BST2

Summary

BST2 (bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2, HGNC:1119) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19p13.11, encoding Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (Q10589). IFN-induced antiviral host restriction factor which efficiently blocks the release of diverse mammalian enveloped viruses by directly tethering nascent virions to the membranes of infected cells.

Bone marrow stromal cells are involved in the growth and development of B-cells. The specific function of the protein encoded by the bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 is undetermined; however, this protein may play a role in pre-B-cell growth and in rheumatoid arthritis.

Source: NCBI Gene 684 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 34 total
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 35 tissues, sQTL in 1 (q < 0.05)
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.01 (LoF-tolerant), LOEUF 0.97 (unconstrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_004335
• Interaction hub: 1,732 STRING partners (top 10% of genes corpus-wide)

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:1119
Approved symbol	BST2
Name	bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2
Location	19p13.11
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CD317, tetherin, BST-2, HM1.24
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000130303
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	600534
Entrez	684

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 18 — 14 protein_coding, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 retained_intron

MANE Select: ENST00000252593

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 1, TSL 2: 2

ENST00000252593, ENST00000527220, ENST00000533098, ENST00000860181, ENST00000860182, ENST00000860183, ENST00000860184, ENST00000860185, ENST00000860186, ENST00000982416, ENST00000982417, ENST00000982418, ENST00001010764, ENST00001100483, ENST00001118800, ENST00001128046, ENST00001131149, ENST00001141971

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_004335 NM_004335

CCDS: CCDS12358

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000252593 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000665591	17404371	17404437
ENSE00001257451	17402939	17403326
ENSE00001728588	17405291	17405630
ENSE00003635845	17403680	17403824
ENSE00003655252	17404129	17404189

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 272 present calls, max score 99.52.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 14.4462 / max 439.6829, expressed in 1137 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): adrenal gland, adrenal gland cortex, ovary, adrenal cortex, uterine tube.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

BST2 is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 35 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 1 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

showing 20 of 36 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Adipose Subcutaneous	eqtl	3.5e-20	+0.58	19:17407483:C:T
Artery Aorta	eqtl	3.8e-18	+0.61	19:17395367:T:C
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	eqtl	3.5e-15	+0.40	19:17395124:A:C
Adipose Visceral Omentum	eqtl	4.8e-14	+0.59	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Nerve Tibial	eqtl	1.0e-10	+0.67	19:17407483:C:T
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	2.6e-09	+0.33	19:17395367:T:C
Artery Tibial	eqtl	4.9e-09	+0.47	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	1.4e-08	+0.61	19:17407483:C:T
Heart Atrial Appendage	eqtl	6.0e-08	+0.74	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Cells EBV-transformed lymphocytes	eqtl	2.1e-07	+0.46	19:17407483:C:T
Colon Transverse	eqtl	4.1e-07	+0.45	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Colon Sigmoid	eqtl	1.2e-06	+0.84	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Pancreas	eqtl	1.5e-06	+0.70	19:17407483:C:T
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	eqtl	1.9e-06	+0.43	19:17407483:C:T
Brain Putamen basal ganglia	eqtl	1.3e-05	-1.31	19:17405817:C:T
Esophagus Muscularis	eqtl	1.7e-05	+0.57	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Testis	eqtl	6.4e-05	+0.32	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Muscle Skeletal	eqtl	7.3e-05	+0.42	19:17405591:A:AGCTGAAAG
Spleen	eqtl	3.0e-04	+0.25	19:17401421:A:AT
Heart Left Ventricle	eqtl	1.3e-03	+0.38	19:17403837:T:TGGG

FANTOM5 promoters

4 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
179864	13.3254	1107
179865	0.5942	323
179863	0.3707	192
208723	0.1559	69

