CD44

Summary

CD44 (CD44 molecule (IN blood group), HGNC:1681) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11p13, encoding CD44 antigen (P16070). Cell-surface receptor that plays a role in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration, helping them to sense and respond to changes in the tissue microenvironment. In precision oncology, CD44 CD44v6 is associated with resistance to Cisplatin in Cervical Cancer (CIViC Level B); 3 further curated variant–drug associations are listed below.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. It is a receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) and can also interact with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This protein participates in a wide variety of cellular functions including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis. Transcripts for this gene undergo complex alternative splicing that results in many functionally distinct isoforms, however, the full length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. Alternative splicing is the basis for the structural and functional diversity of this protein, and may be related to tumor metastasis.

Source: NCBI Gene 960 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 15
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 161 total
• Druggable target: yes
• Precision-oncology evidence (CIViC): 4 curated variant–drug associations
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000610

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:1681
Approved symbol	CD44
Name	CD44 molecule (IN blood group)
Location	11p13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	IN, MC56, Pgp1, PGP-1, CD44R, HCELL, CSPG8, Hermes-1, CDw44, HUTCH-1, HUTCH-I, ECM-III, H-CAM
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000026508
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	107269
Entrez	960

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 99 — 86 protein_coding, 9 retained_intron, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000263398, ENST00000278385, ENST00000278386, ENST00000279452, ENST00000352818, ENST00000415148, ENST00000425428, ENST00000428726, ENST00000433892, ENST00000434472, ENST00000442151, ENST00000524922, ENST00000525209, ENST00000525211, ENST00000525241, ENST00000525293, ENST00000525348, ENST00000525469, ENST00000525685, ENST00000525688, ENST00000526000, ENST00000526025, ENST00000526553, ENST00000526669, ENST00000527326, ENST00000527889, ENST00000528086, ENST00000528455, ENST00000528672, ENST00000528922, ENST00000531110, ENST00000531118, ENST00000531141, ENST00000531873, ENST00000532339, ENST00000533222, ENST00000534082, ENST00000534296, ENST00000904010, ENST00000904011, ENST00000904012, ENST00000904013, ENST00000904014, ENST00000904015, ENST00000904016, ENST00000904017, ENST00000904018, ENST00000904019, ENST00000904020, ENST00000904021, ENST00000904022, ENST00000904023, ENST00000935511, ENST00000969332, ENST00000969333, ENST00000969334, ENST00000969335, ENST00000969336, ENST00000969337, ENST00000969338, ENST00000969339, ENST00000969340, ENST00000969341, ENST00000969342, ENST00000969343, ENST00000969344, ENST00000969345, ENST00000969346, ENST00000969347, ENST00000969348, ENST00000969349, ENST00000969350, ENST00000969351, ENST00000969352, ENST00000969353, ENST00000969354, ENST00000969355, ENST00000969356, ENST00000969357, ENST00000969358, ENST00000969359, ENST00000969360, ENST00000969361, ENST00000969362, ENST00000969363, ENST00000969364, ENST00000969365, ENST00000969366, ENST00000969367, ENST00000969368, ENST00000969369, ENST00000969370, ENST00000969371, ENST00000969372, ENST00000969373, ENST00000969374, ENST00000969375, ENST00000969376, ENST00000969377

RefSeq mRNA: 8 — MANE Select: NM_000610 NM_000610, NM_001001389, NM_001001390, NM_001001391, NM_001001392, NM_001202555, NM_001202556, NM_001202557

CCDS: CCDS31455, CCDS31456, CCDS31457, CCDS31458, CCDS55754, CCDS55755, CCDS7897

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000428726 — 18 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000710485	35209965	35210054
ENSE00000710490	35206112	35206243
ENSE00000710505	35196746	35196874
ENSE00000824450	35201671	35201787
ENSE00001709592	35229129	35232402
ENSE00003469853	35204512	35204640
ENSE00003504402	35186832	35186900
ENSE00003526469	35214852	35214914
ENSE00003534676	35221654	35221732
ENSE00003561898	35176575	35176740
ENSE00003608645	35211246	35211449
ENSE00003632343	35219316	35219387
ENSE00003639932	35189835	35190065
ENSE00003658180	35180274	35180407
ENSE00003678600	35198121	35198246
ENSE00003692209	35201082	35201195
ENSE00003790928	35208105	35208206
ENSE00003896435	35139171	35139370

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 294 present calls, max score 99.74.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 590.1462 / max 6887.1557, expressed in 1782 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (27 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
113778	556.4359	1778
113795	8.6987	1354
113793	5.6570	1249
113799	3.0503	1079
113790	2.2524	965
113798	1.7968	854
113796	1.7139	857
113791	1.2493	683
113797	1.2470	704
113834	0.9569	487

