ARL10

Summary

ARL10 (ARF like GTPase 10, HGNC:22042) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q35.2, encoding ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 10 (Q8N8L6).

Predicted to enable GTP binding activity and GTPase activity. Located in mitochondrion.

Source: NCBI Gene 285598 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 136 total — 23 pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_173664

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:22042
Approved symbol	ARL10
Name	ARF like GTPase 10
Location	5q35.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000175414
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
Entrez	285598

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 4 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000310389, ENST00000503175, ENST00000507151, ENST00000514533, ENST00000881660

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_173664 NM_001317948, NM_173664

CCDS: CCDS4400

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000310389 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001196718	176366380	176366581
ENSE00001196723	176368807	176368982
ENSE00001321177	176371722	176381909
ENSE00001321430	176365487	176365746

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 240 present calls, max score 90.88.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 4.6091 / max 114.5697, expressed in 1374 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
60402	4.6091	1374

Top tissues by expression

252 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	90.88	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	90.45	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	90.30	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	88.91	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	86.20	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	85.38	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	85.06	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	84.91	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	84.60	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	84.59	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	83.65	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	83.19	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	82.97	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	82.52	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	81.55	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	81.00	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	80.47	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	80.30	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	80.08	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	80.02	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	79.95	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	79.69	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	79.67	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	79.66	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	79.40	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	79.28	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	79.13	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	79.03	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	78.95	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	78.85	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-112	yes	1181.09
E-ANND-3	no	5.72

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): E2F1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

66 targeting ARL10, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-4668-3P	100.00	68.74	2635
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-548AN	99.97	70.91	2817
HSA-MIR-146A-5P	99.96	68.93	988
HSA-MIR-146B-5P	99.96	69.13	977
HSA-MIR-7153-5P	99.94	68.89	1006
HSA-MIR-1-3P	99.93	72.35	1914
HSA-MIR-206	99.93	72.50	1893
HSA-MIR-3686	99.90	70.53	2432
HSA-MIR-4493	99.90	66.48	977
HSA-MIR-9902	99.89	69.15	2250
HSA-MIR-124-3P	99.89	73.74	3043
HSA-MIR-506-3P	99.89	73.55	3057
HSA-MIR-605-3P	99.88	69.22	1833
HSA-MIR-3065-3P	99.87	70.25	1407
HSA-MIR-4668-5P	99.79	70.58	3782
HSA-MIR-6764-5P	99.75	67.89	2304
HSA-MIR-6512-3P	99.65	66.07	1468
HSA-MIR-6720-5P	99.65	66.22	1459
HSA-MIR-548AV-5P	99.60	70.84	2107
HSA-MIR-548K	99.60	70.84	2107
HSA-MIR-3153	99.55	67.59	2337
HSA-MIR-3120-3P	99.54	70.28	2669
HSA-MIR-4753-5P	99.54	68.51	1356

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	arl10	ENSDARG00000117130
mus_musculus	Arl10	ENSMUSG00000025870
rattus_norvegicus	Arl10	ENSRNOG00000045948

Paralogs (30): ARF5 (ENSG00000004059), SAR1A (ENSG00000079332), ARFRP1 (ENSG00000101246), TRIM23 (ENSG00000113595), ARL6 (ENSG00000113966), ARL1 (ENSG00000120805), ARL4A (ENSG00000122644), ARL8B (ENSG00000134108), ARF3 (ENSG00000134287), ARL3 (ENSG00000138175), ARL5C (ENSG00000141748), ARF1 (ENSG00000143761), ARL8A (ENSG00000143862), ARL11 (ENSG00000152213), SAR1B (ENSG00000152700), ARL5A (ENSG00000162980), ARF6 (ENSG00000165527), ARL5B (ENSG00000165997), ARF4 (ENSG00000168374), ARL13B (ENSG00000169379), ARL13A (ENSG00000174225), ARL4D (ENSG00000175906), ARL14 (ENSG00000179674), ARL15 (ENSG00000185305), ARL17A (ENSG00000185829), ARL4C (ENSG00000188042), ARL9 (ENSG00000196503), ARL2 (ENSG00000213465), ARL16 (ENSG00000214087), ARL17B (ENSG00000228696)

Protein

Protein identifiers

ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 10 — Q8N8L6 (reviewed: Q8N8L6)

All UniProt accessions (3): Q8N8L6, H0Y8L6, H0Y9R6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Similarity. Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. Arf family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001304877, NP_775935* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR006689	Small_GTPase_ARF/SAR	Family
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR042951	ARL10	Family

