CD180

gene
On this page

Also known as RP105Ly78

Summary

CD180 (CD180 molecule, HGNC:6726) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q12.3, encoding CD180 antigen (Q99467). Pattern recognition receptor predominantly expressed on B-cells, dendritic cells, and certain monocytes/macrophages, structurally resembling Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that plays a role in modulating immune responses.

CD180 is a cell surface molecule consisting of extracellular leucine-rich repeats (LRR) and a short cytoplasmic tail. The extracellular LRR is associated with a molecule called MD-1 and form the cell surface receptor complex, RP105/MD-1. It belongs to the family of pathogen receptors, Toll-like receptors (TLR). RP105/MD1, by working in concert with TLR4, controls B cell recognition and signaling of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a membrane constituent of Gram-negative bacteria.

Source: NCBI Gene 4064 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 3
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 106 total
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_005582

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:6726
Approved symbolCD180
NameCD180 molecule
Location5q12.3
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesRP105, Ly78
Ensembl geneENSG00000134061
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM602226
Entrez4064

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 1 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000256447, ENST00000515027

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_005582 NM_005582

CCDS: CCDS3992

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000256447 — 3 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000007504516718585167186017
ENSE000008371386717961367184585
ENSE000008371396719655267196799

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 157 present calls, max score 86.70.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 5.8438 / max 446.0082, expressed in 413 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
619715.8438413

Top tissues by expression

279 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
pancreatic ductal cellCL:000207986.70silver quality
lymph nodeUBERON:000002985.69gold quality
leukocyteCL:000073885.47gold quality
monocyteCL:000057685.44gold quality
mononuclear cellCL:000084285.26gold quality
granulocyteCL:000009483.26gold quality
spleenUBERON:000210680.90gold quality
vermiform appendixUBERON:000115480.21gold quality
bone marrow cellCL:000209277.46gold quality
bone marrowUBERON:000237176.87gold quality
caecumUBERON:000115376.48gold quality
bloodUBERON:000017876.18gold quality
superficial temporal arteryUBERON:000161474.85silver quality
trabecular bone tissueUBERON:000248374.50silver quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testisCL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:000047374.35silver quality
tonsilUBERON:000237273.43gold quality
triceps brachiiUBERON:000150970.19gold quality
gluteal muscleUBERON:000200070.07gold quality
ileal mucosaUBERON:000033169.83silver quality
rectumUBERON:000105269.68gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynxUBERON:000195169.66silver quality
olfactory bulbUBERON:000226467.90gold quality
type B pancreatic cellCL:000016967.63gold quality
upper arm skinUBERON:000426367.39gold quality
placentaUBERON:000198766.73gold quality
periodontal ligamentUBERON:000826666.25gold quality
diaphragmUBERON:000110366.07gold quality
smooth muscle tissueUBERON:000113565.99gold quality
buccal mucosa cellCL:000233665.93gold quality
gall bladderUBERON:000211065.60gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3yes9.70
E-CURD-89no109.68

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

28 targeting CD180, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-569699.9872.364487
HSA-MIR-335-3P99.9373.364958
HSA-MIR-6835-3P99.9370.492904
HSA-MIR-627-3P99.9071.423316
HSA-MIR-548E-5P99.8972.734486
HSA-MIR-579-3P99.8671.663628
HSA-MIR-444799.8567.812900
HSA-MIR-664B-3P99.8471.653590
HSA-MIR-323A-3P99.7970.301739
HSA-MIR-1296-3P99.7264.04636
HSA-MIR-453099.6966.471509
HSA-MIR-447299.5666.081478
HSA-MIR-806499.4566.92875
HSA-MIR-6828-5P99.3169.211433
HSA-MIR-3160-5P99.2869.071938
HSA-MIR-3191-5P99.2466.521722
HSA-MIR-6846-5P98.8165.861121
HSA-MIR-6848-5P98.8165.491126
HSA-MIR-4646-3P98.6566.98693
HSA-MIR-518C-5P98.5369.201640
HSA-MIR-3928-5P98.5067.48980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P98.5067.31980
HSA-MIR-32698.2566.441565
HSA-MIR-4433A-3P97.7562.821435
HSA-MIR-1226-3P97.5166.321063
HSA-MIR-6796-5P95.3766.081120
HSA-MIR-367294.4665.67646
HSA-MIR-6864-3P94.4665.97625

