BDNF

Summary

BDNF (brain derived neurotrophic factor, HGNC:1033) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11p14.1, encoding Neurotrophic factor BDNF precursor form (P23560). Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2.

This gene encodes a member of the nerve growth factor family of proteins. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants, at least one of which encodes a preproprotein that is proteolytically processed to generate the mature protein. Binding of this protein to its cognate receptor promotes neuronal survival in the adult brain. Expression of this gene is reduced in Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s disease patients. This gene may play a role in the regulation of the stress response and in the biology of mood disorders.

Source: NCBI Gene 627 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 110
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 151 total — 2 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 28
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001709

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:1033
Approved symbol	BDNF
Name	brain derived neurotrophic factor
Location	11p14.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000176697
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	113505
Entrez	627

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 28 — 26 protein_coding, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000314915, ENST00000356660, ENST00000395978, ENST00000395981, ENST00000395983, ENST00000395986, ENST00000418212, ENST00000438929, ENST00000439476, ENST00000525528, ENST00000525950, ENST00000530786, ENST00000530861, ENST00000532997, ENST00000533131, ENST00000533246, ENST00000584049, ENST00000935834, ENST00000935835, ENST00000935836, ENST00000935837, ENST00000935838, ENST00000935839, ENST00000935840, ENST00000969519, ENST00000969520, ENST00000969521, ENST00000969522

RefSeq mRNA: 17 — MANE Select: NM_001709 NM_001143805, NM_001143806, NM_001143807, NM_001143808, NM_001143809, NM_001143810, NM_001143811, NM_001143812, NM_001143813, NM_001143814, NM_001143816, NM_001709, NM_170731, NM_170732, NM_170733, NM_170734, NM_170735

CCDS: CCDS41628, CCDS44558, CCDS7865, CCDS7866

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000356660 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00003753027	27654893	27658585
ENSE00003845480	27700164	27700455

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 189 present calls, max score 91.57.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 6.2089 / max 128.3459, expressed in 1136 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (11 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
119076	2.8371	713
119077	1.0347	578
119082	0.8437	401
119083	0.4945	276
119079	0.4270	234
119081	0.2606	167
119080	0.1847	104
119084	0.0420	15
119078	0.0378	9
206230	0.0343	17

Top tissues by expression

284 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	91.57	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	89.87	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	87.09	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	86.80	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	83.32	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	79.86	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	79.18	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	78.43	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	77.65	silver quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	77.43	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	77.29	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	74.81	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	73.97	silver quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	73.09	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	72.91	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	72.75	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	72.35	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	71.38	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	70.73	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	70.07	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	70.05	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	70.00	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	69.87	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	69.84	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	69.76	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	69.59	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	69.48	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	69.38	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	69.29	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	69.05	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	3.03

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AHR, ANKRD11, AP1, ATOH1, BHLHE40, CARF, CEBPB, CREB1, CREB3L2, CXXC1, EGR3, ESR1, GRHL3, JUN, KDM5C, LHX8, MECP2, MEF2A, NFATC4, NFKB, NR1I3, NR3C1, NR3C2, NR4A2, OPTN, PAX1, PITX3, POU4F3, RAI1, RCOR1, RELA, REST, SOX11, SOX2, SP1, SSRP1, TBXT, TCF12, TFCP2, TXK

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

129 targeting BDNF, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3924	100.00	72.09	2394
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-513B-5P	99.99	69.96	2150
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-4803	99.98	71.99	3117
HSA-MIR-8068	99.98	73.85	2376
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-568	99.98	69.86	2084
HSA-MIR-8075	99.97	67.20	962
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-5688	99.96	73.23	4504
HSA-MIR-495-3P	99.96	72.81	4197
HSA-MIR-4666A-3P	99.96	71.71	3434
HSA-MIR-548AT-5P	99.96	70.83	2666
HSA-MIR-1250-3P	99.96	70.04	4038