Top tissues by expression

300 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	99.74	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	99.70	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	99.61	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	99.58	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	99.58	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	99.58	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	99.57	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	99.57	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	99.56	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	99.54	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	99.50	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	99.46	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.45	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	99.43	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	99.41	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	99.40	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	99.34	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	99.32	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	99.32	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	99.31	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	99.30	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	99.29	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	99.23	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	99.21	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	99.18	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	99.17	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	99.12	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	99.07	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	99.06	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	99.06	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 37 experiment(s), a significant marker in 32.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-83139	yes	7728.04
E-CURD-7	yes	5987.45
E-MTAB-6075	yes	4193.53
E-CURD-11	yes	4070.32
E-CURD-6	yes	3259.17
E-GEOD-180759	yes	1639.39
E-CURD-79	yes	634.02
E-HCAD-30	yes	421.66
E-HCAD-6	yes	259.42
E-MTAB-8142	yes	49.14
E-CURD-88	yes	39.35
E-HCAD-4	yes	38.32
E-HCAD-1	yes	36.78
E-GEOD-135922	yes	32.30
E-MTAB-9467	yes	29.29

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AP1, ATF1, BMAL1, CEBPB, CTNNB1, CUX1, DNMT1, E4F1, EGR1, EGR2, ELF1, ELK3, ESR1, ETS1, F2R, F2RL1, FOS, FOXC1, GATA4, GTF2I, HAND1, HAND2, HDAC1, HES1, HIF1A, HINFP, HMGA1, HOXC6, ID1, IKBKB, IRF6, JUN, KAT5, KDM2A, KLF17, KLF8, MAFK, MEF2A, MEF2D, MYC

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

155 targeting CD44, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-6127	100.00	66.76	2188
HSA-MIR-4481	100.00	66.42	1669
HSA-MIR-4510	100.00	66.60	2050
HSA-MIR-6129	100.00	66.46	2080
HSA-MIR-6130	100.00	66.69	2012
HSA-MIR-6133	100.00	66.48	2064
HSA-MIR-4455	100.00	65.48	1587
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-511-3P	99.99	68.85	1467
HSA-MIR-4803	99.98	71.99	3117
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-1468-3P	99.96	72.74	3797
HSA-MIR-302E	99.96	70.74	2669
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-4267	99.96	66.53	2368
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-548AA	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548AP-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548T-3P	99.96	70.64	3753
HSA-MIR-548AB	99.95	71.31	3488
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-6845-3P	99.94	66.88	1439
HSA-MIR-548A-5P	99.94	71.27	3482
HSA-MIR-548AD-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AE-5P	99.94	71.23	3502