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 23)

  • RP105 regulated TLR4 signaling in dendritic cells (PMID:15852007)
  • Expression of RP105 and TLR4 is altered on PBC monocytes, which appear to be hypersensitive to LPS, resulting in increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. (PMID:17448566)
  • RP105 cross-linkaage enhanced B-lymphocyte proliferation, TLR9 expression, and growth. (PMID:20133206)
  • Lower mRNA expression of LY64 was detected in gingival tissue of chronic periodontitis patients compared to healthy controls. (PMID:20233331)
  • Data show that CD180, CD284 and CD14 expression is higher on normal B cells than on CD19+ B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. (PMID:20430725)
  • Both mouse and human RP105/MD-1 exhibit dimerization of the 1:1 RP105/MD-1 complex, demonstrating a novel organization. (PMID:21959264)
  • IL-4 failed to up-regulate expression of RP105 at the cell surface. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory actions of IL-4 occur independently of IL-10, RP105, and the kinase activity of RIPK2 (PMID:22484241)
  • Data indicate that TLR9-signaling as a crucial factor for turning retinoic acid (RA) into a strong stimulator of RP105-mediated B-cell proliferation. (PMID:23103284)
  • we address of monocytes functional status through assessment of the patterns of expression of Fcgamma receptors CD64, CD32, CD16 and CD180 receptor on monocytes from CLL patients and healthy individuals using specific mAbs and flow cytometry. (PMID:25802446)
  • Since MEC1 cells are derived from a CLL patient with mutated IGVH genes (M-CLL) negative correlation between CD180 and CD32 expression on cycling MEC1 cells could be limited to M-CLL. (PMID:25879560)
  • the close association between the increased proportion of CD180-negative B cells and the activation of IFN-alpha signaling in Systemic lupus erythematosus, is reported. (PMID:26277892)
  • By associating with PIM-1L, CD180 can thus obtain autonomous signaling capabilities, and this complex is then channeling inflammatory signals into B cell survival programs (PMID:26555723)
  • CD180 expression is significantly upregulated in human masticatory mucosa during wound healing (PMID:28005267)
  • Our data strongly support the use of CCR2 and CD180 mRNAs as whole blood pharmacodynamic (PD)biomarkers for BRD4 inhibitors, especially in situations where paired tumor biopsies are unavailable. In addition, they can be used as tumor-based PD biomarkers for hematologic tumors. (PMID:28073847)
  • combination of signals via CD150 and CD180 leads to blocking of pro-survival pathways that may be a restraining factor for neoplastic CLL B cells propagation in more than 50% of CLL cases where these receptors are coexpressed (PMID:28982149)
  • Calcitriol regulates immune genes CD14 and CD180 to modulate LPS responses in human trophoblasts. (PMID:29089453)
  • CD150 and CD180 receptors may modulate transcriptional program in lymphocytic leukemia cells by regulating the transcription factor expression levels (PMID:29284783)
  • Silencing Cd180 results in increased phagocytosis while tempering the production of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF during Borrelia burgdorferi infection. (PMID:29511161)
  • The relative expression levels of CD148 and CD180 on clonal B cells and CD148/CD180 median fluorescence intensity ratios are useful in the characterization of mature B cell lymphoid neoplasms infiltrating blood and bone marrow - Results from a single centre pilot study. (PMID:33455071)
  • CD150 and CD180 are negative regulators of IL-10 expression and secretion in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. (PMID:33904315)
  • Toll-Like Receptor Homolog CD180 Expression Is Diminished on Natural Autoantibody-Producing B Cells of Patients with Autoimmune CNS Disorders. (PMID:34124274)
  • Cell surface expression of human RP105 depends on N-glycosylation of MD-1. (PMID:35849076)
  • The role of CD180 in hematological malignancies and inflammatory disorders. (PMID:37460961)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriocd180ENSDARG00000093750
mus_musculusCd180ENSMUSG00000021624
rattus_norvegicusCd180ENSRNOG00000010266

