CACUL1

Summary

CACUL1 (CDK2 associated cullin domain 1, HGNC:23727) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 10q26.11, encoding CDK2-associated and cullin domain-containing protein 1 (Q86Y37). Cell cycle associated protein capable of promoting cell proliferation through the activation of CDK2 at the G1/S phase transition.

Enables protein kinase binding activity. Involved in G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; and positive regulation of protein kinase activity.

Source: NCBI Gene 143384 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 62 total — 1 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 2
• MANE Select transcript: NM_153810

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:23727
Approved symbol	CACUL1
Name	CDK2 associated cullin domain 1
Location	10q26.11
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ40409, MGC33215, CAC1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000151893
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	618764
Entrez	143384

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 5 protein_coding, 4 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000369151, ENST00000477583, ENST00000481360, ENST00000489169, ENST00000490610, ENST00000493518, ENST00000544392, ENST00000911131, ENST00000911132, ENST00000921890, ENST00000947728

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_153810 NM_153810

CCDS: CCDS41570

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000369151 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001002298	118729295	118729397
ENSE00001383860	118754396	118754970
ENSE00001448929	118676411	118686168
ENSE00003466171	118686598	118686641
ENSE00003471367	118691265	118691403
ENSE00003474443	118701306	118701408
ENSE00003607724	118730284	118730410
ENSE00003623785	118695141	118695230
ENSE00003678955	118707492	118707587

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 254 present calls, max score 95.40.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 54.2516 / max 951.9878, expressed in 1820 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
111639	36.0393	1817
111638	11.1091	1772
111637	7.0574	1631
111640	0.0395	8
111641	0.0063	4

Top tissues by expression

256 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	95.40	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	95.20	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	94.95	silver quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	94.56	silver quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	94.31	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	94.29	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	94.16	silver quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	93.89	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	93.79	silver quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	93.50	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	93.09	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	93.06	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	92.66	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	92.65	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	92.58	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	92.48	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	92.37	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	92.22	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	91.88	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	91.87	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	91.80	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	91.75	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	91.72	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	91.55	silver quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	91.50	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	91.25	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	91.05	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	91.01	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	90.92	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	90.91	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-112	no	2.59
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

276 targeting CACUL1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6748-5P	100.00	65.81	1057
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-3925-3P	100.00	69.95	1237
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-4476	100.00	68.18	2030
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-19A-3P	99.98	75.33	2762
HSA-MIR-19B-3P	99.98	75.44	2754
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-1468-3P	99.96	72.74	3797
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-23C	99.95	73.92	3192

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 14)

• CAC1 is a novel cell cycle associated protein capable of promoting cell proliferation. (PMID:19829063)
• CAC1 is an important factor for the protection of cells against amyloid beta toxicity and oxidative stress in Alzheimer’s disease. (PMID:22415352)
• miR-199a-5p can regulate CAC1 and function as a tumor suppressor in colorectal cancer. (PMID:22903020)
• CAC1 is a novel corepressor of RARalpha that cooperates with HDACs and is involved in the regulation of RA-induced cellular differentiation. (PMID:22982681)
• Data suggest that CAC1, in association with LSD1 (lysine-specific histone demethylase 1), functions as a corepressor of estrogen receptor alpha and may be involved in drug resistance in breast cancer. (PMID:23178685)
• High CAC1 expression is associated with cisplatin resistance in gastric cancer. (PMID:23311997)
• CAC1 promoted the proliferation of human lung cancer A549 cells with activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathways. (PMID:23806693)
• H. pylori-triggered CACUL1 production occurred in an activating protein 1-dependent manner and regulated matrix metalloproteinase 9 and Slug expression to affect the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. (PMID:24004834)
• silencing CACUL1 resulted in the same effects of miR-106a* overexpression in esophageal carcinoma cells, including suppressed esophageal carcinoma cell proliferation and blocked G1/S transition through CDK2 pathway by inhibiting cell cycle regulators. (PMID:26314198)
• Suggest that CACUL1 impairs LSD1-mediated activation of AR, thereby implicating it as a potential antitumor target in prostate cancer cells. (PMID:27085459)
• These data suggest that CACUL1 is a novel regulator that negatively controls p53 activity through the regulation of PML SUMOylation. (PMID:27889610)
• CAC1 plays an important role in the occurrence and promotion of antineoplastic drug resistance in colorectal cancer. CAC1 knockdown resulted in decreased P-glycoprotein and MRP-1 protein expression. (PMID:31504073)
• CDK-associated Cullin 1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Inhibits Cell Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma. (PMID:34080964)
• The Skp1-Cullin1-FBXO1 complex is a pleiotropic regulator required for the formation of gametes and motile forms in Plasmodium berghei. (PMID:36898988)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	cacul1	ENSDARG00000021885
mus_musculus	Cacul1	ENSMUSG00000033417
rattus_norvegicus	Cacul1	ENSRNOG00000009954

