ATP6V1C2

Summary

ATP6V1C2 (ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit C2, HGNC:18264) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2p25.1, encoding V-type proton ATPase subunit C 2 (Q8NEY4). Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons.

This gene encodes a component of vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme that mediates acidification of eukaryotic intracellular organelles. V-ATPase dependent organelle acidification is necessary for such intracellular processes as protein sorting, zymogen activation, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and synaptic vesicle proton gradient generation. V-ATPase is composed of a cytosolic V1 domain and a transmembrane V0 domain. The V1 domain consists of three A,three B, and two G subunits, as well as a C, D, E, F, and H subunit. The V1 domain contains the ATP catalytic site. This gene encodes alternate transcriptional splice variants, encoding different V1 domain C subunit isoforms.

Source: NCBI Gene 245973 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): distal renal tubular acidosis (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 107 total — 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001039362

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18264
Approved symbol	ATP6V1C2
Name	ATPase H+ transporting V1 subunit C2
Location	2p25.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	VMA5, ATP6C2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000143882
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	618070
Entrez	245973

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 8 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000272238, ENST00000381661, ENST00000480289, ENST00000635370, ENST00000648362, ENST00000852112, ENST00000852113, ENST00000852114, ENST00000921476

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001039362 NM_001039362, NM_001410707, NM_144583

CCDS: CCDS1674, CCDS42653, CCDS92714

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000272238 — 14 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000962453	10764331	10764425
ENSE00000962454	10768719	10768810
ENSE00000962455	10771839	10771937
ENSE00000962456	10772542	10772610
ENSE00000962457	10774788	10774880
ENSE00000962458	10774978	10775071
ENSE00000962459	10778572	10778669
ENSE00001137489	10753981	10754066
ENSE00001137496	10726502	10726569
ENSE00001155934	10783174	10785110
ENSE00001489408	10722824	10722978
ENSE00001524203	10777585	10777722
ENSE00003519200	10782243	10782375
ENSE00003848900	10721630	10721731

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 181 present calls, max score 97.92.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.0387 / max 103.8840, expressed in 198 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
18853	0.9482	186
18854	0.0906	47

Top tissues by expression

242 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	97.92	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	97.82	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	97.29	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	96.62	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	95.90	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	94.89	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	94.53	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	93.88	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	93.39	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	91.77	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	91.18	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	89.85	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	89.34	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	88.95	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	88.93	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	88.40	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	87.73	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	87.63	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	86.65	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	85.98	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	85.96	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	85.77	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	83.48	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	83.43	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	83.29	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	83.11	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	82.59	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	82.57	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	82.16	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	81.65	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 6 experiment(s), a significant marker in 6.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-131882	yes	919.24
E-MTAB-6108	yes	462.60
E-CURD-119	yes	49.45
E-MTAB-9543	yes	31.02
E-ANND-3	yes	11.70
E-CURD-114	yes	10.67

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

81 targeting ATP6V1C2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-3162-3P	100.00	65.37	363
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-6833-3P	100.00	70.63	3197
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-302E	99.96	70.74	2669
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-552-5P	99.93	68.56	1583
HSA-MIR-3119	99.92	71.34	2390
HSA-MIR-627-3P	99.90	71.42	3316
HSA-MIR-3686	99.90	70.53	2432
HSA-MIR-579-3P	99.86	71.66	3628
HSA-MIR-664B-3P	99.84	71.65	3590
HSA-MIR-4495	99.82	72.08	3080
HSA-MIR-944	99.82	70.85	3042
HSA-MIR-6739-5P	99.80	67.87	2806
HSA-MIR-2052	99.79	69.37	2031
HSA-MIR-3617-5P	99.75	69.41	1968
HSA-MIR-641	99.75	69.35	1975
HSA-MIR-199A-3P	99.75	70.48	929
HSA-MIR-199B-3P	99.75	70.48	929
HSA-MIR-3129-5P	99.75	70.46	914