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 295 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	99.52	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	99.51	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	99.49	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	99.49	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	99.47	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	99.45	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	99.44	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	98.93	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	98.89	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	98.74	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	98.62	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	98.49	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	98.48	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	98.44	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	98.44	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	98.35	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	98.35	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	98.07	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	98.05	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	98.02	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	97.79	gold quality
pericardium	UBERON:0002407	97.69	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	97.63	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	97.43	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	97.32	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	97.21	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	97.05	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	97.03	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	96.50	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	96.47	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	96.42	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	96.28	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	96.12	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	96.07	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	95.71	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	95.66	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	95.59	gold quality
peripheral nervous system	UBERON:0000010	95.25	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	95.25	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	95.15	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	95.10	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	94.79	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	94.62	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	94.55	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	94.45	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	94.43	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	94.38	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	94.37	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	94.34	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	94.33	gold quality
connective tissue	UBERON:0002384	94.29	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	94.28	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	94.15	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	94.08	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	94.07	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	93.62	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	93.57	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	93.55	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	93.54	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	93.48	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	93.46	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	93.29	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	93.28	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	93.16	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	93.08	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	93.04	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	93.04	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	92.84	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	92.69	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	92.66	gold quality
sigmoid colon	UBERON:0001159	92.50	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	92.46	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	92.42	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	92.26	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	92.22	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	92.16	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	92.11	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	92.06	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	91.92	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	91.73	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	91.71	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	91.67	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	91.61	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	91.54	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	91.43	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	91.28	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	91.24	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	91.19	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	91.16	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	91.15	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	91.11	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	90.96	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	90.92	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	90.88	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	90.82	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	90.74	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	90.73	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	90.69	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	90.55	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	89.82	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 31 experiment(s), a significant marker in 27.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-114530	yes	3321.36
E-GEOD-124472	yes	3199.59
E-HCAD-10	yes	2837.65
E-HCAD-24	yes	1563.71
E-ENAD-20	yes	1004.43
E-MTAB-8559	yes	845.71
E-HCAD-13	yes	418.66
E-HCAD-6	yes	403.04
E-MTAB-10018	yes	274.59
E-MTAB-10290	yes	215.14
E-MTAB-6701	yes	97.79
E-HCAD-4	yes	79.55
E-MTAB-10287	yes	71.79
E-MTAB-10553	yes	59.14
E-HCAD-1	yes	54.81

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Tissue enhanced

showing 60 of 79 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM	Protein (IHC)
Ovary	tissue	486.3	medium
Adrenal gland	tissue	261.7	high
Placenta	tissue	190.8	medium
Liver	tissue	183.5	low
Spleen	tissue	173.4	medium
Fallopian tube	tissue	153.3	medium
Adipose tissue	tissue	143.7	medium
Lymph node	tissue	119.9	high
Lung	tissue	116.9	high
Thymus	tissue	115.2
Gallbladder	tissue	102.5	medium
Seminal vesicle	tissue	99.2	high
Bone marrow	tissue	97.9	high
Appendix	tissue	90.1	medium
Vagina	tissue	85.0	low
Cervix	tissue	84.2	not detected
Urinary bladder	tissue	77.6	medium
Salivary gland	tissue	73.1	medium
Smooth muscle	tissue	70.9	medium
Tonsil	tissue	61.7	high
Breast	tissue	57.7	medium
Heart muscle	tissue	56.7	medium
Epididymis	tissue	56.1	high
Pituitary gland	tissue	55.9
Stomach 1	tissue	51.5	medium
Small intestine	tissue	48.2	medium
Tongue	tissue	47.5
Colon	tissue	45.5	medium
Duodenum	tissue	44.6	medium
Skeletal muscle	tissue	43.3	low
Prostate	tissue	42.0	medium
Endometrium 1	tissue	38.7	low
Kidney	tissue	35.5	high
Esophagus	tissue	34.1	not detected
Rectum	tissue	31.3	medium
Testis	tissue	27.5	high
Hippocampus	tissue	22.1	low
Pancreas	tissue	20.7	medium
Nucleus accumbens	tissue	18.9
Thyroid gland	tissue	17.3	low
Locus coeruleus	tissue	17.0
Choroid plexus	tissue	15.3
Parathyroid gland	tissue	12.9
Frontal cortex	tissue	11.5
Postcentral gyrus	tissue	10.9
Skin 1	tissue	9.9	low
Caudate putamen	tissue	9.1
Spinal cord	tissue	5.7
Superior colliculi	tissue	4.7
Substantia nigra	tissue	3.9
Medulla oblongata	tissue	3.3
Midbrain	tissue	3.1
Pons	tissue	2.8
Thalamus	tissue	2.8
Putamen	tissue	2.5
Olfactory bulb	tissue	2.1
Cerebral cortex	tissue	1.9	medium
Retina	tissue	1.9
Temporal cortex	tissue	1.9
Hypothalamus	tissue	1.8

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 192; highest nTPM — Blood vessel (107.6), Nucleus gracilis (57.5), Cervical spinal cord, dorsal horn (47.9), Dorsal motor vagal complex (44.3), Peritrigeminal nucleus (42.0).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ERCC6, GATA1, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, TFAP2A