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Mutation is associated with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, suggesting the syndrome is genetic. (PMID:11840487)
• Results support the involvement of NGF, BDNF, leptin, and mast cells in human coronary atherosclerosis and metabolic syndrome, implying neuroimmune and adipoimmune pathways in the pathobiology of these cardiovascular disorders. (PMID:11935372)
• Platelets appear to bind, store and release BDNF upon activation at the site of traumatic injury to facilitate the repair of peripheral nerves or other tissues that contain TrkB. (PMID:12008958)
• role in regulating surface expression of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid receptors by enhancing the N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor/GluR2 interaction in developing neocortical neurons (PMID:12130635)
• a candidate gene in stress and affective disorders (PMID:12140770)
• BDNF as a potential risk allele associated with bipolar disorder (PMID:12140781)
• The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene confers susceptibility to bipolar disorder: evidence from a family-based association study. (PMID:12161822)
• that the BDNF C-270T polymorphism is a relevant risk factor for AD particularly in patients lacking the ApoE epsilon4 allele in this German sample. (PMID:12192623)
• The gene expression of this protein was studied in the developing human tooth. (PMID:12397373)
• BDNF mRNA levels in prefrontal cortex increase from infancy to adulthood, i.e. they are low during infancy and adolescence, peak during young adulthood, and are stable throughout adulthood and aging. (PMID:12480128)
• BDNF modulates cytokine mRNA expression in immune cells. (BDNF) (PMID:12531456)
• role for BDNF and its val/met polymorphism in human memory and hippocampal function; val/met mutation exerts these effects by impacting intracellular trafficking and activity-dependent secretion of BDNF (PMID:12553913)
• Ovarian levels of this factor are present in follicular fluid from normally cycling women. (PMID:12568867)
• Single base pair (bp) polymorphism at position 240 in non-coding region of BDNF gene and at position 480 within proBDNF sequence analyzed. Frequency of 240T allele found to be significantly increased in partial epilepsy patients. (PMID:12694935)
• This review discusses the importance of BDNF/neurotrophic tyrosine kinase type 2 receptor signaling pathway interactions in memory processes. (PMID:12719654)
• identified a functional cAMP-response element (CRE) in the BDNF gene promoter III and established that it participated in the modulation of BDNF expression in NT2/N neurons via downstream signaling from the D1 class of dopamine receptors. (PMID:12738784)
• Thirty minutes of moderate exercise significantly induced BDNF production in multiple sclerosis patients and controls, but no differential effects are seen. (PMID:12742659)
• mRNA for BDNF is detectable in PBMC. Levels in relapsing-remitting MS are increased by about 60% compared with patients with other neurological diseases or healthy subjects, suggesting a potentially neuroprotective facet of autoimmune inflammation. (PMID:12753507)
• Sequence variants of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene are strongly associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder. (PMID:12836135)
• Low BDNF levels may play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorders and antidepressants may increase BDNF in depressed patients. (PMID:12842310)
• reduction in BDNF in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenics, and suggests that intrinsic cortical neurons, afferent neurons, and target neurons may receive less trophic support in this disorder. (PMID:12851636)
• the BDNF Met66 variant may be a susceptibility factor to eating disorders, mainly to anorexia nervosa restricted type and low body mass index. (PMID:12888803)
• The relationship of the BDNF val66met genotype and hippocampal activity during episodic memory processing using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and a declarative memory task in healthy individuals was studied (PMID:12890761)
• Data suggest that activation of bronchial eosinophils by neurotrophins (nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophins-3 and -4) might play a role in the regulation of eosinophilic inflammation in allergic asthma. (PMID:12900521)
• Messenger RNA levels of BDNF and trk B were significantly reduced, independently and as a ratio to neuron-specific enolase, in both prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in suicide subjects, as compared with those in control subjects. (PMID:12912764)
• Observed immunohistochemical differences in BDNF between schizophrenic and normal cases may indicate the existence of BDNF dysfunction in schizophrenic brain, and this dysfunction may be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. (PMID:12921913)
• We investigated a novel polymorphism of single nucleotide substitution (C270T) of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene in schizophrenia patients (n=101) and in controls (n=68). (PMID:14623369)
• These results suggest that genetic variants of the BDNF gene may play a role in specific cognitive functions, but not in overall intelligence. (PMID:14730195)
• A strong association between the APOE-epsilon4 polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer’s was observed, but there was no significant association between this BNDF polymorphism and affected patients. (PMID:14997020)
• the current study does not demonstrate any significant difference in Val66Met BDNF genotype or allele frequencies between Alzheimer’s disease patients and controls (PMID:15084795)
• BDNF levels were progressively decreased by 1 Hz rTMS in healthy subjects; there was no effect of 1 Hz rTMS on BDNF plasma levels in ALS patients, an effect probably due to the loss of motor cortex pyramidal cells. (PMID:15094483)
• Study suggests that the BDNF 196G/A gene polymorphism might be associated with a susceptibility to eating disorders. (PMID:15108194)
• support for a role for BDNF in the susceptibility to aberrant eating behaviors (PMID:15115760)
• Data indicate the possibility of linkage disequilibrium between the C270T variation and a mutation in coding region of the BDNF gene and suggest that this gene may play a role in the development of familial Parkinson’s disease. (PMID:15120095)
• In nigra, increased numbers of BDNF-IR and, less frequently, NT-3-IR ramified glia surrounded fragmented neurons (PMID:15177062)
• Genetic factor other than BDNF is involved in the etiology of febrile seizures. (PMID:15279867)
• The variation in the BDNF gene (val66met)affects the anatomy of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, identifying a genetic mechanism of variation in brain morphology related to learning and memory. (PMID:15537879)
• This review focuses on the role of BDNF expression and secretion related to the structural and functional changes of hippocampal synapses during late-phase long term potentiation, in the context of long-term memory. (PMID:15541709)
• Monocytes, produce, store and release nerve growth factor, BDNF and neurotrophin 3 (PMID:15544837)
• The Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays an important role in synaptic plasticity and rapidly recruits full-length TrkB (TrkB-FL) receptor into cholesterol-rich lipid rafts from nonraft regions of neuronal plasma membranes. (PMID:15596541)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	bdnf	ENSDARG00000018817
mus_musculus	Bdnf	ENSMUSG00000048482
rattus_norvegicus	Bdnf	ENSRNOG00000047466

