platelet volume	3.000000e-37
GCST004603_240	Platelet count	4.000000e-33
GCST004607_60	Plateletcrit	2.000000e-12
GCST007044_23	Extremely high intelligence	2.000000e-08
GCST007293_116	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	2.000000e-08
GCST007293_16	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	4.000000e-09
GCST007293_43	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	2.000000e-12
GCST007294_71	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	2.000000e-12
GCST007294_97	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	1.000000e-11
GCST007295_20	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	3.000000e-06
GCST007295_44	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	1.000000e-21
GCST007295_79	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	2.000000e-24
GCST007732_3	Allergic disease (asthma, hay fever or eczema)	3.000000e-06
GCST007732_7	Allergic disease (asthma, hay fever or eczema)	4.000000e-06
GCST008363_125	Offspring birth weight	5.000000e-08
GCST009267_4	Dental caries (decayed, missing and filled teeth)	4.000000e-06
GCST010133_15	Lamb consumption	3.000000e-08
GCST010703_152	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	3.000000e-09
GCST90002400_172	Plateletcrit	6.000000e-41

EFO canonical traits (10, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0007800	body fat percentage
EFO:0004309	platelet count
EFO:0007985	platelet crit
EFO:0004337	intelligence
EFO:0004341	body fat distribution
EFO:0004344	birth weight
EFO:0005939	parental genotype effect measurement
EFO:0008111	diet measurement
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

20 total (human), top 20 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sotorasib	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
TL8-506	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
abrine	increases expression	1
licochalcone B	decreases expression	1
trametinib	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
NVP-BKM120	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Bortezomib	decreases expression	1
Air Pollutants	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Estradiol	decreases expression	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Poly I-C	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
Tretinoin	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00001656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Clozapine vs Olanzapine in Childhood-Onset Psychotic Disorders
NCT00007774	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Determine if Olanzapine is More Cost Effective Than Haloperidol for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00014001	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CATIE- Schizophrenia Trial
NCT00018668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
NCT00034801	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00034905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Seroquel vs. Risperidone in Schizophrenia
NCT00036088	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus An Active Comparator in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00044187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Assessment of a Weight-Gain Agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-Obesity Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder
NCT00044655	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Switching Medication to Treat Schizophrenia
NCT00048828	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Drug-Resistant Childhood Schizophrenia
NCT00053703	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS)
NCT00056498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients Who Are Currently Taking Clozapine
NCT00061802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00080327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Three Doses of Aripiprazole in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia
NCT00088049	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Olanzapine vs. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00090012	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Continuing Olanzapine to Switching to Quetiapine in Overweight or Obese Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00100776	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of High Dose Olanzapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00103571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00108368	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Thinking
NCT00114595	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Tardive Dyskinesia
NCT00130923	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Long-acting Versus Oral Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00137020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Effect Of Cross Titration Of Antipsychotics With Ziprasidone In Schizophrenia Or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00140166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia With Vitamin Therapy
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Energy Homeostasis Under Treatment With Atypical Antipsychotics
NCT00156715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
NCT00158223	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Pimozide in Augmenting the Effects of Clozapine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00159081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	One Year Drug Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159120	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Maintenance Treatment vs. Stepwise Drug Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159133	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prodrome-Based Early Intervention With Antipsychotics vs. Benzodiazepines in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159757	PHASE4	TERMINATED	12 Week Open, Non-Comparative Switch Study Of Oral Ziprazidone In Previously Treated Schizophrenic Patients
NCT00167817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Switch to Aripiprazole on Health and Smoking Parameters in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
NCT00169026	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Effects of Clozapine
NCT00169039	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Chlorpromazine for Treatment-Unresponsive Schizophrenia
NCT00169065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia
NCT00169091	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Haloperidol for Treating the First Episode of Schizophrenia
NCT00176423	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Galantamine for Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
NCT00176436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine for Treatment of Weight Gain in Olanzapine or Clozapine Patients
NCT00177008	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Co-Morbid Social Anxiety