Paralogs (22): IGFALS (ENSG00000099769), TLR8 (ENSG00000101916), LRRC17 (ENSG00000128606), RXFP2 (ENSG00000133105), TLR4 (ENSG00000136869), TLR2 (ENSG00000137462), LRRC32 (ENSG00000137507), LRRC3 (ENSG00000160233), LRRC53 (ENSG00000162621), TLR3 (ENSG00000164342), VASN (ENSG00000168140), RXFP1 (ENSG00000171509), NRROS (ENSG00000174004), TLR10 (ENSG00000174123), TLR1 (ENSG00000174125), TLR6 (ENSG00000174130), LRRC3B (ENSG00000179796), TSKU (ENSG00000182704), TLR5 (ENSG00000187554), TLR7 (ENSG00000196664), LRIT2 (ENSG00000204033), LRRC3C (ENSG00000204913)

Protein

Protein identifiers

CD180 antigenQ99467 (reviewed: Q99467)

Alternative names: Lymphocyte antigen 64, Radioprotective 105 kDa protein

All UniProt accessions (1): Q99467

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Pattern recognition receptor predominantly expressed on B-cells, dendritic cells, and certain monocytes/macrophages, structurally resembling Toll-like receptors (TLRs) that plays a role in modulating immune responses. While ressembling a TLR, lacks the intracellular TIR (Toll/IL-1R) signaling domain and thus does not directly transduce signals. Instead, modulates immune responses, often in conjunction with other TLRs. For example, in cooperation with MD-1/LY86, interacts directly with the TLR4 signaling complex, inhibiting its ability to bind microbial ligand.

Subunit / interactions. M-shaped tetramer of two CD180-LY86 heterodimers. Interacts with TLR4, this interaction inhibits TLR4-mediated signaling pathway upon ligand binding.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed mainly on mature peripherical B cells. Detected in spleen, lymph node and appendix. Not detected in pre-B and -T cells.

Similarity. Belongs to the Toll-like receptor family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_005573* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR000483Cys-rich_flank_reg_CDomain
IPR001611Leu-rich_rptRepeat
IPR003591Leu-rich_rpt_typical-subtypRepeat
IPR032675LRR_dom_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR041281LRR_11Repeat

Pfam: PF13855, PF18831

UniProt features (104 total): strand 30, repeat 19, turn 16, helix 13, glycosylation site 11, sequence variant 7, topological domain 2, domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
3B2DX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.8

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q99467-F193.270.89

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (11): 34, 53, 70, 78, 201, 234, 244, 394, 402, 451, 573

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-166016Toll Like Receptor 4 (TLR4) Cascade
R-HSA-168249Innate Immune System
R-HSA-168256Immune System
R-HSA-168898Toll-like Receptor Cascades

MSigDB gene sets: 189 (showing top): TONKS_TARGETS_OF_RUNX1_RUNX1T1_FUSION_MONOCYTE_UP, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_LIPID, GOBP_B_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_BIOTIC_STIMULUS, GOBP_B_CELL_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_OXYGEN_CONTAINING_COMPOUND, GOBP_CELL_ACTIVATION_INVOLVED_IN_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_EXTERNAL_STIMULUS, TONKS_TARGETS_OF_RUNX1_RUNX1T1_FUSION_ERYTHROCYTE_UP, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_OTHER_ORGANISM, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_OXYGEN_CONTAINING_COMPOUND, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE_MEDIATED_SIGNALING_PATHWAY

GO Biological Process (8): B cell proliferation involved in immune response (GO:0002322), inflammatory response (GO:0006954), positive regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0031666), B cell proliferation (GO:0042100), innate immune response (GO:0045087), cellular response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0071222), immune system process (GO:0002376), lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0031663)

