BOLL

Summary

BOLL (boule RNA binding protein, HGNC:14273) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2q33.1, encoding Protein boule-like (Q8N9W6). Probable RNA-binding protein, which may be required during spermatogenesis.

This gene belongs to the DAZ gene family required for germ cell development. It encodes an RNA-binding protein which is more similar to Drosophila Boule than to human proteins encoded by genes DAZ (deleted in azoospermia) or DAZL (deleted in azoospermia-like). Loss of this gene function results in the absence of sperm in semen (azoospermia). Histological studies demonstrated that the primary defect is at the meiotic G2/M transition. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 66037 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 21
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 46 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_033030

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:14273
Approved symbol	BOLL
Name	boule RNA binding protein
Location	2q33.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	BOULE
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000152430
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	606165
Entrez	66037

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 5 protein_coding, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000321801, ENST00000392296, ENST00000430004, ENST00000433157, ENST00000434976, ENST00000468827, ENST00000486206, ENST00000696103

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_033030 NM_001284358, NM_001284361, NM_001284362, NM_033030, NM_197970

CCDS: CCDS2324, CCDS2325

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000392296 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002283182	197777059	197777113
ENSE00002316144	197775665	197775740
ENSE00003473014	197756428	197756556
ENSE00003505764	197781722	197781865
ENSE00003514990	197771855	197771982
ENSE00003539782	197778975	197779066
ENSE00003547716	197766532	197766603
ENSE00003578526	197743061	197743159
ENSE00003666160	197757353	197757400
ENSE00003902208	197726890	197728578
ENSE00003966008	197785056	197785319

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 75 present calls, max score 94.82.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.2853 / max 284.6346, expressed in 4 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
33100	0.0864	3
33102	0.0626	3
33098	0.0525	3
33097	0.0505	3
33099	0.0233	3
33101	0.0071	4
33103	0.0029	2

Top tissues by expression

201 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	94.82	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	94.70	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	94.57	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	93.91	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	92.00	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	90.15	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	81.34	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	78.14	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	77.96	silver quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	76.99	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	71.22	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	71.00	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	67.76	silver quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	67.18	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	66.45	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	65.25	silver quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	62.21	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	58.71	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	58.70	silver quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	58.27	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	54.49	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	54.34	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	54.23	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	53.93	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	53.52	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	51.65	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	50.25	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	47.03	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	44.69	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	44.64	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	3.71

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

114 targeting BOLL, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-4476	100.00	68.18	2030
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-302C-5P	99.97	72.56	3642
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-4487	99.96	64.58	1252
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-1-3P	99.93	72.35	1914
HSA-MIR-206	99.93	72.50	1893
HSA-MIR-3143	99.93	71.96	3104
HSA-MIR-10527-5P	99.91	72.28	3754
HSA-MIR-4648	99.91	67.00	710
HSA-MIR-613	99.91	71.50	1710
HSA-MIR-3671	99.90	73.04	3897

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 16)