Paralogs (3): NGF (ENSG00000134259), NTF3 (ENSG00000185652), NTF4 (ENSG00000225950)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Neurotrophic factor BDNF precursor form — P23560 (reviewed: P23560)

Alternative names: Abrineurin, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

All UniProt accessions (3): P23560, A0A0E3SU01, E9PMP3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2. During development, promotes the survival and differentiation of selected neuronal populations of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Participates in axonal growth, pathfinding and in the modulation of dendritic growth and morphology. Major regulator of synaptic transmission and plasticity at adult synapses in many regions of the CNS. The versatility of BDNF is emphasized by its contribution to a range of adaptive neuronal responses including long-term potentiation (LTP), long-term depression (LTD), certain forms of short-term synaptic plasticity, as well as homeostatic regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability. Important signaling molecule that activates signaling cascades downstream of NTRK2. Activates signaling cascades via the heterodimeric receptor formed by NGFR and SORCS2. Signaling via NGFR and SORCS2 plays a role in synaptic plasticity and long-term depression (LTD). Binding to NGFR and SORCS2 promotes neuronal apoptosis. Promotes neuronal growth cone collapse.

Subunit / interactions. Monomers and homodimers. Binds to NTRK2/TRKB. Can form heterodimers with other neurotrophin family members, such as NTF3 and NTF4 (in vitro), but the physiological relevance of this is not clear. BDNF precursor form: interacts with the heterodimer formed by NGFR and SORCS2.

Subcellular location. Secreted Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Detected in blood plasma and in saliva (at protein level). Brain. Highly expressed in hippocampus, amygdala, cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Also expressed in heart, lung, skeletal muscle, testis, prostate and placenta.

Post-translational modifications. N-glycosylated and glycosulfated, contrary to mature BDNF. Mature BDNF is produced by proteolytic removal of the propeptide, catalyzed by a FURIN family member. In addition, the precursor form is proteolytically cleaved within the propeptide, but this is not an obligatory intermediate for the production of mature BDNF. Can be converted into mature BDNF by plasmin (PLG).

Similarity. Belongs to the NGF-beta family.

Isoforms (5)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P23560-1	1	yes
P23560-2	2
P23560-3	3
P23560-4	4
P23560-5	5

RefSeq proteins (17): NP_001137277, NP_001137278, NP_001137279, NP_001137280, NP_001137281, NP_001137282, NP_001137283, NP_001137284, NP_001137285, NP_001137286, NP_001137288, NP_001700, NP_733927, NP_733928, NP_733929, NP_733930, NP_733931 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002072	Nerve_growth_factor-rel	Domain
IPR019846	Nerve_growth_factor_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020408	Nerve_growth_factor-like	Family
IPR020430	Brain-der_neurotrophic_factor	Family
IPR029034	Cystine-knot_cytokine	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00243

UniProt features (32 total): strand 9, sequence variant 6, splice variant 4, disulfide bond 3, chain 2, helix 2, signal peptide 1, mutagenesis site 1, propeptide 1, turn 1, site 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1BND	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
1B8M	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.75

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P23560-F1	71.44	0.34

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 57–58 (cleavage; by mbtps1)

Disulfide bonds (3): 141–208, 186–237, 196–239

Glycosylation sites (1): 121

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (1):

Position	Phenotype
54	abolishes processing by mbtps1.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

28 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1257604	PIP3 activates AKT signaling
R-HSA-2219530	Constitutive Signaling by Aberrant PI3K in Cancer
R-HSA-6811558	PI5P, PP2A and IER3 Regulate PI3K/AKT Signaling
R-HSA-9022702	MECP2 regulates transcription of neuronal ligands
R-HSA-9024909	BDNF activates NTRK2 (TRKB) signaling
R-HSA-9026519	Activated NTRK2 signals through RAS
R-HSA-9026527	Activated NTRK2 signals through PLCG1
R-HSA-9028335	Activated NTRK2 signals through PI3K
R-HSA-9028731	Activated NTRK2 signals through FRS2 and FRS3
R-HSA-9032500	Activated NTRK2 signals through FYN
R-HSA-9032759	NTRK2 activates RAC1
R-HSA-9032845	Activated NTRK2 signals through CDK5
R-HSA-9768919	NPAS4 regulates expression of target genes
R-HSA-9022538	Loss of MECP2 binding ability to 5mC-DNA
R-HSA-162582	Signal Transduction
R-HSA-1643685	Disease
R-HSA-166520	Signaling by NTRKs
R-HSA-199418	Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network
R-HSA-212436	Generic Transcription Pathway
R-HSA-2219528	PI3K/AKT Signaling in Cancer
R-HSA-5663202	Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers
R-HSA-73857	RNA Polymerase II Transcription
R-HSA-74160	Gene expression (Transcription)
R-HSA-8986944	Transcriptional Regulation by MECP2
R-HSA-9006115	Signaling by NTRK2 (TRKB)
R-HSA-9006925	Intracellular signaling by second messengers
R-HSA-9006934	Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
R-HSA-9634815	Transcriptional Regulation by NPAS4