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting BST2 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

6 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6756-5P	99.82	67.97	2466
HSA-MIR-6766-5P	99.68	67.70	2325
HSA-MIR-548AS-3P	99.12	69.12	2294
HSA-MIR-4518	98.12	66.82	1030
HSA-MIR-4469	97.93	65.81	1319
HSA-MIR-1266-5P	97.71	66.92	1052

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 0.0137, LOEUF 0.969, missense Z 1.19 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC): no regional variation along ENST00000252593 — one region, missense o/e 0.80.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• CD317 expression correlated with, and induced, a requirement for Vpu during HIV-1 and murine leukaemia virus particle release (PMID:18200009)
• CD317, a tetherin, is associated with antiviral activity; tetherin expression correlates with a requirement for the antiviral antagonist Vpu during HIV-1 virus particle release. (PMID:18200009)
• Interferon-alpha enhances BST2 expression and the antitumor activity of anti-CD317 monoclonal antibody in renal cell carcinoma xenogfraft models. (PMID:19032371)
• Tetherin inhibits the release of Lassa and Marburg virus from host cells. (PMID:19091864)
• Thus, CD317 provides a physical link between lipid rafts and the apical actin network in polarized epithelial cells and is crucial for the maintenance of microvilli in such cells. (PMID:19273615)
• HIV-1 Vpu suppresses the expression of the CD317 antiviral factor in human cells. (PMID:19286137)
• Results provide novel data indicating the BST2 protein expression is associated with the formation of bone metastases in human breast cancer and that BST2 may be a potential biomarker in breast cancer with bone metastasis. (PMID:19338666)
• Clathrin-dependent endocytosis of human CD317 from the cell surface lipid rafts is mediated by direct interaction with alpha-adaptin. (PMID:19359243)
• findings show that SIV Nef overcomes restriction by rhesus macaque & sooty mangabey tetherin, but not human tetherin; HIV-1 Vpu counteracts restriction by human tetherin, but is ineffective against macaque or mangabey tetherin (PMID:19436700)
• study provides evidence that tetherin is important in protecting against viral infection, and that the HIV-1 Vpu-mediated countermeasure is specifically adapted to act against human tetherin (PMID:19461879)
• Vpu antagonizes human BST-2 through interacting with the transmembrane domain of BST-2. (PMID:19474106)
• Vpu co-opts the beta-TrCP/SCF E3 ubiquitin ligase complex to induce endosomal trafficking events that remove BST-2 from its site of action as a virion-tethering factor. (PMID:19478868)
• hBST-2 has potential to suppress the release of Vpu-deficient HIV-1. hBST-2 can tether HIV-1 particles without the need of additional co-factor(s) that may be expressed exclusively in primates. (PMID:19490609)
• Vpu appears to interact with BST-2 in the trans-Golgi network or in early endosomes, leading to lysosomal degradation of BST-2. (PMID:19515779)
• Data show that BST2 directly binds to purified ILT7, initiates signaling via the ILT7-FcepsilonRIgamma complex, and regulates TLR7/9 responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (PMID:19564354)
• KSHV release is decreased in the absence of K5 in a BST2-dependent manner, suggesting that K5 contributes to the evasion of intracellular antiviral defense programs (PMID:19605472)
• Analysis of single, double, or triple cysteine mutants revealed that any one of three cysteine residues present in the BST-2 extracellular domain was sufficient for BST-2 dimerization, for inhibition of virus release, and sensitivity to Vpu. (PMID:19737401)
• HIV-2 envelope glycoprotein antagonism by intracellular sequestration (PMID:19740980)
