ARHGDIG

Summary

ARHGDIG (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor gamma, HGNC:680) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p13.3, encoding Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 3 (Q99819). Inhibits GDP/GTP exchange reaction of RhoB.

The GDP-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) play a primary role in modulating the activation of GTPases by inhibiting the exchange of GDP for GTP. See ARHGDIB (MIM 602843).

Source: NCBI Gene 398 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 63 total — 5 pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001176

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:680
Approved symbol	ARHGDIG
Name	Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor gamma
Location	16p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	RHOGDI-3
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000242173
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602844
Entrez	398

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 7 — 6 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000219409, ENST00000414650, ENST00000447871, ENST00000477621, ENST00000856699, ENST00000856700, ENST00000965841

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_001176 NM_001176

CCDS: CCDS10404

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000219409 — 6 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000842165	280591	280753
ENSE00001679980	282615	283010
ENSE00003476558	282467	282530
ENSE00003526704	282025	282108
ENSE00003591405	281746	281925
ENSE00003651327	282297	282373

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 156 present calls, max score 99.16.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 2.8323 / max 150.7384, expressed in 472 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
151890	1.4653	254
151888	0.5981	274
151889	0.4449	120
151891	0.1201	60
207686	0.1142	58
207687	0.0897	46

Top tissues by expression

280 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	99.16	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	98.93	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	98.76	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	98.56	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	97.21	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	96.74	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	96.63	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	96.55	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	96.14	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	95.38	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	95.34	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	94.74	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	94.23	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	93.73	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	93.10	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	92.77	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	92.67	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	90.98	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	90.86	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	90.78	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	89.40	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	88.95	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	88.28	gold quality
central nervous system	UBERON:0001017	88.25	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	88.18	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	88.07	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	87.62	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	87.53	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	86.55	gold quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	86.01	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	11.48

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): HNF4A, MAZ

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

16 targeting ARHGDIG, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6127	100.00	66.76	2188
HSA-MIR-4510	100.00	66.60	2050
HSA-MIR-6129	100.00	66.46	2080
HSA-MIR-6130	100.00	66.69	2012
HSA-MIR-6133	100.00	66.48	2064
HSA-MIR-4731-5P	99.89	67.23	2537
HSA-MIR-7110-5P	99.80	67.84	1712
HSA-MIR-486-3P	99.51	66.82	1901
HSA-MIR-4688	99.48	64.68	828
HSA-MIR-6743-5P	99.48	63.60	721
HSA-MIR-6722-3P	99.45	67.62	1919
HSA-MIR-6510-5P	99.14	66.59	1081
HSA-MIR-6799-5P	99.14	65.72	2093
HSA-MIR-1909-3P	99.03	66.56	1662
HSA-MIR-615-5P	98.10	63.76	591
HSA-MIR-3918	96.13	64.65	1300

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• analysis of inhibitory and shuttling functions of rhoGDI-3 and rhoGDI-1 (PMID:15513926)
• These results suggest that the levels of RhoG and RhoB GTPases and their negative regulator RhoGDI3 might be linked to the aggressiveness of the pancreatic cancerous cell lines. It is possible that RhoGDI3 could induce the downregulation of RhoG and RhoB. (PMID:27832197)
• RhoGDI3 at the trans-Golgi network participates in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, VSMC phenotypic modulation, and neointima formation. (PMID:38029612)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	arhgdig	ENSDARG00000004034
mus_musculus	Arhgdig	ENSMUSG00000073433
rattus_norvegicus	Arhgdig	ENSRNOG00000068707
drosophila_melanogaster	RhoGDI	FBGN0036921
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004356

Paralogs (2): ARHGDIB (ENSG00000111348), ARHGDIA (ENSG00000141522)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 3 — Q99819 (reviewed: Q99819)

Alternative names: Rho-GDI gamma

All UniProt accessions (4): Q99819, A2ID99, C9J3B5, F1T0H7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Inhibits GDP/GTP exchange reaction of RhoB. Interacts specifically with the GDP- and GTP-bound forms of post-translationally processed Rhob and Rhog proteins, both of which show a growth-regulated expression in mammalian cells. Stimulates the release of the GDP-bound but not the GTP-bound RhoB protein. Also inhibits the GDP/GTP exchange of RhoB but shows less ability to inhibit the dissociation of prebound GTP.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Primarily expressed in pancreas and brain.