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Multi-cancer V-ATPase molecular signatures: A distinctive balance of subunit C isoforms in esophageal carcinoma. (PMID:31901859)
• Whole exome sequencing identified ATP6V1C2 as a novel candidate gene for recessive distal renal tubular acidosis. (PMID:31959358)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	atp6v1c2	ENSDARG00000070440
mus_musculus	Atp6v1c2	ENSMUSG00000020566
rattus_norvegicus	Atp6v1c2	ENSRNOG00000050553
drosophila_melanogaster	Vha44	FBGN0287825
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006920

Paralogs (1): ATP6V1C1 (ENSG00000155097)

Protein

Protein identifiers

V-type proton ATPase subunit C 2 — Q8NEY4 (reviewed: Q8NEY4)

Alternative names: Vacuolar proton pump subunit C 2

All UniProt accessions (3): Q8NEY4, A0A0U1RR16, A0A3B3IRZ7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Subunit of the V1 complex of vacuolar(H+)-ATPase (V-ATPase), a multisubunit enzyme composed of a peripheral complex (V1) that hydrolyzes ATP and a membrane integral complex (V0) that translocates protons. V-ATPase is responsible for acidifying and maintaining the pH of intracellular compartments and in some cell types, is targeted to the plasma membrane, where it is responsible for acidifying the extracellular environment. Subunit C is necessary for the assembly of the catalytic sector of the enzyme and is likely to have a specific function in its catalytic activity.

Subunit / interactions. V-ATPase is a heteromultimeric enzyme made up of two complexes: the ATP-hydrolytic V1 complex and the proton translocation V0 complex. The V1 complex consists of three catalytic AB heterodimers that form a heterohexamer, three peripheral stalks each consisting of EG heterodimers, one central rotor including subunits D and F, and the regulatory subunits C and H. The proton translocation complex V0 consists of the proton transport subunit a, a ring of proteolipid subunits c9c’’, rotary subunit d, subunits e and f, and the accessory subunits ATP6AP1/Ac45 and ATP6AP2/PRR.

Tissue specificity. Kidney and placenta.

Similarity. Belongs to the V-ATPase C subunit family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q8NEY4-1	1	yes
Q8NEY4-2	2

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001034451, NP_001397636, NP_653184 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR004907	ATPase_V1-cplx_csu	Family
IPR036132	Vac_ATP_synth_c_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF03223

UniProt features (4 total): chain 1, region of interest 1, splice variant 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8NEY4-F1	86.29	0.72

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

5 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1222556	ROS and RNS production in phagocytes
R-HSA-77387	Insulin receptor recycling
R-HSA-917977	Transferrin endocytosis and recycling
R-HSA-9639288	Amino acids regulate mTORC1
R-HSA-983712	Ion channel transport

MSigDB gene sets: 137 (showing top): SHEPARD_BMYB_MORPHOLINO_UP, REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_INSULIN_RECEPTOR, AP1_01, chr2p25, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_AUTOPHAGY, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOCC_VACUOLAR_MEMBRANE, AAGCCAT_MIR135A_MIR135B, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_WNT_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_MONOATOMIC_CATION_TRANSPORT, GOBP_MACROAUTOPHAGY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOMF_PROTON_TRANSMEMBRANE_TRANSPORTER_ACTIVITY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_WNT_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, CERVERA_SDHB_TARGETS_1_UP

GO Biological Process (4): regulation of macroautophagy (GO:0016241), positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0030177), monoatomic ion transport (GO:0006811), proton transmembrane transport (GO:1902600)

GO Molecular Function (4): identical protein binding (GO:0042802), proton-transporting ATPase activity, rotational mechanism (GO:0046961), protein binding (GO:0005515), proton transmembrane transporter activity (GO:0015078)