MSigDB gene sets: 562 (showing top): PID_SHP2_PATHWAY, AHRARNT_01, RNGTGGGC_UNKNOWN, MYAATNNNNNNNGGC_UNKNOWN, RRAGTTGT_UNKNOWN, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_NEURON_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, YAATNRNNNYNATT_UNKNOWN, FREAC2_01, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_COLLATERAL_SPROUTING, MODY_HIPPOCAMPUS_POSTNATAL, BUYTAERT_PHOTODYNAMIC_THERAPY_STRESS_DN, PAX4_01, TGCGCANK_UNKNOWN, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_STRIATED_MUSCLE_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, DACOSTA_UV_RESPONSE_VIA_ERCC3_XPCS_DN

GO Biological Process (19): cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway (GO:0007169), nervous system development (GO:0007399), axon guidance (GO:0007411), synapse assembly (GO:0007416), negative regulation of myotube differentiation (GO:0010832), positive regulation of neuron projection development (GO:0010976), nerve development (GO:0021675), brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway (GO:0031547), positive regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway (GO:0031550), nerve growth factor signaling pathway (GO:0038180), negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process (GO:0043524), collateral sprouting (GO:0048668), positive regulation of collateral sprouting (GO:0048672), neuron projection morphogenesis (GO:0048812), modulation of chemical synaptic transmission (GO:0050804), positive regulation of synapse assembly (GO:0051965), regulation of protein localization to cell surface (GO:2000008), negative regulation of apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:2001234), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (4): nerve growth factor receptor binding (GO:0005163), growth factor activity (GO:0008083), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (8): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), endoplasmic reticulum lumen (GO:0005788), synaptic vesicle (GO:0008021), axon (GO:0030424), dendrite (GO:0030425), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-12 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by NTRK2 (TRKB)	7
Intracellular signaling by second messengers	1
PI3K/AKT Signaling in Cancer	1
Negative regulation of the PI3K/AKT network	1
Transcriptional Regulation by MECP2	1
Activated NTRK2 signals through FYN	1
Transcriptional Regulation by NPAS4	1
Loss of function of MECP2 in Rett syndrome	1
Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases	1
PIP3 activates AKT signaling	1
RNA Polymerase II Transcription	1
Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
axonogenesis	2
nervous system development	2
neuron projection development	2
negative regulation of apoptotic process	2
neuron projection	2
enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway	1
system development	1
neuron projection guidance	1
cell junction assembly	1
synapse organization	1
regulation of myotube differentiation	1
myotube differentiation	1
negative regulation of striated muscle cell differentiation	1
regulation of neuron projection development	1
positive regulation of cell projection organization	1
anatomical structure development	1
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of signal transduction	1
brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway	1
regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway	1
neurotrophin signaling pathway	1
cellular response to nerve growth factor stimulus	1
regulation of neuron apoptotic process	1
neuron apoptotic process	1
developmental cell growth	1
developmental growth involved in morphogenesis	1
positive regulation of cell growth	1
positive regulation of developmental growth	1
collateral sprouting	1
regulation of collateral sprouting	1
positive regulation of axonogenesis	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection morphogenesis	1
chemical synaptic transmission	1
regulation of trans-synaptic signaling	1
synapse assembly	1
positive regulation of nervous system development	1
regulation of synapse assembly	1
positive regulation of cell junction assembly	1
regulation of protein localization	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

5490 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
BDNF	NTRK2	Q16620	999
BDNF	NTRK3	Q16288	999
BDNF	NTRK1	P04629	999
BDNF	NGFR	P08138	998
BDNF	SORT1	Q99523	995
BDNF	GDNF	P39905	963
BDNF	CREB1	P16220	956
BDNF	GFRA1	P56159	928
BDNF	SLC6A4	P31645	922
BDNF	COMT	P21964	920
BDNF	CNTF	P26441	916
BDNF	HTR2A	P28223	888
BDNF	MECP2	P51608	869
BDNF	GRIN2B	Q13224	867
BDNF	IGF1	P01343	860

