CCDC93

Summary

CCDC93 (CCC complex scaffolding subunit CCDC93, HGNC:25611) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2q14.1, encoding Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 93 (Q567U6). Component of the commander complex that is essential for endosomal recycling of transmembrane cargos; the commander complex is composed of composed of the CCC subcomplex and the retriever subcomplex.

Involved in Golgi to plasma membrane transport and endocytic recycling. Located in intracellular membrane-bounded organelle.

Source: NCBI Gene 54520 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 12
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 114 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_019044

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:25611
Approved symbol	CCDC93
Name	CCC complex scaffolding subunit CCDC93
Location	2q14.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ10996
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000125633
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	620553
Entrez	54520

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 18 — 11 protein_coding, 5 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000319432, ENST00000376300, ENST00000437999, ENST00000460781, ENST00000466171, ENST00000470650, ENST00000474006, ENST00000474546, ENST00000488908, ENST00000884938, ENST00000884939, ENST00000884940, ENST00000926449, ENST00000926450, ENST00000951763, ENST00000951764, ENST00000951765, ENST00000951766

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_019044 NM_019044

CCDS: CCDS2121

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000376300 — 24 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000857044	117945529	117945582
ENSE00000857045	117946811	117946882
ENSE00000857046	117948105	117948186
ENSE00000963694	117958365	117958481
ENSE00001130888	118000821	118000932
ENSE00001470257	118006722	118006816
ENSE00001470264	118008545	118008658
ENSE00003476726	117936702	117936739
ENSE00003501811	117939029	117939111
ENSE00003559509	117977994	117978030
ENSE00003582463	117935495	117935579
ENSE00003585356	117995446	117995502
ENSE00003597780	117974850	117974900
ENSE00003603950	117931037	117931150
ENSE00003609352	117973908	117973994
ENSE00003631214	117985969	117986069
ENSE00003639421	117996264	117996362
ENSE00003641937	117949322	117949395
ENSE00003644166	117941189	117941297
ENSE00003647395	117952373	117952435
ENSE00003655122	117975188	117975280
ENSE00003665483	117944024	117944086
ENSE00003843098	117915481	117920396
ENSE00003849439	118013954	118014070

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 291 present calls, max score 96.60.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 23.0050 / max 228.4067, expressed in 1805 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
30369	20.1155	1795
30370	2.4066	1263
30371	0.4829	270

Top tissues by expression

295 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	96.60	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	95.34	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	93.36	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	92.15	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	92.05	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	92.01	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	91.92	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	91.55	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	91.43	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	91.30	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	91.18	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	90.95	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	90.74	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	90.68	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	90.60	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	90.44	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	90.24	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	90.24	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	89.96	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	89.89	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	89.79	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	89.76	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	89.72	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	89.72	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	89.69	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	89.68	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	89.67	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	89.66	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	89.62	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	89.62	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	9.42

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

153 targeting CCDC93, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-7110-3P	100.00	73.18	2486
HSA-MIR-4283	100.00	66.42	2097
HSA-MIR-8485	100.00	77.57	4731
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-3120-5P	100.00	65.56	965
HSA-MIR-5193	100.00	67.26	1744
HSA-MIR-1184	99.99	68.19	1458
HSA-MIR-4500	99.99	72.72	2367
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-433-3P	99.98	69.37	1203
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-4715-3P	99.98	66.03	670
HSA-MIR-507	99.97	70.11	1915
HSA-MIR-3065-5P	99.97	71.56	3281
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-557	99.96	70.01	1640
HSA-MIR-493-5P	99.96	72.47	2382
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-LET-7D-5P	99.96	71.76	1632
HSA-MIR-4458	99.96	71.64	1650
HSA-MIR-548AB	99.95	71.31	3488
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-548A-5P	99.94	71.27	3482
HSA-MIR-548AD-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AE-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AK	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AM-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AP-5P	99.94	71.14	3489

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• A common variant in CCDC93 protects against myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality by regulating endosomal trafficking of low-density lipoprotein receptor. (PMID:31630160)
• Genetic variation in CCDC93 is associated with elevated central systolic blood pressure, impaired arterial relaxation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. (PMID:39250516)

Cross-species orthologs

7 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ccdc93	ENSDARG00000040678
mus_musculus	Ccdc93	ENSMUSG00000026339
rattus_norvegicus	Ccdc93	ENSRNOG00000002514
drosophila_melanogaster	fidipidine	FBGN0025519
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00007846
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00007847
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00015815

Protein

Protein identifiers

Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 93 — Q567U6 (reviewed: Q567U6)