Paralogs (7): CUL3 (ENSG00000036257), CUL1 (ENSG00000055130), CUL2 (ENSG00000108094), CUL4A (ENSG00000139842), CUL4B (ENSG00000158290), CUL5 (ENSG00000166266), ANAPC2 (ENSG00000176248)

Protein

Protein identifiers

CDK2-associated and cullin domain-containing protein 1 — Q86Y37 (reviewed: Q86Y37)

Alternative names: Cdk-associated cullin 1

All UniProt accessions (1): Q86Y37

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cell cycle associated protein capable of promoting cell proliferation through the activation of CDK2 at the G1/S phase transition.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with CDK2.

Tissue specificity. Ubiquitously expressed with highest expression in the mammary gland and large intestine. Highly expressed in cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. During cell cycle progression expression is high in G1/S, low in the middle of S phase, and increases again in S/G2 phase.

Similarity. Belongs to the cullin family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q86Y37-1	1	yes
Q86Y37-2	2
Q86Y37-4	4

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_722517* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001373	Cullin_N	Domain
IPR016159	Cullin_repeat-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR042652	CACUL1	Family

Pfam: PF00888

UniProt features (8 total): splice variant 3, region of interest 2, compositionally biased region 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q86Y37-F1	74.25	0.54

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 236 (showing top): GGGACCA_MIR133A_MIR133B, TGCGCANK_UNKNOWN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PHOSPHORYLATION, TGCTGCT_MIR15A_MIR16_MIR15B_MIR195_MIR424_MIR497, TGCACTT_MIR519C_MIR519B_MIR519A, GOBP_CELL_CYCLE_PHASE_TRANSITION, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_TRANSFERASE_ACTIVITY, USF_C, RODRIGUES_NTN1_TARGETS_DN, GTGCCTT_MIR506, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CATALYTIC_ACTIVITY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_MOLECULAR_FUNCTION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_PHOSPHORUS_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CELL_CYCLE_G1_S_PHASE_TRANSITION

GO Biological Process (4): G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle (GO:0000082), ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0006511), positive regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0008284), positive regulation of protein kinase activity (GO:0045860)

GO Molecular Function (3): protein kinase binding (GO:0019901), ubiquitin protein ligase binding (GO:0031625), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (0):

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
mitotic cell cycle	1
mitotic cell cycle phase transition	1
cell cycle G1/S phase transition	1
protein ubiquitination	1
modification-dependent protein catabolic process	1
cell population proliferation	1
regulation of cell population proliferation	1
positive regulation of cellular process	1
positive regulation of protein phosphorylation	1
protein kinase activity	1
positive regulation of kinase activity	1
regulation of protein kinase activity	1
kinase binding	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding	1
binding	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1802 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CACUL1	RARA	P10276	496
CACUL1	CARD10	Q9BWT7	469
CACUL1	NSUN4	Q96CB9	435
CACUL1	JMJD8	Q96S16	421
CACUL1	EFCAB14	O75071	417
CACUL1	MYSM1	Q5VVJ2	397
CACUL1	CDC27	P30260	367
CACUL1	CDK2	P24941	358
CACUL1	VARS1	P26640	348
CACUL1	TIAL1	Q01085	321
CACUL1	LURAP1L	Q8IV03	319
CACUL1	PDIK1L	Q8N165	312
CACUL1	DDB1	Q16531	311
CACUL1	MMP19	Q99542	311
CACUL1	AVL9	Q8NBF6	311
CACUL1	ELOC	Q15369	311