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Overexpression of miR-960 suppresses Hedgehog signaling transduction and direct tagets to Smoothened protein, Costal-2 protein and Fused protein. (PMID:23385085)
• Interaction of CD44 when cross-linked on rheumatoid synovial cells with hyaluronan fragments present in the surrounding extracellular matrix augments Fas expression and Fas-mediated apoptosis of synovial cells. (PMID:11466334)
• Hyaluronate receptors mediate glioma cell migration and proliferation. The expression of the HA-receptors, CD44, and RHAMM, is virtually ubiquitous amongst glioma cell lines, and glioma tumor specimens. (PMID:11716065)
• Expression in uterine smooth muscle tumors (PMID:11727257)
• cd44 dependent group A Streptococcus binding to keratinocytes induce cytoskeletal rearrangements (PMID:11740562)
• results suggest that CD44S and CD44v5 are differentially expressed in early and advanced ovarian serous carcinomas and support previous studies that suggest a role for CD44 and stromal hyaluronic acid in the dissemination of ovarian epithelial cancer (PMID:11759056)
• sCD44 levels could be a useful prognostic marker for aggressive lymphoma (PMID:11792412)
• Three SIBLINGs (small integrin-binding ligand, N-linked glycoproteins) enhance factor H’s cofactor activity enabling MCP-like cellular evasion of complement-mediated attack. (PMID:11825898)
• wide prevalence of CD44 cleavage suggests that it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of human tumors (PMID:11839564)
• variant isoforms involved in plasma cell adhesion to bone marrow stromal cells and in the multiple myeloma disease process (PMID:11840273)
• In mice, CD44 plays a role in resolving the inflammatory response following lung injury by clearance of inflammatory hyaluronan fragments, clearance of apoptotic PMNs, and generation of active TGFbeta 1. (PMID:11935029)
• A novel PKC-regulated mechanism controls CD44 ezrin association and directional cell motility. (PMID:12032545)
• TNFalpha and IL-8 regulate the expression and function of CD44 variant proteins in human colon carcinoma cells. (PMID:12090473)
• CD44 directs membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase to lamellipodia by associating with its hemopexin-like domain. (PMID:12145196)
• CD44 interaction with the TGF-betaRI kinase promotes activation of multiple signaling pathways required for ankyrin-membrane interaction, tumor cell migration, and oncogenic events during HA and TGF-beta-mediated metastatic breast tumor progression (PMID:12145287)
• CD44 has a functional role in inflammatory processes and tumor susceptibility (PMID:12168806)
• a signal transduction cascade or cross-talk emanating from CD44 to c-Met (PMID:12183053)
• Initial steps of Shigella binding and cell entry depend on the cholesterol/sphingolipid raft-mediated CD44-IpaB interaction. (PMID:12198147)
• Data suggest that intramembranous processing of CD44 occurs by a presenilin-1-dependent gamma-secretase activity at two distinct sites. (PMID:12223485)
• CD44 spontaneously released from normal bronchial epithelial cells can accumulate as an integral component of the matrix, where it may play a role in the organization of matrices and in anchoring growth factors and chemokines to the matrix (PMID:12226094)
• Hyaluronan-CD44 interaction inhibits migration of osteoclast-like cells by down-regulating MMP-9. (PMID:12235127)
• Engagement of CD44 either by its natural ligand hyaluronan or a specific antibody on a cell line induced tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of focal adhesion kinase. (PMID:12297287)
• reduction in the expression of CD44 may confer growth advantage and malignant properties to tumour cells (PMID:12371152)
• Autocrine/paracrine prostaglandin E2 production by non-small cell lung cancer cells regulates antigen in cox-2-dependent invasion (PMID:12393872)
• exon v10-encoded B[X(7)]B motif is solely responsible for the enhanced adhesive activity of exon v10-containing CD44 isoforms (PMID:12407110)
• results show that genes such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1alpha, and beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)-AR) were specifically up-regulated by CD44 ligation, suggesting a novel role for CD44 in immunoregulation and inflammation (PMID:12411303)
• CD44 induction in THP-1 monocytic cells is the result of the distinct involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling and may require JNK-dependent activation of Egr-1. (PMID:12421945)
• Butyrate significantly inhibited transcription of the CD44 gene and abolished epidermal growth factor-mediated up-regulation of the reporter gene luciferase subcloned upstream to the CD44 promoter (-1.1 kb) and transfected to HM7 cells (PMID:12439723)
• studied CD44v6 expression in intraductal papilloma, and its malignant transformation, intraductal breast carcinoma (PMID:12452061)
• Increase of CD44s, MMP-9, and Ki-67 were involved in the growth and local invasion of osteosarcoma. (PMID:12479099)
• Antagonistic signaling pathways regulate alternative splicing in T cells. (PMID:12485845)
• Crystal retention in human kidney may depend on expression of CD44 antigen-, osteopontin-, and hyaluronic acid-rich cell coats by damaged distal tubular epithelium. (PMID:12506143)
• CD44 silencing is controlled in part by a complex and tumor cell-specific process involving hypermethylation of the CD44 gene promoter and exon 1 regions. (PMID:12508241)
• regulation of interaction with hyaluronan by E-cadherin and role in mediating tumor invasion and branching morphogenesis (PMID:12511569)
• CD44 interaction with the alpha 1(IV)1263-1277 region from basement membrane collagen is modulated by ligand glycosylation (PMID:12574156)
• Our present findings suggest important implications for understanding CD44-dependent signal transduction and a potential role of PS/gamma-secretase activity in the functional regulation of adhesion molecules. (PMID:12629514)
• expressed by cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage in vitro and by oligodendrogliomas in vivo; could play a role in migration of tumor cells in oligodendrocytic tumors (PMID:12635659)
• Crosslinking of CD44 on osteoblastic cells with specific antibodies augmented the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 (PMID:12650924)
• role of CD44 variant isoform v10 in adhesion of lymphocytes to melanoma cells (PMID:12702150)
• Review. CD44 and ezrin and their respective complex have properties suggesting that they may be important in the process of tumour-endothelium interactions, cell migrations, cell adhesion, tumour progression and metastasis. (PMID:12711360)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	cd44a	ENSDARG00000087863
danio_rerio	cd44b	ENSDARG00000089892
mus_musculus	Cd44	ENSMUSG00000005087
rattus_norvegicus	Cd44	ENSRNOG00000006094