Pfam: PF00025

UniProt features (4 total): binding site 3, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8N8L6-F1	77.10	0.50

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (3): 84–91; 128–132; 185–188

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 68 (showing top): BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, TGCTGCT_MIR15A_MIR16_MIR15B_MIR195_MIR424_MIR497, MARSON_BOUND_BY_FOXP3_STIMULATED, GOMF_GTPASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_HYDROLASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_ACID_ANHYDRIDES, SENGUPTA_EBNA1_ANTICORRELATED, YOSHIMURA_MAPK8_TARGETS_DN, LIU_PROSTATE_CANCER_DN, KUMAR_PATHOGEN_LOAD_BY_MACROPHAGES, GSE13522_WT_VS_IFNG_KO_SKING_T_CRUZI_Y_STRAIN_INF_UP, GSE13522_CTRL_VS_T_CRUZI_G_STRAIN_INF_SKIN_UP, MIR9983_3P, MIR129_5P, MIR3978, MIR4700_5P

GO Biological Process (0):

GO Molecular Function (3): GTPase activity (GO:0003924), GTP binding (GO:0005525), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166)

GO Cellular Component (1): mitochondrion (GO:0005739)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
guanyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1399 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ARL10	RASL11A	Q6T310	867
ARL10	ARL16	Q0P5N6	645
ARL10	F8VZ95	F8VZ95	608
ARL10	NOP16	Q9Y3C1	607
ARL10	ARL13A	Q5H913	548
ARL10	HIGD2A	Q9BW72	544
ARL10	GOLGA6L7	A0A1B0GV03	478
ARL10	LRRC72	A6NJI9	447
ARL10	CCDC32	Q9BV29	447
ARL10	CDKN2A	P42771	442
ARL10	TMED6	Q8WW62	391
ARL10	GPRIN1	Q7Z2K8	381
ARL10	RNF44	Q7L0R7	376
ARL10	TMEM248	Q9NWD8	368
ARL10	IQUB	Q8NA54	365

IntAct

81 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ARL4C	RGS12	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
HEY2	ARL10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CERS2	ATP5F1B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
CHST8	CANX	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SLC39A5	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
LPAR1	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
IPPK	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
HTR2C	KLRG2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MAS1	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
LAMP3	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TMEM63A	AP3B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PTGER3	PIK3R2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PARD6B	ZZEF1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
P2RX1	ATE1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CD226	MEN1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
NHLH2	AP3B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
HSCB	RBP5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
VTI1B	NBAS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
S1PR1	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CHRM3		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
P2RY12	GPR89A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (221): ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2AA28, A4FV42, A4FV98, A6NDG6, D3YWP0, D3ZVU9, O15315, O35719, O70277, O75382, O94759, P21964, P57775, P81799, Q2TBS1, Q3UGX3, Q4R3I0, Q5E9V4, Q5H879, Q5RJL2, Q5SUV1, Q6DC64, Q7Z624, Q86WI3, Q86XA0, Q8BNV1, Q8C436, Q8CIW5, Q8IZ69, Q8N8L6, Q8N9F0, Q8VCX6, Q8WXB1, Q96AZ1, Q96FB5, Q96RR1, Q9BQD7, Q9BRQ3, Q9BUU2, Q9CQL0

Diamond homologs: A3LTA2, A5DR82, A5E5G3, A8INQ0, O45379, P26990, P34212, P36406, P36407, P36536, P40617, P40946, P49703, P51645, P61209, P61210, P61213, P61214, P62330, P62331, P62332, Q007T5, Q01475, Q02804, Q0IIM2, Q0VC18, Q18510, Q3SXC5, Q3SXY8, Q3T0D7, Q3T0M9, Q3T0T7, Q4P0I7, Q52NJ3, Q54HK2, Q54JJ3, Q54V41, Q559R0, Q59S78, Q5BK71

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 109 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	10	9.0×	8e-05
GPCR ligand binding	10	7.8×	2e-04
G alpha (q) signalling events	9	6.3×	1e-03
Signaling by GPCR	11	5.4×	8e-04
GPCR downstream signalling	10	5.3×	2e-03
G alpha (i) signalling events	10	4.8×	4e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	6	19.3×	6e-04
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	6	13.5×	2e-03
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	7	9.5×	2e-03
adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	7	8.2×	4e-03
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	11	4.1×	6e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