GO Cellular Component (5): vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain (GO:0000221), lysosomal membrane (GO:0005765), cytosol (GO:0005829), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain (GO:0033180)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-5 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Innate Immune System	1
Signaling by Insulin receptor	1
Iron uptake and transport	1
Cellular response to starvation	1
Transport of small molecules	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
regulation of autophagy	1
macroautophagy	1
positive regulation of signal transduction	1
Wnt signaling pathway	1
regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	1
transport	1
monoatomic cation transmembrane transport	1
protein binding	1
proton transmembrane transporter activity	1
ATPase-coupled monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity	1
ATPase activity, coupled to transmembrane movement of ions, rotational mechanism	1
binding	1
monoatomic cation transmembrane transporter activity	1
proton transmembrane transport	1
vacuole	1
vacuolar proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex	1
proton-transporting V-type ATPase, V1 domain	1
lysosome	1
lytic vacuole membrane	1
cytoplasm	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
extracellular vesicle	1
proton-transporting V-type ATPase complex	1
proton-transporting two-sector ATPase complex, catalytic domain	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1065 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1B1	P15313	860
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1E2	Q96A05	851
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V0A4	Q9HBG4	840
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1D	Q9Y5K8	823
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1B2	P21281	815
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1F	Q16864	815
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1A	P38606	806
ATP6V1C2	KCNF1	Q9H3M0	800
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1H	Q9UI12	799
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1E1	P36543	794
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V0D1	P12953	792
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V0A1	Q93050	786
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V0B	Q99437	779
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V0A2	Q9Y487	775
ATP6V1C2	TCIRG1	Q13488	773

IntAct

12 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ATP6V1C2	ATP6V1G1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SYT5	SYT1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ATP6V1G2	ATP6V1B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ATP6V1C2	GOLGA2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ATP6V1C2	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ATP6V1B1	ATP6V1G1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CKM	ATP6V1C2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	PLEKHG3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	HLA-C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ATP6V1C2		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (88): ATP6V1C2 (Two-hybrid), ATP6V1C2 (Affinity Capture-MS), STK24 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1E2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1E1 (Affinity Capture-MS), POTEF (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1A (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1C1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DMXL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1D (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1B2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1F (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1G1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1G2 (Affinity Capture-MS), HECTD1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0JN39, A5A6M4, B5DGH9, D2SW95, D5LHJ0, P11029, P11497, P17426, P21282, P21283, P23514, P53618, Q05AY2, Q0JNK5, Q13085, Q1LUA8, Q28559, Q39097, Q3B8M3, Q3ZCK1, Q4R5H9, Q53PC7, Q5F428, Q5FVI6, Q5R922, Q5RDQ7, Q5SWU9, Q5XGY9, Q5XH14, Q5XIY6, Q5ZIA5, Q5ZLA5, Q66HV4, Q6AYE4, Q6DRI1, Q6P4Y9, Q6P7L9, Q7T385, Q8IWZ6, Q8K2G4

Diamond homologs: P21282, P21283, P31412, P54648, Q4R5H9, Q5FVI6, Q5RDQ7, Q5XH14, Q5XIY6, Q612A4, Q6AYE4, Q6P4Y9, Q7T385, Q8NEY4, Q99L60, Q9NDR5, Q9SCB9, Q9SDS7, Q9U5N1, Q9V7N5, Q9XXU9, Q9Z1G3, Q9HDW6

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

107 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	81
Likely benign	2
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1344706	NM_001039362.2(ATP6V1C2):c.503T>C (p.Ile168Thr)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

3540 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
2:10753976:CAAA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10753977:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10753978:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10753979:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10753979:AGC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10753980:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10753980:G:GT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10753980:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10753980:GCCTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10768811:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
2:10771826:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771826:ACCT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771827:C:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771829:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771833:TTTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10771834:TTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10771835:TTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10771836:TAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:10771837:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771837:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771837:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771837:AGGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771837:AGGGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771838:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771838:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771838:GGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771838:GGGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771838:GGGGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:10771938:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
2:10772054:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2803 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
2:10764363:T:A	W106R	1.000
2:10764363:T:C	W106R	1.000
2:10764365:G:C	W106C	0.998
2:10764365:G:T	W106C	0.998
2:10772558:T:A	W196R	0.998
2:10772558:T:C	W196R	0.998
2:10772595:T:A	V208D	0.998
2:10778659:T:C	S351P	0.998
2:10778666:T:C	L353P	0.998
2:10726521:T:C	L50P	0.997
2:10778660:C:T	S351F	0.997
2:10782248:G:A	G356E	0.997
2:10782323:T:C	L381P	0.997
2:10726512:T:C	L47S	0.996
2:10764364:G:C	W106S	0.996
2:10771931:T:A	V188D	0.996
2:10782278:T:C	L366P	0.996
2:10771910:T:C	L181P	0.995
2:10772603:T:C	S211P	0.995
2:10778669:G:C	R354T	0.995
2:10778669:G:T	R354M	0.995
2:10782243:G:C	R354S	0.995
2:10782243:G:T	R354S	0.995
2:10783225:T:G	Y416D	0.995
2:10783229:T:A	V417D	0.995
2:10774817:T:C	L223P	0.994
2:10778666:T:A	L353H	0.994
2:10722866:T:C	L6S	0.993
2:10722869:T:A	I7N	0.993
2:10722872:C:T	S8F	0.993