Paralogs (1): LYVE1 (ENSG00000133800)

Protein

Protein identifiers

CD44 antigen — P16070 (reviewed: P16070)

Alternative names: CDw44, Epican, Extracellular matrix receptor III, GP90 lymphocyte homing/adhesion receptor, HUTCH-I, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan, Hermes antigen, Hyaluronate receptor, Phagocytic glycoprotein 1, Phagocytic glycoprotein I

All UniProt accessions (20): P16070, E9PKC6, H0Y2P0, H0Y5E4, H0YCL4, H0YCV9, H0YD13, H0YD17, H0YD90, H0YDV8, H0YDW7, H0YDX6, H0YE40, H0YEA1, H0YES0, H0YEU1, H0YEV3, H0YF08, J3KN83, Q86UZ1

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cell-surface receptor that plays a role in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration, helping them to sense and respond to changes in the tissue microenvironment. Participates thereby in a wide variety of cellular functions including the activation, recirculation and homing of T-lymphocytes, hematopoiesis, inflammation and response to bacterial infection. Engages, through its ectodomain, extracellular matrix components such as hyaluronan/HA, collagen, growth factors, cytokines or proteases and serves as a platform for signal transduction by assembling, via its cytoplasmic domain, protein complexes containing receptor kinases and membrane proteases. Such effectors include PKN2, the RhoGTPases RAC1 and RHOA, Rho-kinases and phospholipase C that coordinate signaling pathways promoting calcium mobilization and actin-mediated cytoskeleton reorganization essential for cell migration and adhesion. Upon interaction with LGALS9 ligand, activates downstream signaling components including LCK, ERK and MAPK to promotes NK cell activation. (Microbial infection) Promotes foot-and-mouth disease virus internalization via macropinocytosis.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with PKN2. Interacts with TIAM1 and TIAM2. Interacts with HA, as well as other glycosaminoglycans, collagen, laminin, and fibronectin via its N-terminal segment. Interacts with UNC119. Interacts with PDPN (via extracellular domain); this interaction is required for PDPN-mediated directional migration and regulation of lamellipodia extension/stabilization during cell spreading and migration. Interacts with RDX, EZR and MSN. Interacts with EGFR. Interacts with CD74; this complex is essential for the MIF-induced signaling cascade that results in B cell survival. (Microbial infection) Interacts with foot-and-mouth disease virus protein VP3; this interaction allows FMDV entry into host cell via macropinocytosis.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Cell projection. Microvillus. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Detected in fibroblasts and urine (at protein level). Detected in placenta (at protein level). Isoform 10 (epithelial isoform) is expressed by cells of epithelium and highly expressed by carcinomas. Expression is repressed in neuroblastoma cells.

Post-translational modifications. Proteolytically cleaved in the extracellular matrix by specific proteinases (possibly MMPs) in several cell lines and tumors. N-glycosylated. O-glycosylated; contains chondroitin sulfate glycans which can be more or less sulfated and whose number may affect the accessibility of specific proteinases to their cleavage site(s). It is uncertain if O-glycosylation occurs on Thr-637 or Thr-638. Phosphorylated; activation of PKC results in the dephosphorylation of Ser-706 (constitutive phosphorylation site), and the phosphorylation of Ser-672.

Domain organisation. The lectin-like LINK domain is responsible for hyaluronan binding.

Polymorphism. CD44 is responsible for the Indian blood group system. The molecular basis of the In(A)=In1/In(B)=In2 blood group antigens is a single variation in position 46; In(B), the most frequent allele, has Arg-46.

Miscellaneous. Corresponds to the largest isoform. Alternative splice donor/acceptor on exon 5. Lacks exon 6. Alternative splice donor/acceptor on exon 7. Lacks exon 10. Lacks exon 13. Lacks exon 14. Lacks exon 19. Lacks exons 6-11. Lacks exons 6-13. Lacks exons 6-14. Lacks exons 6-11 and exon 14. Lacks exons 6-11, exon 13 and exon 14. Lacks exons 6-14 and exon 19. Alternative splice donor/acceptor on exon 5 and lacks exon 10. Alternative splice donor/acceptor on exon 7 and lacks exon 10. Soluble isoform, has enhanced hyaluronan binding.