• tetherin retains progeny virions on the cell surface by a mechanism other than dimerization (PMID:19742323)
• Results show that HIV-1 Vpu physically interacts with BST-2 through their mutual transmembrane domains and leads to the degradation of this host factor via a lysosomal, not proteasomal, pathway. (PMID:19837671)
• These observations emphasize the importance of tetherin in protecting mammals against viral infection and suggest that HIV-1 Vpu inhibitors may select active envelope mutants. (PMID:19864625)
• Study demonstrates, through mutational analyses and domain replacement experiments, that tetherin configuration rather than primary sequence is critical for antiviral activity. (PMID:19879838)
• Data show that human tetherin, recently described as an antiviral protein able to inhibit the release of enveloped viruses, and its porcine homologue can inhibit PERV release from producer cells. (PMID:20015985)
• BCA2 is a co-factor or enhancer for the tetherin-dependent restriction of HIV-1 release from infected cells. (PMID:20019814)
• The authors show that mutation of serine 52 to alanine (S52A) entirely disrupts Vpu-mediated degradation of CD4 and strongly impairs its ability to antagonize tetherin. (PMID:20078884)
• Data show that tetherin restricts particle release and does not require CAML for this effect. (PMID:20126395)
• tetherin is the physical tether linking HIV-1 virions and the plasma membrane. (PMID:20140192)
• CD317 localizes to the plasma membrane, to early and recycling endosomes, and to the trans-Golgi network and largely relocates to endosomes upon HIV-1 infection (PMID:20147389)
• These data show that HIV-1 Vpu can efficiently antagonize virion tethering in the absence of CD317 degradation. (PMID:20147395)
• incorporation of BST-2 into viral envelopes underlies its broad restrictive activity, whereas its relative exclusion from virions and sites of viral assembly by proteins such as HIV-1 Vpu may provide viral antagonism of restriction (PMID:20221443)
• Tetherin inhibits virus shedding during HIV1 infection. (PMID:20329562)
• The authors propose that the irregular coiled coil provides conformational flexibility, ensuring that BST-2/tetherin anchoring both in the plasma membrane and in the newly formed virus membrane is maintained during virus budding. (PMID:20399176)
• These findings suggest that Ebola virus GP uses a novel mechanism to circumvent tetherin restriction. (PMID:20444895)
• Combined evolutionary and functional studies have allowed reconstruction of the host-pathogen interactions that have shaped Tetherin and its lentivirus-encoded antagonists, including Vpu and Nef. (PMID:20444900)
• viral proteins such as HIV-1 Vpu, simian immunodeficiency virus Nef, and KSHV K5 counteract BST-2, thereby allowing mature virions to readily escape from infected cells (PMID:20485522)
• Both HIV-1 Vpu and HIV-2 Env redirect tetherin away from the cell surface and sequester the protein in a perinuclear compartment, which likely blocks the action of this cellular restriction factor. (PMID:20529266)
• Tetherin restricts productive HIV-1 cell-to-cell transmission. (PMID:20585562)
• TLR3 acativation by polyI:C resulted in inhibition of HIV infections in macrophages via induction of type 1 interferon antiviral factors, tetherin and APOBEC3G. (PMID:20636339)
• Elevated cellular levels of BST-2 inhibited the release of virus-like particles consisting of the matrix proteins of multiple highly virulent NIAID Priority Pathogens (PMID:20686043)
• siRNA-mediated knockdown of CD317 relieved a virion release restriction and markedly enhanced the egress of HIV-1, HIV-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in rat cells, including primary macrophages. (PMID:20702620)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Bst2	ENSMUSG00000046718
rattus_norvegicus	Bst2	ENSRNOG00000059900