All UniProt accessions (3): Q567U6, F8W9X7, H7C050

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Component of the commander complex that is essential for endosomal recycling of transmembrane cargos; the commander complex is composed of composed of the CCC subcomplex and the retriever subcomplex. Component of the CCC complex, which is involved in the regulation of endosomal recycling of surface proteins, including integrins, signaling receptor and channels. The CCC complex associates with SNX17, retriever and WASH complexes to prevent lysosomal degradation and promote cell surface recycling of numerous cargos such as integrins ITGA5:ITGB1. Involved in copper-dependent ATP7A trafficking between the trans-Golgi network and vesicles in the cell periphery; the function is proposed to depend on its association within the CCC complex and cooperation with the WASH complex on early endosomes and is dependent on its interaction with WASHC2C. (Microbial infection) The CCC complex, in collaboration with the heterotrimeric retriever complex, mediates the exit of human papillomavirus to the cell surface.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the commander complex consisting of the CCC subcomplex and the retriever subcomplex. Component of the CCC (COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93) subcomplex consisting of COMMD1, COMMD2, COMMD3, COMMD4, COMMD5, COMMD6, COMMD7, COMMD8, COMMD9, COMMD10, CCDC22 and CCDC93. Forms a coiled-coil heterodimer with CCDC22; this heterodimer interacts with the guanine nucleotide exchange factor DENND10; the interaction is direct. Interacts with WASHC1. Interacts directly with WASHC2C. Interacts with SNX17 and SNX31.

Subcellular location. Early endosome.

Similarity. Belongs to the CCDC93 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_061917* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR019159	CCDC93_CC	Domain
IPR039116	CCDC93	Family
IPR048747	CCDC93_N	Domain

Pfam: PF09762, PF21673

UniProt features (36 total): helix 11, region of interest 5, sequence variant 5, modified residue 3, strand 3, mutagenesis site 2, sequence conflict 2, compositionally biased region 2, chain 1, turn 1, coiled-coil region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8P0W	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
8F2U	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.53
8P0V	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.5
8P0X	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	7.5

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q567U6-F1	78.49	0.32

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (3): 301, 305, 298

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

Position	Phenotype
406	impairs interaction with dennd10.
410	impairs interaction with dennd10.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 154 (showing top): GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, ACTACCT_MIR196A_MIR196B, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_BLOOD_PRESSURE, GOBP_CIRCULATORY_SYSTEM_PROCESS, GOBP_ARTERY_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_VESICLE_MEDIATED_TRANSPORT, GOBP_MONOCARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GGGTGGRR_PAX4_03, MONNIER_POSTRADIATION_TUMOR_ESCAPE_UP, PATIL_LIVER_CANCER, GOBP_AORTA_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_GOLGI_TO_PLASMA_MEMBRANE_TRANSPORT, ONKEN_UVEAL_MELANOMA_UP, GOBP_IN_UTERO_EMBRYONIC_DEVELOPMENT

GO Biological Process (3): Golgi to plasma membrane transport (GO:0006893), protein transport (GO:0015031), endocytic recycling (GO:0032456)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): early endosome (GO:0005769), endosome (GO:0005768)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
vesicle-mediated transport to the plasma membrane	2
post-Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	1
transport	1
intracellular protein localization	1
establishment of protein localization	1
endosomal transport	1
binding	1
endosome	1
endomembrane system	1
cytoplasmic vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

734 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CCDC93	CCDC22	O60826	998
CCDC93	VPS35L	Q7Z3J2	981
CCDC93	COMMD1	Q8N668	918
CCDC93	VPS26C	O14972	913
CCDC93	COMMD9	Q9P000	834
CCDC93	SNX17	Q15036	757
CCDC93	WASHC2A	Q641Q2	752
CCDC93	WASHC2C	Q9Y4E1	723
CCDC93	COMMD6	Q7Z4G1	708
CCDC93	COMMD10	Q9Y6G5	668
CCDC93	WASHC1	A8K0Z3	658
CCDC93	VPS29	Q9UBQ0	636
CCDC93	WASHC3	Q9Y3C0	621
CCDC93	WASHC5	Q12768	611
CCDC93	COMMD5	Q9GZQ3	566

IntAct

177 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
COMMD1	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.970
CCDC22	CCDC93	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.960
CCDC93	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.960
CCDC93	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.960
CCDC93	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.960
CCDC22	CCDC93	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.960
CCDC22	CCDC93	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.960
COMMD2	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.930
COMMD5	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.930
VPS35L	CCDC22	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.900
COMMD1	CCDC93	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.900
COMMD1	CCDC93	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.900

BioGRID (179): CCDC93 (Two-hybrid), KRT40 (Two-hybrid), NOTCH2NL (Two-hybrid), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-Western), CCDC22 (Affinity Capture-Western), C16orf62 (Affinity Capture-Western), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-Western), COMMD1 (Affinity Capture-Western), COMMD6 (Affinity Capture-Western), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-Western), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCDC93 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCDC22 (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A7RNG8, B0WTU5, F1RKB1, O14777, O35594, O60826, P58501, P83829, P86182, Q16VW9, Q17QH9, Q28G12, Q3T0L1, Q3TDD9, Q4QQS3, Q4R630, Q4R6I5, Q4R8Y5, Q4V909, Q502W7, Q567U6, Q5BJT7, Q5XIR8, Q5ZKI4, Q640U7, Q68CZ6, Q6DCY9, Q6GQI5, Q6IR70, Q6PA15, Q6ZMI0, Q753N1, Q76I89, Q7PZ96, Q7TQK5, Q8CDN8, Q8I145, Q8I1C8, Q8I1H7, Q8LDS5