Isoforms (19)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P16070-1	1, CD44	yes
P16070-2	2, CD44SP
P16070-3	3
P16070-4	4, Epidermal
P16070-5	5
P16070-6	6
P16070-7	7
P16070-8	8
P16070-9	9
P16070-10	10, CD44E, CD44R1, Epithelial, Keratinocyte
P16070-11	11, CD44R2
P16070-12	12, CDw44, Reticulocyte
P16070-13	13, CD44R4
P16070-14	14, CD44R5
P16070-15	15, Hermes
P16070-16	16
P16070-17	17
P16070-18	18
P16070-19	19, CD44RC

RefSeq proteins (8): NP_000601, NP_001001389, NP_001001390, NP_001001391, NP_001001392, NP_001189484, NP_001189485, NP_001189486 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000538	Link_dom	Domain
IPR001231	CD44_antigen	Family
IPR016186	C-type_lectin-like/link_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR016187	CTDL_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR043210	CD44_antigen-like	Family

Pfam: PF00193

UniProt features (99 total): splice variant 23, strand 13, compositionally biased region 11, glycosylation site 10, sequence conflict 9, region of interest 6, sequence variant 5, binding site 4, modified residue 4, helix 4, disulfide bond 3, topological domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, domain 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

6 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4PZ3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.08
4PZ4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
1UUH	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
6TXS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
1POZ	SOLUTION NMR
2I83	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P16070-F1	53.31	0.21

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 41; 78; 79; 105

Post-translational modifications (4): 672, 686, 697, 706

Disulfide bonds (3): 28–129, 53–118, 77–97

Glycosylation sites (10): 25, 57, 100, 110, 120, 180, 350, 548, 599, 636

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

19 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1474228	Degradation of the extracellular matrix
R-HSA-202733	Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall
R-HSA-2142845	Hyaluronan metabolism
R-HSA-216083	Integrin cell surface interactions
R-HSA-2160916	Hyaluronan degradation
R-HSA-6798695	Neutrophil degranulation
R-HSA-877300	Interferon gamma signaling
R-HSA-9927418	Developmental Lineage of Mammary Gland Luminal Epithelial Cells
R-HSA-9927432	Developmental Lineage of Mammary Gland Myoepithelial Cells
R-HSA-9938206	Developmental Lineage of Mammary Stem Cells
R-HSA-109582	Hemostasis
R-HSA-1280215	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-1474244	Extracellular matrix organization
R-HSA-1630316	Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
R-HSA-168249	Innate Immune System
R-HSA-168256	Immune System
R-HSA-71387	Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
R-HSA-913531	Interferon Signaling

MSigDB gene sets: 679 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8A_DC_MCMV_INFECTION_UP, GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD11B_DC_DN, GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8A_DC_UP, GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY_IN_RESPONSE_TO_DNA_DAMAGE_BY_P53_CLASS_MEDIATOR, HORIUCHI_WTAP_TARGETS_DN, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, MCLACHLAN_DENTAL_CARIES_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_CARTILAGE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY_BY_P53_CLASS_MEDIATOR, GOBP_SKELETAL_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE

GO Biological Process (24): endocytosis (GO:0006897), inflammatory response (GO:0006954), cell adhesion (GO:0007155), cell-matrix adhesion (GO:0007160), cell migration (GO:0016477), cytokine-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0019221), hyaluronan catabolic process (GO:0030214), positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion (GO:0034116), T cell activation (GO:0042110), negative regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043066), negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator (GO:0043518), wound healing, spreading of cells (GO:0044319), cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus (GO:0044344), cartilage development (GO:0051216), positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade (GO:0070374), monocyte aggregation (GO:0070487), cell-cell adhesion (GO:0098609), positive regulation of monocyte aggregation (GO:1900625), negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator (GO:1902166), regulation of lamellipodium morphogenesis (GO:2000392), anatomical structure morphogenesis (GO:0009653), positive regulation of kinase activity (GO:0033674), regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0042981), system development (GO:0048731)