• BOULE may encode a key conserved switch that regulates progression of germ cells through meiosis in men. (PMID:12499397)
• Role in spermatogenesis. Decreased DAZ proteins in spermatogenic failure may be due to germ cell loss. Transcription of BOULE, DAZL, and DAZ not altered in degrees of spermatogenic failure. No increase of DAZL or BOULE found in DAZ deletion. (PMID:15066460)
• Major group of infertile men with meiotic arrest lack BOULE protein and its putative target, CDC25A expression. Spermatogenic failure may arise from factor(s) upstream of BOULE possibly involved in regulating transcription and/or translation of BOULE. (PMID:15070965)
• BOULE coding sequence mutations are not an important factor in the aetiology of azoospermia. (PMID:15379971)
• mutations in BOULE can be eliminated as a major cause of impaired spermatogenesis. (PMID:15705409)
• Among the three BOULE isoforms, B2 might have the major role for meiotic completion. (PMID:17114206)
• expression of spermatogenic phenotypes of partial AZFc deletions is independent of the variations in DAZL and BOULE in the Han population (PMID:19342699)
• CDC25A is subject to translational control by BOLL, which is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism. (PMID:19417033)
• human DAZL (deleted in azoospermia-like) functions in primordial germ-cell formation, whereas closely related genes DAZ and BOULE (also called BOLL) promote later stages of meiosis and development of haploid gametes (PMID:19865085)
• Assessing the expression of both CDY1 and BOULE by qualitative RT-PCR is a sensitive and feasible test for predicting the presence of sperm cells in testicular tissue biopsies. (PMID:21474125)
• demonstrate that Boll is also transiently expressed during oogenesis in the fetal mouse ovary, but is simultaneously co-expressed within the same germ cells as Dazl (PMID:24086306)
• Our study demonstrated an oncogenic role of BOLL in CRC despite tumor-specific promoter hypermethylation. (PMID:25605553)
• hypermethylation of DAZL and BOULE promoters in human sperm is associated with human infertility (PMID:27358391)
• Four sterility-related genes, including BOLL, DDX4, HORMAD1, and MAEL, were found to have increased methylation at CpGs of the promoter regions and decreased mRNA expressions in nonobstructive azoospermia and hypospermatogenesis (HS) testis and are believed to be associated with HS. (PMID:28342926)
• Direct reprogramming of human Sertoli cells into male germline stem cells with the self-renewal and differentiation potentials via overexpressing DAZL/DAZ2/BOULE genes. (PMID:34653405)
• Novel Mutations Reduce Expression of Meiotic Regulators SYCE1 and BOLL in Testis of Azoospermic Men from West Bengal, India. (PMID:37957469)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Boll	ENSMUSG00000025977
rattus_norvegicus	Boll	ENSRNOG00000054379
drosophila_melanogaster	bol	FBGN0011206
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000935

Paralogs (5): DAZL (ENSG00000092345), DAZ3 (ENSG00000187191), DAZ1 (ENSG00000188120), DAZ4 (ENSG00000205916), DAZ2 (ENSG00000205944)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Protein boule-like — Q8N9W6 (reviewed: Q8N9W6)

All UniProt accessions (4): Q8N9W6, A0A8Q3WL03, F2Z2G3, F8WD91

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Probable RNA-binding protein, which may be required during spermatogenesis. May act by binding to the 3’-UTR of mRNAs and regulating their translation.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with DAZ1 and DAZL.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Testis specific. Not expressed in early embryos, primordial germ cells and spermatogonial cells. First expressed in the cytoplasm of spermatocytes and then persists through meiosis.

Similarity. Belongs to the RRM DAZ family.

Isoforms (5)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q8N9W6-1	1, BOULE2	yes
Q8N9W6-2	2
Q8N9W6-3	3, BOULE1
Q8N9W6-4	4, BOULE3
Q8N9W6-5	5

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001271287, NP_001271290, NP_001271291, NP_149019, NP_932074 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000504	RRM_dom	Domain
IPR012677	Nucleotide-bd_a/b_plait_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR035979	RBD_domain_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR043628	DAZ_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00076

UniProt features (11 total): splice variant 6, domain 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8N9W6-F1	64.18	0.25

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 118 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MRNA_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, ATACCTC_MIR202, GOBP_3_UTR_MEDIATED_MRNA_STABILIZATION, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_TRANSLATIONAL_INITIATION, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_TRANSLATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_TRANSLATIONAL_INITIATION, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, GOMF_TRANSLATION_REGULATOR_ACTIVITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, BROWN_MYELOID_CELL_DEVELOPMENT_UP, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION, WEBER_METHYLATED_HCP_IN_SPERM_UP, WEBER_METHYLATED_HCP_IN_FIBROBLAST_DN