IntAct

41 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
BDNF	NTF4	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.720
BDNF	NTF4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
BDNF	NTF4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.720
NTF4	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.720
NTF3	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.590
NTF3	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.590
C1orf54	EXTL3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SORT1	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
SORCS2	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
BDNF	H1-1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
BDNF	H2BC12L	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
BDNF	CREB3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
JUNB	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
BDNF	F11R	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
BDNF	INPP5K	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
AGO3	BDNF	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SHANK3	IGKV3D-15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CACNA1C	DISP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ATG16L1	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FTL	SH3PXD2B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLRD1	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
BRICD5	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LY86	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PTCH1	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NCR3	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MFAP4	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PDGFRA	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PRG2	QSOX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (56): NTF4 (Co-localization), BDNF (Reconstituted Complex), NTRK2 (Reconstituted Complex), NTF4 (FRET), BDNF (Affinity Capture-Luminescence), BDNF (FRET), NTF4 (Affinity Capture-Luminescence), BDNF (Two-hybrid), BDNF (Two-hybrid), BDNF (Two-hybrid), BDNF (Reconstituted Complex), HAP1 (Affinity Capture-Western), BDNF (Affinity Capture-Western), BDNF (Affinity Capture-Western), SORT1 (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: O18752, O18753, O18755, O70183, O97759, P05200, P14082, P18280, P20181, P20783, P21237, P23363, P23560, P24727, P25429, P25433, P25435, Q02193, Q06AV0, Q08DT3, Q0EAB7, Q1HN31, Q1HN32, Q1HN34, Q1HN36, Q1HN38, Q1HN40, Q1HN42, Q1X6Z5, Q1X6Z6, Q1X6Z7, Q1X6Z8, Q1X6Z9, Q1X702, Q1X704, Q1X705, Q1X706, Q1X707, Q1X708, Q1X710

Diamond homologs: A6MFL5, A6MFL6, A6MFL7, B8QCG6, F8RKW5, O18752, O18753, O18755, O70183, O73797, O93474, O97759, P01138, P01139, P01140, P05200, P0DMD1, P13600, P14082, P18280, P19093, P20181, P20675, P20783, P21237, P21617, P23363, P23560, P24727, P25427, P25428, P25429, P25433, P25435, P30894, P34128, P34129, P61898, P61899, Q02193

SIGNOR signaling

11 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
REST	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”
CREB1	“up-regulates quantity”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”
BDNF	up-regulates	Synaptic_plasticity
hsa-mir-204-5p	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	BDNF	“post transcriptional regulation”
BDNF	up-regulates	NTRK2	binding
MECP2	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”
OPTN	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”
KDM5C	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”
“MECP2/SIN3A/HDAC complex”	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”
ANKRD11	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	BDNF	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

151 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	2
Uncertain significance	75
Likely benign	47
Benign	14

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
521383	NM_001709.5(BDNF):c.502G>T (p.Glu168Ter)	Likely pathogenic
981928	NM_001709.5(BDNF):c.557G>A (p.Cys186Tyr)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

207 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
11:27658584:AAC:A	acceptor_loss	0.9800
11:27658585:ACTG:A	acceptor_loss	0.9800
11:27658586:C:A	acceptor_loss	0.9800
11:27658586:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
11:27658587:T:G	acceptor_loss	0.9800
11:27658585:ACTGT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9700
11:27658582:GGAA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9600
11:27658588:G:C	acceptor_gain	0.9600
11:27658584:AACTG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9500
11:27658586:CTGT:C	acceptor_gain	0.9400
11:27658601:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.9400
11:27658581:TGGAA:T	acceptor_gain	0.9300
11:27658583:GAA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9300
11:27658583:GAACT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9300
11:27658584:AA:A	acceptor_gain	0.9300
11:27658600:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9200
11:27659601:A:C	donor_gain	0.9200
11:27658514:CTTCA:C	acceptor_gain	0.9000
11:27658515:TTCAT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9000
11:27658525:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.8900
11:27659485:AAGT:A	donor_gain	0.8900
11:27658587:T:A	acceptor_gain	0.8800
11:27658518:A:C	acceptor_gain	0.8700
11:27658588:G:GC	acceptor_gain	0.8700
11:27658308:T:TA	donor_gain	0.8400
11:27658541:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.8300
11:27658582:GGAAC:G	acceptor_gain	0.7800
11:27657868:T:TA	donor_gain	0.7700
11:27658526:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.7400
11:27658518:A:AC	acceptor_gain	0.7300

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000040386 (11:27719144 G>C), RS1000047447 (11:27669041 C>T), RS1000117382 (11:27670950 A>C,G), RS1000149240 (11:27701973 C>A,T), RS1000172201 (11:27676422 T>A,C), RS1000218569 (11:27709228 G>GA), RS1000319220 (11:27716514 C>G,T), RS1000401717 (11:27667827 A>G), RS1000461962 (11:27674350 G>A,C), RS1000490706 (11:27660259 CTTTA>C), RS1000493366 (11:27684394 C>T), RS1000505068 (11:27723569 A>G), RS1000599574 (11:27723905 C>A), RS1000684622 (11:27714492 G>C), RS1000713247 (11:27682198 A>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:113505 | disease phenotypes: MIM:601665