GO Molecular Function (6): transmembrane signaling receptor activity (GO:0004888), collagen binding (GO:0005518), hyaluronic acid binding (GO:0005540), cargo receptor activity (GO:0038024), cytokine receptor activity (GO:0004896), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (18): Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), microvillus (GO:0005902), focal adhesion (GO:0005925), cell surface (GO:0009986), basolateral plasma membrane (GO:0016323), apical plasma membrane (GO:0016324), secretory granule membrane (GO:0030667), lamellipodium membrane (GO:0031258), macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor complex (GO:0035692), cell projection (GO:0042995), membrane raft (GO:0045121), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), extracellular region (GO:0005576), membrane (GO:0016020), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), cell periphery (GO:0071944)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-11 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Developmental Lineages of the Mammary Gland	3
Extracellular matrix organization	2
Immune System	2
Hemostasis	1
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism	1
Hyaluronan metabolism	1
Innate Immune System	1
Interferon Signaling	1
Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives	1
Metabolism	1
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	6
vesicle-mediated transport	2
cytoplasm	2
plasma membrane region	2
vesicle budding from membrane	1
membrane invagination	1
import into cell	1
defense response	1
cellular process	1
cell-substrate adhesion	1
cell motility	1
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	1
cellular response to cytokine stimulus	1
glycosaminoglycan catabolic process	1
hyaluronan metabolic process	1
positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion	1
heterotypic cell-cell adhesion	1
regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion	1
lymphocyte activation	1
apoptotic process	1
regulation of apoptotic process	1
negative regulation of programmed cell death	1
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	1
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	1
negative regulation of signal transduction by p53 class mediator	1
cell migration	1
epiboly involved in wound healing	1
cellular response to growth factor stimulus	1
response to fibroblast growth factor	1
skeletal system development	1
animal organ development	1
connective tissue development	1
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	1
ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	1
regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	1
leukocyte aggregation	1
cell adhesion	1
monocyte aggregation	1
regulation of monocyte aggregation	1
positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

6319 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CD44	SELL	P14151	998
CD44	FN1	P02751	996
CD44	MMP9	P14780	996
CD44	SPP1	P10451	996
CD44	ICAM1	P05362	995
CD44	EGFR	P00533	995
CD44	VCAM1	P19320	994
CD44	CXCR4	P30991	994
CD44	CD74	P04233	993
CD44	SELP	P16109	993
CD44	VCAN	P13611	993
CD44	SELE	P16111	993
CD44	EZR	P15311	993
CD44	ERBB2	P04626	992
CD44	MSN	P26038	992

IntAct

131 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TSPAN15	ADAM10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
TSPAN5	ADAM10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
CD9	ADAM10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.750
CD44	sctE	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630
CD44	SELE	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.610
CD44	SELE	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.610
	CD44	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.560
	CD44	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.540
	CD44	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
CD44	SLC7A11	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.540
CD44	SLC7A11	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
SLC7A11	CD44	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
PRKCZ	IPO5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SLC39A9	B4GALT5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
LGALS3	PODXL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
LGALS1	LAMA5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CD44	PDPK1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ANKH	FAM234B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
	TFRC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
CD44	SPP1	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.510
SPP1	CD44	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.510
CD44	SPP1	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.510
TSPAN12	ADAM10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.500
CD74	CD44	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.460

BioGRID (360): CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), AIM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), SQSTM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHERP (Affinity Capture-MS), PHRF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CDC73 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD44 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1XQX1, A1XQX3, A1XQY0, A1XQY3, A2ATD1, B0JYH6, B1AKI9, D0PRN4, E6ZGB4, E9PUN2, O35181, O75129, O75151, O94933, P15379, P16070, P23470, P49415, P56975, P58401, P80560, Q05909, Q1LY51, Q28143, Q5EGE1, Q5R3F8, Q5R7F5, Q63376, Q63475, Q68BL8, Q68FM6, Q6L8S8, Q6ZNC4, Q76KF0, Q80TJ7, Q80Z10, Q810B9, Q8C341, Q8C8T7, Q8C985

Diamond homologs: O08859, P14745, P15379, P16070, P20944, P26051, P98065, P98066, Q05078, Q28284, Q29423, Q60522, Q6UC88, Q9Y5Y7, Q8BHC0, A0A182C2Z2, C6KFA3, F1RWC3, O08628, O14594, O14786, O35276, O35375, O43897, O57382, O57460, O60462, O60494, O70244, P03994, P07354, P07897, P07898, P0DJJ2, P13497, P13608, P13611, P16112, P25723, P28824

SIGNOR signaling

12 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
CAMK2A	“up-regulates activity”	CD44	phosphorylation
PRKACA	up-regulates	CD44	phosphorylation
F2RL1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
F2R	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
SNAI2	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
TWIST1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
TWIST2	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
ADAM10	“up-regulates activity”	CD44	cleavage
NUP98-HOXA9	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
ZMYND8	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”
CAMK2A	up-regulates	CD44	phosphorylation
NOTCH1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CD44	“transcriptional regulation”

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 107 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
RHOQ GTPase cycle	5	11.8×	9e-03
Extra-nuclear estrogen signaling	5	11.1×	9e-03
PIP3 activates AKT signaling	7	6.1×	1e-02
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	9	4.8×	9e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
response to interleukin-1	5	27.5×	6e-04
positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	7	20.5×	6e-05
protein import into nucleus	6	9.3×	8e-03
protein localization to plasma membrane	7	8.2×	6e-03

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

161 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	88
Likely benign	20
Benign	13