IntAct

15 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KPNA6	RNMT	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
CACUL1	ESR1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.570
ESR1	CACUL1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.570
CACUL1	ESR1	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.570
KBTBD4	KPNA5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CACUL1	KDM1A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PSMA2	PSMD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CACUL1	H2BC17	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLHL34	IFT56	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CACUL1	AMY1A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (29): AR (Affinity Capture-Western), CACUL1 (Affinity Capture-Western), AR (Reconstituted Complex), CACUL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CACUL1 (Affinity Capture-Western), CACUL1 (Affinity Capture-Western), CACUL1 (Two-hybrid), CACUL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CACUL1 (Proximity Label-MS), CACUL1 (Synthetic Lethality), CACUL1 (Proximity Label-MS), CACUL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CSNK1G3 (Affinity Capture-MS), MICAL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HIST1H2BO (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2VDN6, B5DF11, O46606, O88878, O95628, P17863, P29084, P29540, P59326, P70445, Q02614, Q0VCZ3, Q14919, Q15459, Q15650, Q2KJF9, Q2YDP3, Q3T0U1, Q5BJY3, Q5F3N6, Q5JSJ4, Q5R6F1, Q5RDF5, Q5ZJ85, Q60544, Q69ZT9, Q6DGQ4, Q6PI98, Q80ZQ5, Q86VZ6, Q86Y37, Q8BHA0, Q8BND4, Q8BT14, Q8K1N4, Q8K4Z5, Q8NEL9, Q8VYN2, Q8VYZ0, Q92560

Diamond homologs: Q5XI53, Q86Y37, Q8R0X2

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

62 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	43
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
147279	GRCh38/hg38 10q26.11(chr10:118330136-118685873)x3	Pathogenic
816822	NM_153810.5(CACUL1):c.910_911del (p.Leu304fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

2104 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
10:118686001:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
10:118691399:CCACT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118691400:CACT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118691400:CACTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118691402:CT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118691404:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118701299:TACTT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118701300:ACT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118701301:CT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118701304:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:118701305:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:118701305:C:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118701305:CG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:118701409:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118707487:CTT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118707488:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118707489:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118707490:ACCA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118707587:CCT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
10:118707588:CT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
10:118707589:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
10:118729393:CACAA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118729395:CAA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:118730279:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118730280:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118730281:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118730282:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:118730282:A:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:118730283:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:118730283:C:CG	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2438 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
10:118691376:A:G	F305S	1.000
10:118691401:A:G	W297R	1.000
10:118691401:A:T	W297R	1.000
10:118695149:A:G	L293P	1.000
10:118695158:A:G	L290P	1.000
10:118695224:A:G	L268P	1.000
10:118701311:A:G	L264P	1.000
10:118701335:A:T	V256D	1.000
10:118701347:A:G	F252S	1.000
10:118701359:A:G	L248P	1.000
10:118701359:A:T	L248H	1.000
10:118701371:A:G	L244S	1.000
10:118701383:A:G	L240P	1.000
10:118701385:C:A	K239N	1.000
10:118701385:C:G	K239N	1.000
10:118701395:A:T	I236N	1.000
10:118701399:A:C	Y235D	1.000
10:118701400:A:C	F234L	1.000
10:118701400:A:T	F234L	1.000
10:118701401:A:C	F234C	1.000
10:118701401:A:G	F234S	1.000
10:118701402:A:G	F234L	1.000
10:118701402:A:T	F234I	1.000
10:118701403:C:A	K233N	1.000
10:118701403:C:G	K233N	1.000
10:118701404:T:A	K233M	1.000
10:118701405:T:C	K233E	1.000
10:118701406:A:C	N232K	1.000
10:118701406:A:T	N232K	1.000
10:118707492:C:A	M231I	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000003107 (10:118756305 A>G), RS1000016455 (10:118726442 C>A,G,T), RS1000099418 (10:118745122 T>A), RS1000108586 (10:118676095 G>A), RS1000132132 (10:118698702 G>T), RS1000132911 (10:118682281 T>A), RS1000184969 (10:118732937 C>G), RS1000236536 (10:118754552 T>C), RS1000351814 (10:118746253 C>T), RS1000368354 (10:118694773 C>T), RS1000419897 (10:118739962 T>A,C,G), RS1000420577 (10:118694472 C>G,T), RS1000463398 (10:118748656 T>G), RS1000492548 (10:118726590 G>A), RS1000525949 (10:118693813 G>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:618764 | disease phenotypes: MIM:603047