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): inherited obesity (MONDO:0019182), obesity disorder (MONDO:0011122)

Orphanet (3): Genetic obesity (Orphanet:77828), Obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency (Orphanet:71529), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Non rare obesity (Orphanet:521399)

HPO phenotypes

28 total (28 of 28 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000028	Cryptorchidism
HP:0000062	Ambiguous genitalia
HP:0000232	Everted lower lip vermilion
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000347	Micrognathia
HP:0000364	Hearing abnormality
HP:0000501	Glaucoma
HP:0000505	Visual impairment
HP:0000508	Ptosis
HP:0000518	Cataract
HP:0000639	Nystagmus
HP:0001249	Intellectual disability
HP:0001250	Seizure
HP:0001252	Hypotonia
HP:0001513	Obesity
HP:0002093	Respiratory insufficiency
HP:0002251	Aganglionic megacolon
HP:0002270	Abnormality of the autonomic nervous system
HP:0002650	Scoliosis
HP:0003005	Ganglioneuroma
HP:0003006	Neuroblastoma
HP:0004322	Short stature
HP:0006747	Ganglioneuroblastoma
HP:0007299	Dysfunction of lateral corticospinal tracts
HP:0008053	Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the iris
HP:0100006	Neoplasm of the central nervous system
HP:0100543	Cognitive impairment
HP:0100627	Displacement of the urethral meatus

GWAS associations

110 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000296_12	Body mass index	9.000000e-10
GCST000296_13	Body mass index	8.000000e-06
GCST000296_7	Body mass index	5.000000e-10
GCST000299_4	Weight	2.000000e-07
GCST000299_5	Weight	4.000000e-09
GCST000299_6	Weight	3.000000e-06
GCST000666_2	Smoking behavior	2.000000e-08
GCST000830_12	Body mass index	5.000000e-26
GCST001130_1	Obesity	5.000000e-17
GCST001416_2	Body mass index (SNP x SNP interaction)	4.000000e-16
GCST001953_22	Obesity	3.000000e-22
GCST001953_50	Obesity	5.000000e-17
GCST001953_6	Obesity	6.000000e-11
GCST001955_7	Body mass index	6.000000e-10
GCST002461_9	Body mass index	2.000000e-20
GCST002650_5	Coffee consumption (cups per day)	6.000000e-07
GCST002783_435	Body mass index	7.000000e-30
GCST002783_5	Body mass index	2.000000e-15
GCST002783_510	Body mass index	6.000000e-28
GCST002783_84	Body mass index	5.000000e-19
GCST003177_20	Childhood body mass index	1.000000e-07
GCST003993_40	Menarche (age at onset)	1.000000e-09
GCST004065_62	Waist circumference	1.000000e-09
GCST004065_66	Waist circumference	3.000000e-17
GCST004065_71	Waist circumference	3.000000e-11
GCST004066_11	Hip circumference	1.000000e-09
GCST004066_113	Hip circumference	1.000000e-14
GCST004066_40	Hip circumference	4.000000e-07
GCST004280_44	Diastolic blood pressure	3.000000e-08
GCST004495_2	BMI (adjusted for smoking behaviour)	5.000000e-11

EFO canonical traits (27, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0004338	body weight
EFO:0004318	smoking behavior
EFO:0004330	coffee consumption
EFO:0006782	cups of coffee per day measurement
EFO:0004703	age at menarche
EFO:0006336	diastolic blood pressure
EFO:0008002	physical activity measurement
EFO:0006941	grip strength measurement
EFO:0009959	diverticular disease
EFO:0006335	systolic blood pressure
EFO:0008579	risk-taking behaviour
EFO:0008328	chronotype measurement
EFO:0005670	smoking initiation
EFO:0009282	sodium measurement
EFO:0007777	base metabolic rate measurement
EFO:0000195	metabolic syndrome
EFO:0006781	coffee consumption measurement
EFO:0004614	apolipoprotein A 1 measurement
EFO:0004612	high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0009819	comparative body size at age 10, self-reported
EFO:0010091	tea consumption measurement
EFO:0011018	brain-derived neurotrophic factor measurement
EFO:0004348	hematocrit
EFO:0004509	hemoglobin measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4523205 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