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:1916800) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 9 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
abnormal liver morphology	1
small liver	1
enlarged spleen	1
enlarged lymph nodes	1
abnormal skin morphology	1
abnormal kidney morphology	1
small kidney	1
abnormal cell physiology	1
increased susceptibility to Retroviridae infection	1

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Cricetulus griseus	Q6WRU0	50.0%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
TMEM221	protein-coding	100130519
BISPR	ncRNA	105221694
NXNL1	protein-coding	115861
MVB12A	protein-coding	93343
CCDC194	protein-coding	110806280
PLVAP	protein-coding	83483
GTPBP3	protein-coding	84705

Protein

Protein identifiers

Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 — Q10589 (reviewed: Q10589)

Alternative names: HM1.24 antigen, Tetherin

All UniProt accessions (3): Q10589, A0A024R7H5, A0A7P0T9F9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. IFN-induced antiviral host restriction factor which efficiently blocks the release of diverse mammalian enveloped viruses by directly tethering nascent virions to the membranes of infected cells. Acts as a direct physical tether, holding virions to the cell membrane and linking virions to each other. The tethered virions can be internalized by endocytosis and subsequently degraded or they can remain on the cell surface. In either case, their spread as cell-free virions is restricted. Its target viruses belong to diverse families, including retroviridae: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs), equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), prototype foamy virus (PFV), Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV), human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), flavivirideae: hepatitis C virus (HCV), filoviridae: ebola virus (EBOV) and marburg virus (MARV), arenaviridae: lassa virus (LASV) and machupo virus (MACV), herpesviridae: kaposis sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), rhabdoviridae: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), orthomyxoviridae: influenza A virus, paramyxoviridae: nipah virus, and coronaviridae: SARS-CoV. Can inhibit cell surface proteolytic activity of MMP14 causing decreased activation of MMP15 which results in inhibition of cell growth and migration. Can stimulate signaling by LILRA4/ILT7 and consequently provide negative feedback to the production of IFN by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in response to viral infection. Plays a role in the organization of the subapical actin cytoskeleton in polarized epithelial cells. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 are both effective viral restriction factors but have differing antiviral and signaling activities. Isoform 2 is resistant to HIV-1 Vpu-mediated degradation and restricts HIV-1 viral budding in the presence of Vpu. Isoform 1 acts as an activator of NF-kappa-B and this activity is inhibited by isoform 2.

Subunit / interactions. Parallel homodimer; disulfide-linked. May form homotetramers under reducing conditions. Isoform 1 and isoform 2 form homodimers and also heterodimers with each other. Dimerization is essential for its antiviral activity. Interacts (via cytoplasmic domain) with ARHGAP44. Interacts with MMP14 (via C-terminal cytoplasmic tail). Interacts with LILRA4/ILT7. Interacts with RNF115. (Microbial infection) Interacts with ebola GP protein. (Microbial infection) Interacts (via transmembrane domain) with HIV-1 VPU (via transmembrane domain). (Microbial infection) Interacts with HIV-2 ENV. (Microbial infection) Interacts with SARS-CoV ORF7a protein. (Microbial infection) Interacts with rabies virus protein G.

Subcellular location. Golgi apparatus. trans-Golgi network. Cell membrane. Membrane raft. Cytoplasm. Apical cell membrane Golgi apparatus. Late endosome.

Tissue specificity. Predominantly expressed in liver, lung, heart and placenta. Lower levels in pancreas, kidney, skeletal muscle and brain. Overexpressed in multiple myeloma cells. Highly expressed during B-cell development, from pro-B precursors to plasma cells. Highly expressed on T-cells, monocytes, NK cells and dendritic cells (at protein level).

Post-translational modifications. Monoubiquitinated by KSHV E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase K5, leading to its targeting to late endosomes and degradation. The GPI anchor is essential for its antiviral activity. Heavily glycosylated.

Domain organisation. The extracellular coiled coil domain forms an extended 170 A long semi-flexible rod-like structure important for virion retention at the cell surface and prevention of virus spreading.

Induction. By type I interferons. (Microbial infection) Down-regulated by HIV-1 VPU protein. Antagonizes its function by targeting it to the trans-Golgi network, sequestering it away from virus assembly sites on the cell membrane. VPU also acts as an adapter molecule linking it to BTRC, a substrate recognition subunit of the Skp1/Cullin/F-box protein E3 ubiquitin ligase, inducing its ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. (Microbial infection) Down-regulated by HIV-2 ENV protein. Antagonizes its function by targeting it to the trans-Golgi network, sequestering it away from virus assembly sites on the cell membrane. (Microbial infection) Down-regulated by KSHV K5 protein. K5 ubiquitinates it leading to its targeting to late endosomes and degradation. (Microbial infection) Down-regulated by ebola virus GP protein. (Microbial infection) Made inactive by SARS-CoV ORF7a protein through impairing proper glycosylation. May be down-regulated by SARS-CoV Spike protein through lysosomal degradation pathway.

Miscellaneous. Tetherin shows evidence of positive (adaptive) selection, presumably as a result of evolutionary pressure applied by antagonistic viral proteins that counteract its inhibitiory activity and this has led to the species-specific tetherin sensitivity to viral countermeasures. For example, Tantalus monkey tetherin cannot be abrogated by HIV-1 VPU due to variation in the tetherin transmembrane region. Similarly, SIV Nefs are able to overcome simian tetherins, but not human tetherin, due to a unique 5-amino-acid deletion in the cytoplasmic tail domain of human tetherin. Produced by alternative initiation at Met-13 of isoform 1.