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (3): coloboma (MONDO:0001476), astigmatism (MONDO:0011284), patent foramen ovale (MONDO:0020439)

Orphanet (2): OBSOLETE: Ocular coloboma (Orphanet:194), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Patent foramen ovale (Orphanet:99108)

HPO phenotypes

2 total (2 of 2 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000483	Astigmatism
HP:0001655	Patent foramen ovale

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST007490_19	Anthropometric traits (multi-trait analysis)	4.000000e-13
GCST008163_285	Height	1.000000e-06
GCST90011900_46	Serum alkaline phosphatase levels	3.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004324	body weights and measures
EFO:0004533	alkaline phosphatase measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (3)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001251	Astigmatism	C11.744.212
D003103	Coloboma	C11.250.110; C11.270.147; C16.131.384.282
D054092	Foramen Ovale, Patent	C14.240.400.560.375.258; C14.280.400.560.375.258; C16.131.240.400.560.375.258

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

24 total (human), top 24 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	increases abundance, increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases methylation	1
methylparaben	increases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	decreases methylation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
torcetrapib	increases expression	1
jinfukang	decreases expression	1
8-Hydroxy-2’-Deoxyguanosine	affects abundance, affects response to substance, increases abundance	1
Air Pollutants	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Arsenic	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Methapyrilene	decreases methylation	1
Ozone	increases abundance, affects expression	1
Testosterone	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Triclosan	affects abundance, affects response to substance, increases abundance	1
Urethane	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Endocrine Disruptors	affects abundance, affects response to substance, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00770094	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Multi Laser Platform Comparison Study for LASIK
NCT00821236	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Contralateral Comparison of Three Excimer Laser Systems in Performing LASIK
NCT00825513	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Effectiveness of the Akreos Toric Intraocular Lens.
NCT01018797	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Intrastromal Corneal Ring for High Astigmatism on Postkeratoplasty
NCT01279031	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Randomized Comparison of the Abbott WHITESTAR Signature System With Ellips Tranversal Ultrasound vs. the Alcon Infiniti With the Ozil Torsional Handpiece in Phacoemulsification: A Contralaterally-Controlled Trial
NCT01396616	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Clinical Evaluation of Toric Intraocular Lens Made by Aurolab
NCT01454843	PHASE4	COMPLETED	LASIK Using the Alcon Allegretto Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser vs AMO Visx Wavefront-Guided Excimer Laser
NCT01554761	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effect of Posterior Corneal Toricity on Refractive Outcome of Pseudophakia
NCT01885780	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prospective Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Femtosecond Laser-assisted Refractive Astigmatic Keratotomy.
NCT04208750	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Investigation of the Vision-R800 Device.
NCT04283331	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Anesthetic Impregnated Bandage Soft Contact Lens (BSCL) in Pain Management After Photorefractive Keratectomy (PRK)
NCT04321226	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Femtosecond Laser-assisted Astigmatism Treatment
NCT04418986	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Incisional Correction of Corneal Astigmatism During Phacoemulsification
NCT07140653	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Arcuate Incisions With Light Adjustable Lens for Astigmatism Correction in Lens Surgery
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NCT01333761	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Cardiox Shunt Detection Technology Study
NCT01773252	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Right to Left Cardiac Shunt Detection
NCT05213104	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Assessment of Flecainide to Lower the Patent Foramen Ovale Closure Risk of Atrial Arrhythmia or Tachycardia
NCT05387954	PHASE3	RECRUITING	PFO Closure, Oral Anticoagulants or Antiplatelet Therapy After PFO-associated Stroke in Patients Aged 60 to 80 Years
NCT00505570	PHASE2	TERMINATED	PRIMA PFO Migraine Trial
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NCT06896357	PHASE1	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Effectiveness and Safety of Limbal Relaxing Incisions for Correcting Post Phacoemulsification High Astigmatism
NCT00368004	Not specified	TERMINATED	Family Studies of Uveal Coloboma
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NCT04833361	Not specified	COMPLETED	Potential Environmental Causes of Uveal Coloboma
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NCT06742541	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	ICL and LASIK for Hyperopic Astigmatism
NCT00347997	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Effectiveness of the 217z Laser With Zyoptix for Lasik