Similarity. Belongs to the Rho GDI family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_001167* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000406	Rho_GDI	Family
IPR014756	Ig_E-set	Homologous_superfamily
IPR024792	RhoGDI_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF02115

UniProt features (2 total): chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q99819-F1	84.79	0.64

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-9013026	RHOB GTPase cycle
R-HSA-9013148	CDC42 GTPase cycle
R-HSA-9013407	RHOH GTPase cycle
R-HSA-9013408	RHOG GTPase cycle

MSigDB gene sets: 107 (showing top): GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, MODULE_45, MODULE_16, MODULE_66, GOBP_IN_UTERO_EMBRYONIC_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_BLASTOCYST_DEVELOPMENT, MODULE_88, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT, MODULE_6, MODULE_18, MODULE_11, GOBP_SMALL_GTPASE_MEDIATED_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, MODULE_55, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ADHESION, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_16P13_AMPLICON

GO Biological Process (4): blastocyst hatching (GO:0001835), negative regulation of cell adhesion (GO:0007162), Rho protein signal transduction (GO:0007266), regulation of protein localization (GO:0032880)

GO Molecular Function (5): Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity (GO:0005094), GTPase activator activity (GO:0005096), GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity (GO:0005092), protein binding (GO:0005515), GTPase regulator activity (GO:0030695)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), cytoplasmic vesicle (GO:0031410), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
RHO GTPase cycle	4

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
GTPase activity	2
GTPase regulator activity	2
cytoplasm	2
blastocyst development	1
hatching	1
cell adhesion	1
regulation of cell adhesion	1
negative regulation of cellular process	1
small GTPase-mediated signal transduction	1
intracellular protein localization	1
regulation of localization	1
GDP-dissociation inhibitor activity	1
enzyme activator activity	1
GDP binding	1
binding	1
nucleoside-triphosphatase regulator activity	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
intracellular vesicle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

912 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ARHGDIG	RHOA	P06749	921
ARHGDIG	CDC42	P21181	857
ARHGDIG	RHOC	P08134	801
ARHGDIG	RHOB	P01121	692
ARHGDIG	RHOG	P35238	691
ARHGDIG	AKT1	P31749	592
ARHGDIG	RAC2	P15153	570
ARHGDIG	RHOD	O00212	499
ARHGDIG	NTRK2	Q16620	481
ARHGDIG	RALA	P11233	434
ARHGDIG	EZR	P15311	432
ARHGDIG	MSN	P26038	427
ARHGDIG	RDX	P35241	417
ARHGDIG	NHERF1	O14745	410
ARHGDIG	RHOF	Q9HBH0	391

IntAct

19 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RAC1	COX6C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ARHGDIG	CEP170P1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ARHGDIG	KXD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CEP170P1	ARHGDIG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BICRAL	ARHGDIG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ARHGDIG	TACC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ARHGDIG	MED10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ARHGDIG	VDAC1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ARHGDIG	AGTR1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ARHGDIG	BICRAL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
ARHGDIG	TACC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
ARHGDIG	MED10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
MED10	ARHGDIG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (21): KXD1 (Two-hybrid), CEP170P1 (Two-hybrid), ARHGDIG (Co-fractionation), ARHGDIG (Co-fractionation), ARHGDIG (Co-fractionation), ARHGDIG (Co-fractionation), ARHGDIG (Co-fractionation), GDI2 (Co-fractionation), RHOG (Two-hybrid), ARHGDIG (Two-hybrid), ARHGDIG (Two-hybrid), ARHGDIG (Two-hybrid), ARHGDIG (Proximity Label-MS), ARHGDIG (Two-hybrid), ARHGDIG (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2VDW6, A6QR40, E2RDP2, F1MX48, O77682, O94810, O95382, P10938, P41111, Q08DJ7, Q0II80, Q2YD98, Q3T058, Q3V3V9, Q61749, Q62160, Q63186, Q643R3, Q66H85, Q684M2, Q6F5E8, Q6NVG1, Q6P5E6, Q6P9Q4, Q6V7V2, Q80XL1, Q8BKF1, Q8C6B2, Q8CHW4, Q8K045, Q8TDZ2, Q8WVB6, Q924T7, Q96EP0, Q99819, Q9BST9, Q9CQJ2, Q9D2Q2, Q9D6J4, Q9H8Y5