Diamond homologs: Q54CV3, Q567U6, Q5BJT7, Q5ZKI4, Q640U7, Q6GQI5, Q7TQK5

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 97 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Regulation of PTEN gene transcription	5	13.7×	5e-03
Neddylation	11	8.0×	3e-05

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
Golgi to plasma membrane transport	5	33.0×	8e-05
endocytic recycling	10	31.5×	3e-10
retrograde transport, endosome to Golgi	6	14.5×	4e-04
protein transport	12	6.2×	8e-05

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

114 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	90
Likely benign	1
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

4340 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
2:117935513:AATT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117936700:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117936701:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117936735:CTAAT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117939112:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117941187:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117941188:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117941188:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117944085:TCCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:117944087:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:117944087:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117944088:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:117945527:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117945528:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117945528:CGT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117946902:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117946904:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117946904:T:TC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117948098:CACT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:117948099:ACTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:117948100:CT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:117948101:TT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:117948102:T:TG	donor_loss	1.0000
2:117948103:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117948103:AC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:117948104:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117948104:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117948104:CTCGA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:117948182:GGATA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:117948183:GATA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4162 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
2:117996358:A:G	L123P	1.000
2:117996362:A:G	W122R	1.000
2:117996362:A:T	W122R	1.000
2:118006798:A:G	W59R	1.000
2:118006798:A:T	W59R	1.000
2:118006806:C:T	G56E	1.000
2:118006807:C:G	G56R	1.000
2:118006807:C:T	G56R	1.000
2:118006809:C:T	G55E	1.000
2:118008588:C:T	G38E	1.000
2:118008589:C:A	G38W	1.000
2:117941230:A:G	L494P	0.999
2:117996347:C:G	A127P	0.999
2:117996360:C:A	W122C	0.999
2:117996360:C:G	W122C	0.999
2:118000828:A:T	V119D	0.999
2:118000837:A:T	I116K	0.999
2:118000855:C:T	G110E	0.999
2:118000856:C:A	G110W	0.999
2:118000856:C:G	G110R	0.999
2:118000856:C:T	G110R	0.999
2:118000861:A:C	I108S	0.999
2:118000861:A:T	I108N	0.999
2:118000864:T:G	Q107P	0.999
2:118000868:G:C	H106D	0.999
2:118000889:A:G	C99R	0.999
2:118000927:A:G	L86P	0.999
2:118006722:A:T	I84K	0.999
2:118006731:C:T	G81D	0.999
2:118006751:A:C	F74L	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000022072 (2:118012946 T>A), RS1000031782 (2:117978321 T>C), RS1000042314 (2:117992155 C>T), RS1000072122 (2:117927642 T>A,C), RS1000101817 (2:117970579 G>A), RS1000118731 (2:118013090 A>G), RS1000199773 (2:117995732 G>A), RS1000214571 (2:117920921 T>C), RS1000220382 (2:117959527 A>G), RS1000245487 (2:117945687 C>T), RS1000257723 (2:117988903 G>C), RS1000275221 (2:117952536 A>G), RS1000297596 (2:117976123 A>G), RS1000319968 (2:117915352 C>T), RS1000342311 (2:117965539 T>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:620553 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

12 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001168_2	Recombination measurement	3.000000e-08
GCST006613_17	Triglycerides	1.000000e-08
GCST008077_17	LDL cholesterol levels	1.000000e-09
GCST008077_66	LDL cholesterol levels	2.000000e-09
GCST008078_113	LDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (regular vs non-regular drinkers) interaction (2df)	2.000000e-12
GCST008078_20	LDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (regular vs non-regular drinkers) interaction (2df)	4.000000e-12
GCST008079_149	LDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) interaction (2df)	5.000000e-16
GCST008079_16	LDL cholesterol levels x alcohol consumption (drinkers vs non-drinkers) interaction (2df)	6.000000e-15
GCST008086_43	LDL cholesterol levels in current drinkers	1.000000e-09
GCST008086_62	LDL cholesterol levels in current drinkers	5.000000e-10
GCST009936_22	Venous thromboembolism	4.000000e-06
GCST011347_17	Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels	1.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005919	recombination measurement
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0004611	low density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0004329	alcohol drinking

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

39 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases expression	2
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
FR900359	decreases phosphorylation	1
2,4,6-tribromophenol	increases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
arsenite	decreases reaction, affects binding	1
isobutyl alcohol	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment	1
tamibarotene	decreases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
pentabrominated diphenyl ether 100	decreases expression	1
PCI 5002	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Calcitriol	increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Ethyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Gasoline	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Rotenone	decreases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	increases expression	1
Theophylline	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.