Similarity. Belongs to the tetherin family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q10589-1	1, l-Tetherin	yes
Q10589-2	2, s-Tetherin

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_004326* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR024886	BST2	Family

Pfam: PF16716

UniProt features (29 total): mutagenesis site 10, disulfide bond 3, topological domain 2, strand 2, glycosylation site 2, chain 1, propeptide 1, cross-link 1, splice variant 1, sequence variant 1, sequence conflict 1, helix 1, transmembrane region 1, coiled-coil region 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

15 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
7Q9A	MHC Class I A02 Allele presenting LLLGIGILVL, in complex with Mel5 TCR	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
3MQ7	Crystal Structure of Ectodomain Mutant of BST-2/Tetherin/CD317	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.28
3NWH	Crystal structure of BST2/Tetherin	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
2X7A	Structural basis of HIV-1 tethering to membranes by the Bst2-tetherin ectodomain	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.77
3MQ9	Crystal Structure of Ectodomain Mutant of BST-2/Tetherin/CD317 Fused to MBP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8
3MQC	Crystal Structure of Ectodomain of BST-2/Tetherin/CD317 (P21)	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8
4P6Z	Crystal structure of the human BST2 cytoplasmic domain and the HIV-1 Vpu cytoplasmic …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
3MQB	Crystal Structure of Ectodomain of BST-2/Tetherin/CD317 (C2)	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.2
2XG7	Crystal Structure of BST2-Tetherin Ectodomain expressed in HEK293T cells	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.45
6CM9	Structure of the cargo bound AP-1:Arf1:tetherin-Nef closed trimer monomeric subunit	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.73
6DFF	Structure of the cargo bound AP-1:Arf1:tetherin-Nef monomer	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.9
6D83	Structure of the cargo bound AP-1:Arf1:tetherin-Nef (L164A, L165A) dileucine mutant dimer …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.27
6D84	Structure of the cargo bound AP-1:Arf1:tetherin-Nef (L164A, L165A) dileucine mutant dimer	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.72
6CRI	Structure of the cargo bound AP-1:Arf1:tetherin-Nef stable closed trimer	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.8
2LK9	Structure of BST-2/Tetherin Transmembrane Domain	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q10589-F1	85.63	0.69

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: CD markers, Transporters, Transporter channels and pores, Predicted membrane proteins, Plasma proteins

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Subcellular location (HPA, imaging): golgi apparatus; vesicles

Antibody reliability (HPA): IH enhanced · IF supported

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2)

Type	Positions
Glycyl lysine isopeptide (lys-gly) (interchain with g-cter in ubiquitin)	18
Gpi-anchor amidated serine	161

Disulfide bonds (3)

Type	Positions
Interchain	63, 91, 53

Glycosylation sites (2)

Type	Positions
N-linked (glcnac…) asparagine	65, 92

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (10)

Position	Phenotype
3–5	partial resistance to vpu.
6	partial resistance to vpu and significantly reduced activation of nf-kb; when associated with a-8.
8	partial resistance to vpu and significantly reduced activation of nf-kb; when associated with a-6.
18	abolishes redistribution to late endosomes in cells expressing ksh virus e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase k5.
21	no effect on redistribution to late endosomes in cells expressing ksh virus e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase k5.
53	prevents homodimerization and inhibition of sars-cov, hcov-229e, and hiv-1 viral particles production ex vivo; when associated with a-63 …
63	prevents homodimerization and inhibition of sars-cov, hcov-229e, and hiv-1 viral particles production ex vivo; when associated with a-53 …
65	loss of glycosylation site.
91	prevents homodimerization and inhibition of sars-cov, hcov-229e, and hiv-1 viral particles production ex vivo; when associated with a-53 …
92	loss of glycosylation site. impairs anti-viral activity.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 curated (TAS) of 13; 7 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

13 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-9692916	SARS-CoV-1 activates/modulates innate immune responses ⚕	curated
R-HSA-909733	Interferon alpha/beta signaling	curated
R-HSA-6798695	Neutrophil degranulation	curated
R-HSA-1643685	Disease ⚕	—
R-HSA-5663205	Infectious disease ⚕	—
R-HSA-9679506	SARS-CoV Infections ⚕	—
R-HSA-9678108	SARS-CoV-1 Infection ⚕	—
R-HSA-9692914	SARS-CoV-1-host interactions ⚕	—
R-HSA-9824446	Viral Infection Pathways ⚕	—
R-HSA-1280215	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	—
R-HSA-168256	Immune System	—
R-HSA-168249	Innate Immune System	—
R-HSA-913531	Interferon Signaling	—