18 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs10835210	Dosage	3	methadone	Heroin Dependence;Opioid-Related Disorders
rs11030104	Efficacy	3	antipsychotics	Schizophrenia
rs1491850	Dosage	3	methadone	Heroin Dependence;Opioid-Related Disorders
rs16917234	Other	3	heroin	Heroin Dependence
rs61888800	Efficacy	3	antidepressants;desipramine;fluoxetine	Depression;Major Depressive Disorder
rs6265	Efficacy	3	paroxetine	Major Depressive Disorder
rs6265	Efficacy	3	antipsychotics	Schizophrenia
rs6265	Other	3	Analgesics;Antiinflammatory agents;non-steroids;Ergot alkaloids;opioids;sumatriptan
rs6265	Efficacy	3	olanzapine	Schizophrenia
rs6265	Toxicity	3	antipsychotics	Schizophrenia
rs6265	Efficacy	3	antidepressants;citalopram;paroxetine	Depressive Disorder
rs6265	Toxicity	3	methamphetamine	Methamphetamine dependence
rs6265	Toxicity	4	fluoxetine	Major Depressive Disorder
rs6265	Other	4	heroin;methamphetamine	Substance-Related Disorders
rs7103411	Efficacy	4	citalopram	Major Depressive Disorder
rs7124442	Efficacy	3	citalopram	Major Depressive Disorder
rs7934165	Dosage	3	methadone	Heroin Dependence;Opioid-Related Disorders
rs962369	Toxicity	3	escitalopram;nortriptyline	Major Depressive Disorder

PharmGKB variants

17 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs6265	BDNF, BDNF-AS	3	5.00	9	paroxetine;heroin;methamphetamine;fluoxetine;antidepressants;citalopram;paroxetine;methamphetamine;antipsychotics;olanzapine;Analgesics;Antiinflammatory agents;non-steroids;Ergot alkaloids;opioids;sumatriptan
rs962369	BDNF	3	2.50	1	escitalopram;nortriptyline
rs988748	BDNF		0.00	0
rs1491850	BDNF	3	0.00	1	methadone
rs1967554	BDNF, BDNF-AS		0.00	0
rs2030324	BDNF		0.00	0
rs7103411	BDNF, BDNF-AS	4	-0.50	1	citalopram
rs7124442	BDNF, BDNF-AS	3	0.75	1	citalopram
rs7127507	BDNF, BDNF-AS		0.00	0
rs7934165	BDNF	3	0.00	1	methadone
rs10835210	BDNF, BDNF-AS	3	0.00	1	methadone
rs11030104	BDNF, BDNF-AS	3	3.25	1	antipsychotics
rs11030118	BDNF, BDNF-AS		0.00	0
rs11030119	BDNF		0.00	0
rs61888800	BDNF	3	2.50	1	antidepressants;desipramine;fluoxetine
rs11030101	BDNF, BDNF-AS		0.00	0
rs16917234	BDNF, BDNF-AS	3	2.25	1	heroin

ChEMBL bioactivities

3 potent at pChembl≥5 of 3 total, top 3 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.81	Kd	155.5	nM	CHEMBL4436421
6.31	Kd	490.2	nM	CHEMBL4540967
6.18	Kd	659.1	nM	CHEMBL4552855

PubChem BioAssay actives

3 with measured affinity, of 6 total; 3 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5R,6R)-3-acetamido-2-(6-azidohexoxy)-5-sulfooxy-6-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-sulfooxy-6-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	1612774: Binding affinity to BDNF (unknown origin) by SPR assay	kd	0.1555	uM
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-(6-azidohexoxy)-5-hydroxy-6-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	1612774: Binding affinity to BDNF (unknown origin) by SPR assay	kd	0.4902	uM
(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-[(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-2-(6-azidohexoxy)-5-sulfooxy-6-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-5-sulfooxy-6-(sulfooxymethyl)oxan-4-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	1612774: Binding affinity to BDNF (unknown origin) by SPR assay	kd	0.6591	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

162 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases expression, increases methylation, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation, decreases expression	6
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases methylation, increases expression	6
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression, increases methylation	6
Methamphetamine	increases response to substance, increases expression, affects response to substance	4
Tretinoin	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression, increases reaction (+1 more)	4
arsenite	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression, increases methylation	3
sodium arsenite	increases expression, decreases expression, increases abundance	3
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	increases chemical synthesis, increases phosphorylation, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, decreases reaction	3
bisphenol S	decreases methylation, decreases expression, affects cotreatment	3
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression, increases expression	3
Paraquat	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases abundance, decreases secretion, increases expression	3
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium	decreases expression, increases expression, decreases reaction	3
sulforaphane	increases expression, increases reaction, decreases expression	2
staurosporine aglycone	increases phosphorylation, affects binding, decreases activity, decreases expression, decreases reaction (+1 more)	2
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	increases expression, increases phosphorylation, decreases reaction	2
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	2
Fulvestrant	decreases reaction, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation, decreases expression	2
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	2
Aluminum Hydroxide	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression, increases reaction, affects cotreatment	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression	2
Dexamethasone	decreases expression	2
Bucladesine	decreases reaction, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Chlorpyrifos	decreases activity, decreases reaction, increases activity, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Estradiol	decreases expression, increases expression, decreases reaction	2
Gallic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, decreases reaction, affects reaction, increases expression	2
Lithium	affects response to substance, increases response to substance, decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases abundance (+3 more)	2
Mercury	affects response to substance, decreases expression	2
Nicotine	affects response to substance, decreases reaction, increases secretion	2
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	decreases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	increases expression, decreases methylation	2