GO Biological Process (6): spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), cell differentiation (GO:0030154), positive regulation of translational initiation (GO:0045948), meiotic cell cycle (GO:0051321), 3’-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization (GO:0070935), regulation of translation (GO:0006417)

GO Molecular Function (6): mRNA 3’-UTR binding (GO:0003730), translation activator activity (GO:0008494), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), RNA binding (GO:0003723), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (1): cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
positive regulation of translation	2
binding	2
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
cellular developmental process	1
translational initiation	1
regulation of translational initiation	1
cell cycle	1
sexual reproduction	1
reproductive process	1
meiotic nuclear division	1
mRNA stabilization	1
translation	1
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression	1
regulation of protein metabolic process	1
mRNA binding	1
translation regulator activity	1
protein binding	1
nucleic acid binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1798 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
BOLL	PUM2	Q8TB72	862
BOLL	DAZAP2	Q15038	835
BOLL	CDC25A	P30304	773
BOLL	PABPC1	P11940	759
BOLL	DDX4	Q9NQI0	759
BOLL	SYCP3	Q8IZU3	732
BOLL	ACR	P10323	652
BOLL	CDC25B	P30305	585
BOLL	TEKT1	Q969V4	574
BOLL	STRA8	Q7Z7C7	542
BOLL	NANOS3	P60323	520
BOLL	CPEB1	Q9BZB8	500
BOLL	GDF9	O60383	492
BOLL	CDC25C	P30307	487
BOLL	PRM2	P04554	480

IntAct

40 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ZNF385C	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
BOLL	ZNF385C	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
RBFOX2	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
BOLL	HNRNPLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
HNRNPLL	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
TFG	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.610
BOLL	TFG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.610
NPBWR2	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
C1orf94	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BOLL		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BOLL	RBPMS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BOLL	NPBWR2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BOLL	C1orf94	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RBPMS	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DAZ1	BOLL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.550

BioGRID (50): BOLL (Two-hybrid), BOLL (Two-hybrid), BOLL (Two-hybrid), BOLL (Two-hybrid), BOLL (Two-hybrid), C1orf94 (Two-hybrid), HNRNPLL (Two-hybrid), ZNF385C (Two-hybrid), UBA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), CDC20B (Affinity Capture-MS), ACY1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CDC20B (Affinity Capture-MS), UBA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACY1 (Affinity Capture-MS), BOLL (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A8M1NHK4, A0AV96, A4F5G6, A4IHD9, A6QPR6, B2RWS6, B3M3R5, B3NGA1, B4HUE4, B4IX08, B4KX02, B4LFQ9, B4MM23, B4PIS2, B4QRJ0, G0SB31, O43251, P11420, Q02926, Q09472, Q14671, Q21955, Q24207, Q29A33, Q2VB19, Q5R5P4, Q5R5X3, Q5R8K4, Q66H68, Q66JB7, Q7PMS9, Q7TSH6, Q7ZT82, Q7ZXV8, Q80U58, Q80U78, Q8BIF2, Q8MSV2, Q8N9W6, Q8R205

Diamond homologs: A0A0D1C8Z4, A1A5R1, A1D4K4, A2A5N3, A2Q848, A3LXL0, A4F5G6, A5DW14, A6NFN3, A6QPR6, F1QB54, F4HT49, O04319, O43251, P04147, P0CB38, P11940, P15771, P19682, P19683, P20965, P23246, P28644, P29341, P42731, P49313, P60824, P60825, P60826, P61286, P62995, P62996, P62997, P82277, Q04836, Q08935, Q08937, Q09511, Q0CR95, Q0VD23