Diamond homologs: O14224, P19803, P52565, P52566, P80237, Q0II80, Q12434, Q20496, Q4R4J0, Q5XI73, Q61599, Q62160, Q95UQ1, Q99819, Q99PT1, Q9SFC6, Q9TU03

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

63 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	5
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	53
Likely benign	3
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (5)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1526480	GRCh37/hg19 16p13.3(chr16:85880-754083)	Pathogenic
219021	GRCh37/hg19 16p13.3-11.2(chr16:102839-28327676)x3	Pathogenic
2425036	NC_000016.9:g.(?256302)(633035_?)del	Pathogenic
441754	GRCh37/hg19 16p13.3(chr16:85880-643107)x1	Pathogenic
58598	GRCh38/hg38 16p13.3(chr16:239680-589745)x3	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

1092 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:280751:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:280755:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:281744:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:281745:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:281885:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:281922:GTGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:281935:GGGTC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:282295:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:282296:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:282374:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:282613:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:282613:AGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:282614:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:282614:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:282614:GTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:280750:CGAG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
16:280751:GAGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:280754:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
16:281743:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:281744:A:G	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:281745:G:GT	acceptor_loss	0.9900
16:281745:GT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:281745:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:281745:GTCC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:281745:GTCCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
16:281891:GCGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:281918:GGCC:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:281919:GCC:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:281919:GCCG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
16:281921:CGTGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

1435 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:282369:T:C	F137S	0.989
16:282368:T:C	F137L	0.986
16:282370:C:A	F137L	0.986
16:282370:C:G	F137L	0.986
16:282779:T:A	W215R	0.983
16:282779:T:C	W215R	0.983
16:282483:T:A	V144D	0.982
16:282641:A:C	S169R	0.979
16:282643:C:A	S169R	0.979
16:282643:C:G	S169R	0.979
16:282781:G:C	W215C	0.978
16:282781:G:T	W215C	0.978
16:282492:T:A	L147H	0.975
16:282741:T:C	F202S	0.971
16:281891:G:C	K73N	0.970
16:281891:G:T	K73N	0.970
16:282058:T:C	L96P	0.970
16:282492:T:C	L147P	0.969
16:282671:T:C	F179L	0.967
16:282673:T:A	F179L	0.967
16:282673:T:G	F179L	0.967
16:282363:T:C	I135T	0.964
16:282747:A:T	D204V	0.964
16:282043:T:A	V91E	0.962
16:282773:T:A	W213R	0.960
16:282773:T:C	W213R	0.960
16:282363:T:G	I135S	0.957
16:282468:T:A	V139D	0.957
16:282748:C:A	D204E	0.956
16:282748:C:G	D204E	0.956

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000102468 (16:281084 G>A), RS1001017192 (16:282190 G>A), RS1001164342 (16:279171 A>G), RS1001280205 (16:280136 C>A), RS1001510716 (16:279350 C>G,T), RS1001834757 (16:279021 T>C,G), RS1001907088 (16:278829 G>A), RS1002688411 (16:279137 T>C), RS1004010084 (16:278637 G>A), RS1004304154 (16:278764 T>C,G), RS1004847941 (16:282059 G>A), RS1005382976 (16:279450 G>T), RS1005671937 (16:281531 C>A,T), RS1007720400 (16:280717 C>A,G,T), RS1007815521 (16:281116 C>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602844 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): breast ductal adenocarcinoma (MONDO:0005590), epilepsy (MONDO:0005027)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST005951_12	Body mass index	5.000000e-11

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004340	body mass index

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D018270	Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast	C04.557.470.200.025.232.500; C04.557.470.615.132.500; C04.588.180.390; C17.800.090.500.390
D004827	Epilepsy	C10.228.140.490