GO Molecular Function (3): lipopolysaccharide immune receptor activity (GO:0001875), signaling receptor activity (GO:0038023), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), nucleolus (GO:0005730), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), mitotic spindle (GO:0072686), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Toll-like Receptor Cascades1
Immune System1
Innate Immune System1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
immune response2
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway2
nuclear lumen2
cellular anatomical structure2
B cell activation involved in immune response1
B cell proliferation1
defense response1
positive regulation of response to biotic stimulus1
positive regulation of signal transduction1
regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway1
positive regulation of response to external stimulus1
B cell activation1
lymphocyte proliferation1
defense response to symbiont1
response to lipopolysaccharide1
cellular response to molecule of bacterial origin1
cellular response to lipid1
cellular response to oxygen-containing compound1
biological_process1
cell surface receptor signaling pathway1
cellular response to lipopolysaccharide1
lipopolysaccharide binding1
pattern recognition receptor activity1
molecular transducer activity1
binding1
intracellular membraneless organelle1
membrane1
cell periphery1
spindle1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1510 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
CD180LY86O95711999
CD180LY96Q9Y6Y9861
CD180TLR2O60603853
CD180TLR4O00206813
CD180CD19P15391576
CD180GHITMQ9H3K2552
CD180CLEC9AQ6UXN8542
CD180PROSER2Q86WR7539
CD180TLR1Q15399507
CD180RIGIO95786500
CD180CD37P11049492
CD180CD74P04233482
CD180CD79AP11912477
CD180CD48P09326476
CD180ITGAMP11215476
CD180FATE1Q969F0476

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
CD180LY86psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.540
CD180LY86psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)0.540

BioGRID (3): CD180 (Affinity Capture-Western), LY86 (Affinity Capture-Western), CD180 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A4D1F6, A4IIK1, A6H6A4, A6NIV6, A6NM36, C0STK7, D3ZXS4, F1R6I3, F6R2G2, P14605, Q09562, Q32KX5, Q38SD2, Q3TX51, Q3UHC2, Q3UV48, Q3ZC49, Q4R6F0, Q54AX5, Q58A48, Q5G5E0, Q62192, Q65YW8, Q65Z91, Q66HD6, Q6AXL3, Q6GLE8, Q6GM71, Q6R5N8, Q6ZNQ3, Q7Z2Q7, Q86X40, Q8BGI7, Q8C0R9, Q8N456, Q8VDB8, Q96DD0, Q99467, Q99MB1, Q9BYS8

Diamond homologs: C0STK7, O93233, P02750, P58727, Q5PQV5, Q8C110, Q99467, Q9H5Y7, Q9MYW3, A3KNN3, A4IIW9, A6NJW4, A8WHP9, E9Q7T7, O02833, O15335, O55226, O70210, O75093, O75094, O88279, O88280, O94769, O94813, P0C6S8, P24014, P35858, P35859, P56400, P70389, Q27972, Q5FW85, Q5RDJ4, Q62192, Q66HV9, Q6NUI6, Q6R5N8, Q7M6Z0, Q80TR4, Q80WD0

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

106 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic0
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance91
Likely benign6
Benign4