136 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	23
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	94
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (23)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
153772	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:176291838-178662699)x1	Pathogenic
154297	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175989092-178009412)x1	Pathogenic
154443	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:176132340-177995759)x1	Pathogenic
154580	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.1-35.2(chr5:173237772-176614618)x3	Pathogenic
2671584	Single allele	Pathogenic
2685184	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.1-35.2(chr5:171836503-176517734)x1	Pathogenic
2685186	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175332333-177469711)x1	Pathogenic
3242320	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175470000-177450000)x1	Pathogenic
394090	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175722788-177423091)x3	Pathogenic
442010	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175438045-177392885)x1	Pathogenic
443249	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175570677-177439550)x3	Pathogenic
443960	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175570678-177437340)x1	Pathogenic
4819308	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175416095-177250474)x3	Pathogenic
4820243	Single allele	Pathogenic
563125	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175438045-177481250)x1	Pathogenic
563126	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175570677-177436413)x1	Pathogenic
58122	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175851047-178365049)x3	Pathogenic
59300	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:176043476-177995759)x1	Pathogenic
59301	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:176115257-177646633)x1	Pathogenic
59303	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:176152073-177646633)x1	Pathogenic
59634	GRCh38/hg38 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:176149599-177716401)x3	Pathogenic
685440	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175570677-177439550)x3	Pathogenic
975831	GRCh37/hg19 5q35.2-35.3(chr5:175346695-177469711)x1	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

2526 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
5:176365742:GGGAC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176365743:GGACG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176365747:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176366557:GACTT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176366578:GAAA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176366579:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176366581:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176366582:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176366647:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176366647:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176368805:AGTT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176368806:GTTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176368979:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:176368980:CAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176368981:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176368983:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176384371:TGGC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176384374:CCTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:176384375:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176384375:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:176385215:GCTCA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176385217:TCAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176385220:C:G	donor_loss	1.0000
5:176385323:CAGGT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176385324:AGGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176385325:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176385326:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176385328:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:176385328:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:176385333:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1557 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:176368963:T:A	V181D	0.999
5:176368979:G:C	K186N	0.999
5:176368979:G:T	K186N	0.999
5:176365624:G:C	G21R	0.998
5:176365625:G:A	G21D	0.998
5:176366467:A:C	S91R	0.998
5:176366469:C:A	S91R	0.998
5:176366469:C:G	S91R	0.998
5:176366530:T:C	F112L	0.998
5:176366532:C:A	F112L	0.998
5:176366532:C:G	F112L	0.998
5:176366573:T:C	L126P	0.998
5:176368836:T:A	W139R	0.998
5:176368836:T:C	W139R	0.998
5:176368838:G:C	W139C	0.998
5:176368838:G:T	W139C	0.998
5:176368845:T:C	F142L	0.998
5:176368847:T:A	F142L	0.998
5:176368847:T:G	F142L	0.998
5:176368924:T:C	L168P	0.998
5:176368978:A:C	K186T	0.998
5:176366446:G:A	G84R	0.997
5:176366446:G:C	G84R	0.997
5:176366447:G:A	G84E	0.997
5:176366465:A:T	K90M	0.997
5:176366466:G:C	K90N	0.997
5:176366466:G:T	K90N	0.997
5:176366468:G:T	S91I	0.997
5:176366531:T:C	F112S	0.997
5:176368810:G:A	G130E	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000027940 (5:176400004 C>G,T), RS1000043248 (5:176391571 C>G), RS1000108407 (5:176384619 T>G), RS1000162708 (5:176405779 C>T), RS1000189102 (5:176365469 G>A,C), RS1000214507 (5:176405976 C>G,T), RS1000330484 (5:176371578 G>A,T), RS1000398498 (5:176372303 G>A), RS1000459344 (5:176389670 T>C), RS1000769236 (5:176383421 A>G), RS1000807544 (5:176395295 A>C), RS1000856645 (5:176395512 C>T), RS1000930936 (5:176376641 A>T), RS1001048582 (5:176401635 G>A), RS1001049709 (5:176377593 T>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene `` | disease phenotypes: MIM:117550

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): Sotos syndrome (MONDO:0019349)

Orphanet (1): Sotos syndrome (Orphanet:821)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D058495	Sotos Syndrome	C16.131.077.889; C16.131.260.905; C16.320.180.905

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

25 total (human), top 25 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Air Pollutants	affects expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	increases methylation, increases expression	2
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
nickel sulfate	decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	increases expression	1
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	1
Oxygen	increases expression	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Testosterone	decreases expression	1
Thiram	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Triclosan	decreases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1
Acrylamide	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

1 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04993235	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Body Perception and Representation in Overgrowth Syndromes, Behavioral Assessment and Neuropsychological Development