MSigDB gene sets: 431 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8_TCELL_UP, MODULE_92, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, GOBP_B_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOCC_VACUOLAR_MEMBRANE, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, MODULE_151, BECKER_TAMOXIFEN_RESISTANCE_UP, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PRODUCTION_OF_MOLECULAR_MEDIATOR_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_MEDIATED_IMMUNITY, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_GROWTH, MODULE_64

GO Biological Process (16): negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production (GO:0002737), response to virus (GO:0009615), negative regulation of cell growth (GO:0030308), negative regulation of cell migration (GO:0030336), regulation of actin cytoskeleton organization (GO:0032956), response to type II interferon (GO:0034341), response to interferon-alpha (GO:0035455), response to interferon-beta (GO:0035456), B cell activation (GO:0042113), positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043123), negative regulation of viral genome replication (GO:0045071), innate immune response (GO:0045087), defense response to virus (GO:0051607), positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation (GO:0070665), negative regulation of intracellular transport of viral material (GO:1901253), immune system process (GO:0002376)

GO Molecular Function (5): RNA binding (GO:0003723), metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0008191), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein homodimerization activity (GO:0042803), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (12): multivesicular body (GO:0005771), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), cell surface (GO:0009986), membrane (GO:0016020), apical plasma membrane (GO:0016324), azurophil granule membrane (GO:0035577), membrane raft (GO:0045121), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), side of membrane (GO:0098552), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), late endosome (GO:0005770)

Reactome top-level categories

10 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Immune System	2
Innate Immune System	1
Interferon Signaling	1
SARS-CoV-1-host interactions	1
Disease	1
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	1
SARS-CoV Infections	1
Viral Infection Pathways	1
SARS-CoV-1 Infection	1
Infectious disease	1

GO top-level categories

58 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
response to cytokine	3
membrane	2
plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production	1
negative regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production	1
regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production	1
response to other organism	1
regulation of cell growth	1
cell growth	1
negative regulation of growth	1
negative regulation of cellular process	1
cell migration	1
regulation of cell migration	1
negative regulation of cell motility	1
actin cytoskeleton organization	1
regulation of actin filament-based process	1
regulation of cytoskeleton organization	1
innate immune response	1
lymphocyte activation	1
canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
viral genome replication	1
regulation of viral genome replication	1
negative regulation of viral process	1
immune response	1
defense response to symbiont	1
defense response	1
response to virus	1
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	1
leukocyte proliferation	1
regulation of leukocyte proliferation	1
intracellular transport of virus	1
regulation of intracellular transport of viral material	1
negative regulation of viral life cycle	1
biological_process	1
nucleic acid binding	1
metalloendopeptidase activity	1
endopeptidase inhibitor activity	1
protein binding	1
identical protein binding	1
protein dimerization activity	1
binding	1
late endosome	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
cell periphery	1
apical part of cell	1
plasma membrane region	1
lysosomal membrane	1
secretory granule membrane	1
azurophil granule	1
membrane microdomain	1
extracellular vesicle	1
leaflet of membrane bilayer	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
endosome	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 18 of 33 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

18 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
defense response to virus	BP	direct assay
innate immune response	BP	direct assay
negative regulation of cell growth	BP	direct assay
negative regulation of cell migration	BP	direct assay
negative regulation of intracellular transport of viral material	BP	direct assay
negative regulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell cytokine production	BP	direct assay
negative regulation of viral genome replication	BP	direct assay
response to virus	BP	direct assay
Golgi apparatus	CC	direct assay
cell surface	CC	mutant phenotype
extracellular exosome	CC	high-throughput assay
membrane	CC	high-throughput assay
multivesicular body	CC	mutant phenotype
plasma membrane	CC	direct assay
RNA binding	MF	high-throughput assay
identical protein binding	MF	physical interaction
metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity	MF	direct assay
protein homodimerization activity	MF	physical interaction

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 1,732 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
BST2	APOBEC3G	Q9HC16	865
BST2	TRIM5	Q9C035	798
BST2	SAMHD1	Q9Y3Z3	759
BST2	PLVAP	Q9BX97	745
BST2	CAMLG	P49069	725
BST2	RIGI	O95786	713
BST2	MX2	P20592	702
BST2	ISG15	P05161	681
BST2	RSAD2	Q8WXG1	669
BST2	MX1	P20591	655
BST2	IFNA13	P01562	654
BST2	CD4	P01730	651
BST2	LILRA4	P59901	638
BST2	IFI35	P80217	632
BST2	SERINC5	Q86VE9	631