ChEMBL screening assays

2 unique, capped per target: 2 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4412187	Binding	Binding affinity to BDNF (unknown origin) by SPR assay	Unravel a neuroactive sHA sulfation pattern with neurogenesis activity by a library of defined oligosaccharides. — Eur J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

6 cell lines: 4 cancer cell line, 2 induced pluripotent stem cell

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B9E4	Abcam A-549 BDNF KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D7KZ	Ubigene A-549 BDNF KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D8HW	Ubigene HCT 116 BDNF KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D9YK	Ubigene HeLa BDNF KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_WP74	CIMHi004-A	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female
CVCL_WP75	CIMHi005-A	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00076362	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pediatric Hypothalamic Obesity
NCT00079547	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Safety and Effectiveness of Low and High Carbohydrate Diets
NCT00115063	PHASE4	TERMINATED	LOSS- Louisiana Obese Subjects Study
NCT00134303	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial Comparing Metformin Versus Placebo in Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Patients Receiving Bariatric Surgery for Obesity
NCT00143936	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Safety and Efficacy of Low and High Carbohydrate Diets
NCT00143962	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Two Approaches to Weight Loss Follow-Up Study
NCT00152360	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Xenical on Weight and Risk Factors
NCT00176306	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Levofloxacin Pharmacokinetics (PK) in the Severely Obese
NCT00203450	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zonegran for the Treatment of Weight Gain Associated With Psychotropic Medication Use: A Placebo-Controlled Trial
NCT00205504	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Oral Contraceptives in the Metabolic Syndrome
NCT00229229	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Comparison of 4 Diets in the Management of Overweight Patients With Vascular Disease
NCT00234988	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Phase IV, Multi-Center, Open-Label Trial of Sibutramine in Combination With a Hypocaloric Diet in Obese and Overweight Thai Subjects.
NCT00264589	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Exercise Training and Cardiovascular Function in Obesity and in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00288873	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Characterization of Hyperparathyroidism and Vitamin D Deficiency in Obesity
NCT00298857	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Pharmacokinetic Study to Compare the Dosing of Valproic Acid in Subjects With Different Body Weights
NCT00315146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Optimizing Body Composition for Function in Older Adults
NCT00319202	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clinical Trial to Assess the Effects of Candesartan on the Carbohydrate Metabolism of Obese Subjects
NCT00327912	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Laparoscopic Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD)- Duodenal Switch for Superobesity
NCT00352287	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Determine the Effects of Human Growth Hormone and Pioglitazone in Overweight, Prediabetic Adults
NCT00353054	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation on Body Weight and Fat Loss.
NCT00390637	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes)
NCT00415688	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lifestyle Modification for Obesity-Related Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00433641	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Weight Loss in Response to Sibutramine (MERIDIA) is Influenced by the Inherited Genes
NCT00440375	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Rosiglitazone on Bone in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women
NCT00453557	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Mechanism of Growth Hormone Effects on Adipose Tissue
NCT00456885	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Exenatide on Weight and Hunger in Obese, Healthy Women
NCT00463112	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Diet Plus Sibutramine on Hormonal and Metabolic Features in Overweight and Obese Women With PCOS
NCT00512187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Moderate Weight Loss Makes Obese Patients With Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis Responsive to Sub-Optimal Dose of Cyclosporine: an Investigator Blinded, Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial
NCT00516919	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Behavioral Weight Loss Therapy for Obesity and Binge Eating in Monolingual Hispanic Persons
NCT00522470	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Rosiglitazone on Serum Ghrelin and Peptide YY Levels
NCT00537810	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Binge Eating in Obese Patients in Primary Care
NCT00538486	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Control Trial Comparing Effects of Telmisartan, Candesartan and Amlodipine, Alone or Plus Metformin, on Non-Diabetic, Obese Hypertensive Patients
NCT00584389	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The Effect of Rimonabant on Energy Expenditure, Fat Metabolism and Body Composition
NCT00585182	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Weight-based Enoxaparin Dosing in Obese Medical Patients at Risk for DVT
NCT00632840	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacological Regulation of Fat Transport in Metabolic Syndrome
NCT00636142	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Infliximab on Insulin Sensitivity and Beta Cell Function in Insulin Resistant Human Obesity
NCT00675987	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Randomized Clinical Trial To Study Losartan On Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance In Obese Patients
NCT00694811	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Re-Feeding Duration on Weight Maintenance After Weight Loss With Very-Low-Energy Diets (VLEDs)
NCT00699413	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Supplements for Controlling Resistance to Insulin
NCT00729963	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sibutramine Versus Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Patients