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000026625 (2:10747853 TTTTTTCTTTTTC>T,TTTTTTC,TTTTTTCTTTTTCTTTTTC), RS1000039183 (2:10722255 C>T), RS1000073349 (2:10734069 A>G,T), RS1000265537 (2:10719814 A>T), RS1000283816 (2:10740129 T>G), RS1000321659 (2:10729369 G>A), RS1000337393 (2:10731416 G>A), RS1000340755 (2:10735569 G>A), RS1000369306 (2:10741697 A>G), RS1000407392 (2:10764135 T>C), RS1000467753 (2:10769421 G>A), RS1000578944 (2:10729825 A>G), RS1000603022 (2:10769185 G>A), RS1000684858 (2:10743159 C>G), RS1000706962 (2:10778869 C>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:618070 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
distal renal tubular acidosis	Limited	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (3): distal renal tubular acidosis (MONDO:0015827), male infertility (MONDO:0005372), megacolon (MONDO:0001273)

Orphanet (1): Distal renal tubular acidosis (Orphanet:18)

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0008341	Distal renal tubular acidosis

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001776_12	Cardiac Troponin-T levels	2.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005043	cardiac troponin T measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D007248	Infertility, Male	C12.100.500.430; C12.100.750.700; C12.200.294.430
D008531	Megacolon	C06.405.469.158.701

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: transporter — V-type ATPase

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	4
Arsenic	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects methylation	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, increases methylation	2
Estradiol	affects binding, increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression	2
urushiol	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
sodium arsenate	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
2,4,5,2’,4’,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
hydroquinone	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
entinostat	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether	increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects response to substance	1
Dibutyl Phthalate	affects expression	1
Lead	increases expression	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Rotenone	increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
beta-Naphthoflavone	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1
S-Nitrosoglutathione	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

128 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02202382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Male Infertility
NCT02204826	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Semen Parameters in Male Infertility Patients: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Study
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NCT07402759	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of tdrd9 Gene Mutations in the Therapeutic Response to L-carnitine in Oligoasthenozoospermic Men
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NCT04541459	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Validation of New Devices Against Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation
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NCT00012480	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effect of Environmental Exposures on the Egg Fertilizing Ability of Human Sperm
NCT00044369	Not specified	COMPLETED	Role of the Toxic Metal Cadmium in the Mechanism Producing Infertility With a Varicocele
NCT00119925	Not specified	UNKNOWN	‘SPRING’-Study: Subfertility Guidelines: Patient Related Implementation in the Netherlands Among Gynaecologists
NCT00178516	Not specified	COMPLETED	Vitamin E and Male Infertility
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NCT00341120	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Causes of Male Infertility
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NCT00596739	Not specified	COMPLETED	A Study of the Pre- and Post-operative Semen Analyses and Reproductive Hormone Levels of Men Undergoing Weight-reduction Surgery
NCT00756561	Not specified	COMPLETED	HOP-2A - Intratesticular Hormone Levels
NCT00961558	Not specified	TERMINATED	Canadian Varicocelectomy Initiative (CVI): Effects on Male Fertility and Testicular Function of Varicocelectomy
NCT01075334	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Is a Carnitine Based Food Supplement (PorimoreTM) for Infertile Men Superior to Folate and Zinc With Regard to Pregnancy Rates in Intrauterine Insemination Cycles?