IntAct

Human interaction partners of BST2 in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

8 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
LILRA4	direct interaction	0.680	3
CD81	physical association	0.560	3
GP	physical association	0.520	2
RBBP5	physical association	0.400	1
RPL14	physical association	0.400	1
HAGH	physical association	0.370	1
HARS2	physical association	0.370	1
DPM1	association	0.350	1

BioGRID (76 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): BTRC (Affinity Capture-Western; 2 records), CHMP4B (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), ABL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ABL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANLN (Affinity Capture-MS), BMPR1A (Proximity Label-MS), BSG (Proximity Label-MS), CALCOCO2 (Affinity Capture-Western), CAPZA2 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD81 (Two-hybrid), CYB5R3 (Co-fractionation), DONSON (Affinity Capture-MS), DPM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ECT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), EGFR (Proximity Label-MS)

Ligand–receptor pairs (CellPhoneDB) (1)

Curated ligand–receptor partners (cell-cell communication), distinct from the protein–protein interactions above.

1 ligand–receptor pairs:

Partner	This gene’s role	Signaling class
LILRA4	ligand

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for BST2: 34 ClinVar records (0 pathogenic / likely pathogenic).

ClinVar

34 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	20
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 27 predictions of 265):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
19:17405289–17405290	donor_loss	1.0000	4
19:17403825–17403826	acceptor_loss	0.9900	5
19:17403829	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:17404193	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:17404198	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:17404951	donor_gain	0.9900
19:17405290	donor_loss	0.9900
19:17403678–17403679	donor_loss	0.9800	5
19:17403830	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:17404127–17404129	donor_loss	0.9800	7

AlphaMissense

152 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 1,160 scored), across 73 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
C53	6	0.724	0.840
C63	6	0.710	0.845
F81	5	0.813	0.888
G56	5	0.784	0.878
I120	5	0.783	0.942
S50	5	0.753	0.810
L127	4	0.856	0.986
G38	4	0.827	0.938
F44	4	0.827	0.893
L116	4	0.792	0.963
R138	4	0.722	0.815
N65	4	0.715	0.757
L123	3	0.822	0.920
L98	3	0.811	0.946
T67	3	0.750	0.925
G27	3	0.731	0.754
M99	3	0.722	0.722
N141	3	0.696	0.809
M61	3	0.661	0.661
Q128	3	0.660	0.821

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Low cancer specificity

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

1 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Testicular Germ Cell Tumor (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.000645

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:600534 | disease phenotypes:

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL6067079 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

1 measured of 1 human assays (2 total across all organisms); most potent 1 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
CHEMBL5653589	KD	1440 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

2 potent at pChembl≥5 of 3 total, top 2 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.67	Kd	215.9	nM	CHEMBL3752910
6.67	ED50	215.9	nM	CHEMBL3752910

PubChem BioAssay actives

1 with measured affinity, of 4 total; 1 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-methyl-3-[(1-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2147961: Binding affinity to human BST2 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.2159	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

73 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation	5
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	4
Estradiol	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression	4
Tretinoin	affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	4
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	3
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	3
Cyclosporine	decreases expression, increases expression	3
mercuric bromide	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	2
Resveratrol	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, decreases expression	2
Methotrexate	affects response to substance, decreases expression	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
3,19-(2-bromobenzylidene)andrographolide	decreases response to substance, increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects expression	1
kojic acid	decreases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	decreases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
nickel chloride	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
chloroquine diphosphate	decreases expression	1
nickel sulfate	increases expression	1
hydroquinone	decreases expression	1
pentanal	increases expression	1
tamibarotene	affects expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1 unique, capped per target: 1 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL5651003	Binding	Binding affinity to human BST2 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	NVP-BHG712: Effects of Regioisomers on the Affinity and Selectivity toward the EPHrin Family. — *ChemMedChem*

Cellosaurus cell lines

5 cell lines: 3 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line, 1 spontaneously immortalized cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B1BT	Abcam A-431 BST2 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_D9AC	Ubigene HEK293 BST2 KO	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_SF88	HAP1 BST2 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SF89	HAP1 BST2 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_WL54	Teth-CRFK	Spontaneously immortalized cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Predicted chemistry — Sugi Predict

The predicted patent-compound landscape for BST2 across ~30M SureChEMBL compounds — explore on Sugi Predict.