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

46 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	38
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2056 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
2:197743055:TCTTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197743056:CTTAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197743057:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197743058:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197743059:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197743059:ACTTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197743060:C:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197743060:C:CA	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197743060:CTTTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197743155:TAAGG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197743158:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197743158:GGCTA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:197743159:GCTAT:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:197743160:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197743163:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197743163:T:TC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197756423:CATA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197756424:ATAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197756427:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
2:197756557:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197759010:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:197771853:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197771853:ACAGG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197771854:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197771854:CAGG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197771854:CAGGC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197775663:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197775664:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197775664:CGA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:197775676:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1822 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
2:197775694:G:T	A108E	1.000
2:197775709:A:G	L103P	1.000
2:197777096:A:G	F80S	1.000
2:197777102:A:T	V78D	1.000
2:197777104:G:C	F77L	1.000
2:197777104:G:T	F77L	1.000
2:197777105:A:C	F77C	1.000
2:197777105:A:G	F77S	1.000
2:197777106:A:C	F77V	1.000
2:197777106:A:G	F77L	1.000
2:197777108:C:T	G76D	1.000
2:197777112:A:C	Y75D	1.000
2:197777112:A:G	Y75H	1.000
2:197778975:C:T	G74E	1.000
2:197778977:T:A	K73N	1.000
2:197778977:T:G	K73N	1.000
2:197778978:T:A	K73I	1.000
2:197778979:T:C	K73E	1.000
2:197779026:C:T	G57E	1.000
2:197779050:A:G	L49S	1.000
2:197781735:C:T	G39E	1.000
2:197781738:C:T	G38E	1.000
2:197781741:A:T	V37E	1.000
2:197781743:A:C	F36L	1.000
2:197781743:A:T	F36L	1.000
2:197781744:A:C	F36C	1.000
2:197781744:A:G	F36S	1.000
2:197781745:A:C	F36V	1.000
2:197781745:A:G	F36L	1.000
2:197781750:C:G	R34P	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000015602 (2:197762966 G>A), RS1000030694 (2:197741056 A>G), RS1000122600 (2:197777436 T>A), RS1000161746 (2:197749012 C>T), RS1000167671 (2:197785405 G>A,C), RS1000171752 (2:197773933 A>C,T), RS1000264737 (2:197770929 A>G), RS1000286471 (2:197737800 C>G), RS1000305510 (2:197741046 C>T), RS1000311452 (2:197735144 G>A), RS1000329918 (2:197781321 C>T), RS1000418884 (2:197778756 T>C), RS1000432474 (2:197773586 G>A), RS1000485862 (2:197755929 C>G,T), RS1000585474 (2:197729104 G>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:606165 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

21 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000262_1	Intracranial aneurysm	4.000000e-08
GCST002539_41	Schizophrenia	2.000000e-11
GCST004132_35	Crohn’s disease	7.000000e-08
GCST004521_180	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	3.000000e-11
GCST004521_275	Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia	7.000000e-09
GCST005588_16	Idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy	9.000000e-06
GCST006803_21	Schizophrenia	4.000000e-13
GCST007293_117	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	1.000000e-06
GCST007293_18	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	2.000000e-07
GCST007293_44	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	8.000000e-11
GCST007294_108	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	4.000000e-06
GCST007294_27	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	3.000000e-09
GCST007565_194	Morning person	1.000000e-27
GCST009720_92	Asthma	3.000000e-08
GCST010698_25	Subcortical volume (min-P)	2.000000e-08
GCST010699_24	Brain morphology (min-P)	1.000000e-09
GCST010700_25	Cortical thickness (MOSTest)	2.000000e-10
GCST010701_25	Cortical surface area (MOSTest)	2.000000e-37
GCST010702_65	Subcortical volume (MOSTest)	1.000000e-11
GCST010703_197	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	1.000000e-11
GCST010730_2	Rheumatoid arthritis	2.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009094	idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy
EFO:0004341	body fat distribution
EFO:0008328	chronotype measurement
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0004840	cortical thickness

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

10 total (human), top 10 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
bisphenol S	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Irinotecan	affects cotreatment, increases response to substance	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Amiodarone	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation, increases methylation	1
Leucovorin	increases response to substance, affects cotreatment	1
Fluorouracil	affects cotreatment, increases response to substance	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.