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2954 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
11:35139366:GATCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35176572:TAGAT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:35176573:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35176574:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35176574:GATTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35176737:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35176738:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35176739:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35176740:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35176741:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35176741:GTAAG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35176742:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35180268:TTACA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:35180269:TACA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:35180271:CAGG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:35180272:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:35180273:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35180273:GGTAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35180349:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35180379:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35186830:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35186831:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:35186897:A:AG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35186897:A:G	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35186897:ATAAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35186900:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35186901:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35186901:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:35186902:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
11:35189970:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4922 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
11:35180329:T:A	C97S	1.000
11:35180329:T:C	C97R	1.000
11:35180330:G:C	C97S	1.000
11:35180394:C:G	C118W	1.000
11:35176662:T:C	L52P	0.999
11:35176664:T:A	C53S	0.999
11:35176664:T:C	C53R	0.999
11:35176665:G:A	C53Y	0.999
11:35176665:G:C	C53S	0.999
11:35176666:C:G	C53W	0.999
11:35176736:T:A	C77S	0.999
11:35176736:T:C	C77R	0.999
11:35176737:G:A	C77Y	0.999
11:35176737:G:C	C77S	0.999
11:35176738:C:G	C77W	0.999
11:35176740:G:T	R78M	0.999
11:35180278:G:T	G80W	0.999
11:35180279:G:A	G80E	0.999
11:35180330:G:A	C97Y	0.999
11:35180331:T:G	C97W	0.999
11:35180384:A:T	D115V	0.999
11:35180392:T:A	C118S	0.999
11:35180392:T:C	C118R	0.999
11:35180393:G:A	C118Y	0.999
11:35180393:G:C	C118S	0.999
11:35176589:T:C	C28R	0.998
11:35176591:C:G	C28W	0.998
11:35176632:A:G	Y42C	0.998
11:35176665:G:T	C53F	0.998
11:35176737:G:T	C77F	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000068323 (11:35149119 C>T), RS1000075844 (11:35216470 A>G), RS1000083433 (11:35169909 C>T), RS1000125926 (11:35146439 A>G), RS1000130135 (11:35175463 T>A), RS1000162066 (11:35193402 C>T), RS1000181153 (11:35196412 C>G,T), RS1000187924 (11:35213800 G>A), RS1000236298 (11:35193137 T>A), RS1000245165 (11:35175862 T>C), RS1000274310 (11:35154886 A>C,G), RS1000331875 (11:35163588 G>A), RS1000362496 (11:35143660 T>C), RS1000370356 (11:35230688 A>G), RS1000378414 (11:35158400 C>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:107269 | disease phenotypes: MIM:167030, MIM:606367

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): nephrolithiasis, calcium oxalate (MONDO:0957318), immunodeficiency due to CD25 deficiency (MONDO:0011664)

Orphanet (1): Immunodeficiency due to CD25 deficiency (Orphanet:169100)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

15 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001450_6	Response to Vitamin E supplementation	3.000000e-06
GCST001509_13	Vitiligo	2.000000e-09
GCST001795_20	Systemic lupus erythematosus	2.000000e-07
GCST001859_39	Thiazide-induced adverse metabolic effects in hypertensive patients	9.000000e-06
GCST003155_12	Systemic lupus erythematosus	1.000000e-23
GCST003156_4	Systemic lupus erythematosus	3.000000e-13
GCST003622_37	Systemic lupus erythematosus	4.000000e-11
GCST004785_41	Vitiligo	5.000000e-18
GCST005348_89	Total body bone mineral density	1.000000e-10
GCST005752_127	Systemic lupus erythematosus	1.000000e-08
GCST006444_5	Bone mineral density (hip)	5.000000e-07
GCST007400_67	Systemic lupus erythematosus	1.000000e-06
GCST008674_14	Glycemic traits (pleiotropy)	5.000000e-08
GCST008762_9	Intake of sweets	7.000000e-06
GCST009158_2	Uterine fibroids	7.000000e-14

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0007702	hip bone mineral density
EFO:0004469	HOMA-B
EFO:0010158	sugar consumption measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C565232	Interleukin 2 Receptor, Alpha, Deficiency of (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (2): CHEMBL3232692 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL5465400 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION)

Clinical evidence (CIViC)

Drug × variant × indication: 4 predictive associations from 5 curated evidence items; also 4 prognostic.