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

390 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
5:67196547:CTCA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
5:67196548:TCA:Tdonor_loss1.0000
5:67196549:CA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
5:67184587:T:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
5:67185845:ACAT:Adonor_loss0.9900
5:67185846:CATA:Cdonor_loss0.9900
5:67185847:ATA:Adonor_loss0.9900
5:67185848:TAC:Tdonor_loss0.9900
5:67185849:ACC:Adonor_loss0.9900
5:67186014:CTTT:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
5:67186017:TC:Tacceptor_loss0.9900
5:67186018:C:CAacceptor_loss0.9900
5:67186018:C:CCacceptor_gain0.9900
5:67196550:A:ACdonor_gain0.9900
5:67196551:C:CCdonor_gain0.9900
5:67196551:CCT:Cdonor_gain0.9900
5:67184585:CCT:Cacceptor_gain0.9800
5:67185849:A:ACdonor_gain0.9800
5:67185850:C:CCdonor_gain0.9800
5:67186016:TT:Tacceptor_gain0.9800
5:67184583:CACC:Cacceptor_loss0.9700
5:67184586:CTT:Cacceptor_loss0.9700
5:67184587:T:TCacceptor_gain0.9700
5:67185850:CCTA:Cdonor_gain0.9700
5:67186015:TTT:Tacceptor_gain0.9700
5:67196551:CCTCA:Cdonor_gain0.9700
5:67184583:CACCT:Cacceptor_gain0.9600
5:67186021:A:Cacceptor_gain0.9600
5:67184584:ACCT:Aacceptor_gain0.9500
5:67184585:CCTT:Cacceptor_gain0.9500

AlphaMissense

4432 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
5:67184510:A:CN111K0.971
5:67184510:A:TN111K0.971
5:67184454:A:GL130P0.962
5:67183023:C:GC607S0.960
5:67183024:A:TC607S0.960
5:67185919:A:CN63K0.960
5:67185919:A:TN63K0.960
5:67184366:G:CN159K0.956
5:67184366:G:TN159K0.956
5:67183641:A:GL401S0.953
5:67183101:C:GC581S0.952
5:67183102:A:TC581S0.952
5:67183569:A:TL425H0.951
5:67184584:A:GC87R0.950
5:67184498:G:CF115L0.949
5:67184498:G:TF115L0.949
5:67184500:A:GF115L0.949
5:67183102:A:GC581R0.948
5:67184582:G:CC87W0.946
5:67184310:A:GL178P0.945
5:67184294:A:CN183K0.944
5:67184294:A:TN183K0.944
5:67183422:A:GL474P0.941
5:67183635:A:GL403P0.941
5:67183794:A:GL350P0.940
5:67183122:A:GL574S0.937
5:67183070:C:AW591C0.936
5:67183070:C:GW591C0.936
5:67183494:A:GL450P0.936
5:67185922:A:CF62L0.936

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000525980 (5:67194825 A>C), RS1000688290 (5:67188604 T>C), RS1001040593 (5:67189666 T>C), RS1001097078 (5:67189268 T>C), RS1001737672 (5:67189141 C>G), RS1001928740 (5:67195454 G>A), RS1002487700 (5:67183527 C>T), RS1002551860 (5:67191442 G>A,T), RS1002620673 (5:67184509 G>A), RS1002624777 (5:67190049 A>G,T), RS1002704638 (5:67190592 G>A), RS1002758252 (5:67190956 G>A,T), RS1003225705 (5:67180462 C>A), RS1003339266 (5:67197086 G>A), RS1003442374 (5:67180276 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602226 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST003875_51Gut microbiota (bacterial taxa)4.000000e-09
GCST005184_10Common carotid intima-media thickness in HIV infection1.000000e-06
GCST006269_1226General cognitive ability5.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0007874gut microbiome measurement
EFO:0007883taxonomic microbiome measurement
EFO:0004337intelligence

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

20 total (human), top 20 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Nickeldecreases expression, increases expression3
3-((6-(2-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)methane sulfonamidedecreases expression1
triphenyl phosphateaffects expression1
sulforaphanedecreases expression1
sodium arseniteincreases expression1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteineincreases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects response to substance1
di-n-butylphosphoric acidaffects expression1
CGP 52608affects binding, increases reaction1
(+)-JQ1 compounddecreases expression1
Norethindrone Acetateaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Air Pollutants, Occupationaldecreases expression1
Benzo(a)pyreneaffects methylation, increases methylation1
Cadmiumincreases abundance, decreases expression1
Estradiolaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Lipopolysaccharidesdecreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment1
Dronabinolincreases expression1
Aflatoxin B1increases methylation1
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanateaffects binding1
Antirheumatic Agentsdecreases expression1
Cadmium Chloridedecreases expression, increases abundance1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.