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

21 total (human), top 21 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
pentanal	increases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Cosmetics	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Flame Retardants	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Lead	affects expression	1
Plant Extracts	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Plasticizers	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1
Acrylamide	decreases expression	1
Phytoestrogens	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00004637	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Vitamin E as Add-on Therapy for Children With Epilepsy
NCT00043914	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Measurement Of Serum Levels Of Two Antiepileptic Drugs During Conversion In Patients With Epilepsy
NCT00132223	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effects on the Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Imaging Angiographies of the Supra-Aortic Vessels by Three Different Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents in Patients
NCT00133081	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Improve the Treatment of Epilepsy (SITE)
NCT00137709	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Hormone Profiles in Adults With Newly Diagnosed Epilepsy
NCT00154076	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Multicenter Comparative Trial of Zonisamide and Topiramate as Initial Monotherapy in Untreated Epilepsies
NCT00165828	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety of an add-on Treatment With Zonisamide in Adults With Focal Epileptic Seizures With or Without Secondary Generalization
NCT00181116	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Levetiracetam for Benign Rolandic Epilepsy
NCT00207935	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Use of Sustained Release Antiepileptic Medication (Depakote® ER) for Pediatric Epilepsy in a Mental Retardation/Developmental Disorder Population
NCT00215592	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open Label, Zonegran (Zonisamide) In Partial Onset Seizures
NCT00266604	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate the Dosing, Effectiveness and Safety of Topiramate for the Treatment of Epilepsy
NCT00288639	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lyrica (Pregabalin) Administered as an Add-on Therapy for Partial Seizures (LEADER).
NCT00312676	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Compare Tolerability of an Overnight Switch to Gradual Switch Between Two Different Forms of Depakote
NCT00323947	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate for Treating Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children With Both ADHD and Epilepsy
NCT00385411	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Valproate in Young Patients Suffering From Epilepsy
NCT00522418	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Study Comparing Best Medical Practice With or Without VNS Therapy in Pharmacoresistant Partial Epilepsy Patients
NCT00537940	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Study Of Pregabalin And Gabapentin As Adjunctive Therapy In Subjects With Partial Seizures
NCT00552526	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Ketogenic Diet vs.Antiepileptic Drug Treatment in Drug Resistant Epilepsy
NCT00564915	PHASE4	COMPLETED	RCT of the Efficacy of the Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Epilepsy
NCT00571155	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial of Levetiracetam in Patients With Primary Brain Tumors and Symptomatic Seizures Who Undergo Surgery
NCT00572195	PHASE4	COMPLETED	RNS® System LTT Study
NCT00610532	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Evaluating the Transporter Protein Inhibitor Probenecid In Patients With Epilepsy
NCT00630357	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Keppra After Conversion to Mono-therapy in Subjects With Partial Epilepsy
NCT00630630	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study on Safety and Efficacy of Levetiracetam in the Adjunctive Treatment of Female Subjects With C1 Catamenial Epilepsy
NCT00630968	PHASE4	COMPLETED	S.K.A.T.E.: Safety of Keppra as Adjunctive Therapy in Epilepsy
NCT00631150	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Phase IV-Pharmacovigilance Study of Keppra Greece - S.K.A.T.E.: Safety of Keppra as Adjunctive Therapy in Epilepsy
NCT00659958	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ZAGAL Study: Evaluating Effectiveness and Tolerability of Zonisamide as Adjunctive Therapy in Patients With Partial Onset Seizures Treated With Two Antiepileptic Drugs
NCT00713622	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparing The Effect On Cognition Of Adjunctive Therapy With Zonisamide Versus Sodium Valproate
NCT00807989	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Efficacy and Safety of Low Dose Combination of LTG and VPA Compared to CBZ Monotherapy
NCT00832884	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Safety of Intravenous Lacosamide
NCT00869622	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antiepileptic Drugs and Osteoporotic Prevention Trial
NCT00896987	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lamotrigine Cognitive Function Study in Adult Untreated Epilepsies
NCT00952081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Clevidipine in Neurosurgical Patients
NCT01118455	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Trial to Assess Vagus Nerve Stimulation Therapy vs. Anti-Epileptic Drug (AED) Treatment in Children With Refractory Seizures
NCT01127165	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Low and High Dose Zonisamide in Children as Monotherapy
NCT01127256	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparative Study of Zonisamide and Carbamazepine as an Initial Monotherapy: Efficacy and Safety Evaluation
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