Variant	Therapy	Indication	Effect	Level	CIViC
CD44 CD44v6	Cisplatin	Cervical Cancer	Resistance	CIViC B	EID9481
CD44 CD44s Expression	RG7356	Cancer	Sensitivity/Response	CIViC D	EID825
CD44 CD44v6	Cisplatin	Stomach Cancer	Resistance	CIViC D	EID9430 +1
CD44 CD44v6	Cisplatin	Ovarian Cancer	Resistance	CIViC D	EID9429

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs1467558	CD44		0.00	0

ChEMBL bioactivities

3 potent at pChembl≥5 of 20 total, top 3 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
5.47	Kd	3400	nM	CHEMBL3237623
5.44	IC50	3600	nM	CHEMBL244695
5.00	IC50	1e+04	nM	CHEMBL271690

PubChem BioAssay actives

3 with measured affinity, of 53 total; 3 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(2S,3S,4R,5R,6R)-3-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4-[(2R,3R,4R,5S,6S)-5-[(2S,3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-acetamido-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-carboxy-3,4-dihydroxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-5-hydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5,6-trihydroxyoxane-2-carboxylic acid	1129494: Binding affinity to immobilized recombinant human CD44 hyaluronan binding domain by surface plasmon resonance assay	kd	3.4000	uM
3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline-4,8-dicarboxylic acid	2037711: Inhibition of full-length human GST-tagged MSN/Venus-Flag-tagged CD44 interaction over-expressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 1 hr by chromatography-based GST-pulldown assay	ic50	3.6000	uM
6-carbamoyl-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline-4-carboxylic acid	2037711: Inhibition of full-length human GST-tagged MSN/Venus-Flag-tagged CD44 interaction over-expressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 1 hr by chromatography-based GST-pulldown assay	ic50	10.0000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

201 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression, affects expression	11
sodium arsenite	increases abundance, increases expression, increases reaction, affects cotreatment, affects reaction (+4 more)	9
Tretinoin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	8
bisphenol A	increases expression, decreases expression	7
Cisplatin	decreases response to substance, affects expression, increases expression, affects response to substance	6
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases methylation	6
cobaltous chloride	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases response to substance	5
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression	5
Acetaminophen	affects expression, increases expression, increases response to substance	4
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation	4
Aflatoxin B1	increases expression, increases methylation, affects expression	4
Genistein	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression, increases reaction (+1 more)	4
Particulate Matter	affects expression, increases reaction, decreases expression, increases expression	4
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, affects expression, decreases reaction, increases expression	3
Resveratrol	affects binding, decreases reaction, decreases response to substance, increases acetylation, increases activity (+3 more)	3
Arsenic	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression, increases reaction, decreases expression (+2 more)	3
Doxorubicin	increases expression, affects binding, decreases response to substance, increases acetylation, increases activity (+2 more)	3
Hyaluronic Acid	affects abundance, affects reaction, increases acetylation, decreases response to substance, decreases reaction (+3 more)	3
Nickel	increases expression, decreases reaction, affects expression	3
Plant Extracts	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression	3
Smoke	decreases reaction, increases expression	3
kaempferol	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
tamibarotene	decreases expression, affects expression	2
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	2
entinostat	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects reaction, decreases reaction, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Lapatinib	affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression, increases reaction (+1 more)	2
Panobinostat	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Vehicle Emissions	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression, increases reaction	2
Benzene	affects expression, increases expression	2

ChEMBL screening assays

9 unique, capped per target: 9 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL3242488	Binding	Binding affinity to immobilized recombinant human CD44 hyaluronan binding domain by surface plasmon resonance assay	Fragment-based identification of an inducible binding site on cell surface receptor CD44 for the design of protein-carbohydrate interaction inhibitors. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

25 cell lines: 23 cancer cell line, 2 spontaneously immortalized cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_0076	SNU-16	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_8389	OCUM-8	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_B1MR	Abcam HeLa CD44 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_C9DM	SNU-16/Cas9-hyg	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_D2R9	CHO/CD44s	Spontaneously immortalized cell line	Female
CVCL_D2RA	CHO/CD44v3-10	Spontaneously immortalized cell line	Female
CVCL_D2RB	PANC1/CD44v3-10	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D6CQ	HyCyte THP-1 KO-hCD44	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D7M4	Ubigene A-549 CD44 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D9ZM	Ubigene HeLa CD44 KO	Cancer cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

5 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02096965	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Use of Tolvaptan to Reduce Urinary Supersaturation: a Pilot Proof of Principle Study
NCT00381849	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	Use of an Herbal Preparation to Prevent and Dissolve Kidney Stones
NCT06330246	Not specified	RECRUITING	O. Formigenes Colonization in Calcium Oxalate Kidney Stone Disease
NCT06331546	Not specified	RECRUITING	Gut Oxalate Absorption in Calcium Oxalate Stone Disease
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