CD55

Summary

CD55 (CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group), HGNC:2665) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q32.2, encoding Complement decay-accelerating factor (P08174). This protein recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that condense with cell-surface hydroxyl or amino groups when nascent C4b and C3b are locally generated during C4 and c3 activation.

This gene encodes a glycoprotein involved in the regulation of the complement cascade. Binding of the encoded protein to complement proteins accelerates their decay, thereby disrupting the cascade and preventing damage to host cells. Antigens present on this protein constitute the Cromer blood group system (CROM). Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants. The predominant transcript variant encodes a membrane-bound protein, but alternatively spliced transcripts may produce soluble proteins.

Source: NCBI Gene 1604 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): protein-losing enteropathy (Strong, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 293 total — 18 pathogenic, 10 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 32
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000574

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:2665
Approved symbol	CD55
Name	CD55 molecule (Cromer blood group)
Location	1q32.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CR, TC, CROM
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000196352
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	125240
Entrez	1604

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 34 — 23 protein_coding, 7 retained_intron, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000314754, ENST00000343420, ENST00000367063, ENST00000367064, ENST00000391921, ENST00000465534, ENST00000476590, ENST00000488171, ENST00000618707, ENST00000634386, ENST00000635614, ENST00000644836, ENST00000645323, ENST00000695822, ENST00000695823, ENST00000695824, ENST00000695825, ENST00000695826, ENST00000695827, ENST00000695828, ENST00000695829, ENST00000695830, ENST00000695831, ENST00000945373, ENST00000945374, ENST00000945375, ENST00000945376, ENST00000945377, ENST00000945378, ENST00000945379, ENST00000945380, ENST00000945381, ENST00000945382, ENST00000945383

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_000574 NM_000574, NM_001114752, NM_001300902, NM_001300903, NM_001300904

CCDS: CCDS31006, CCDS44307, CCDS73022, CCDS86046, CCDS86047

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000367064 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001631743	207359546	207360966
ENSE00001840627	207321678	207321865
ENSE00003545943	207331108	207331296
ENSE00003965124	207322382	207322567
ENSE00003965125	207337329	207337409
ENSE00003965130	207324559	207324750
ENSE00003965131	207325622	207325721
ENSE00003965134	207326752	207326837
ENSE00003965135	207339397	207339417
ENSE00003965142	207336693	207336818

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 294 present calls, max score 99.53.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 166.8278 / max 8129.0916, expressed in 1815 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (25 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
8216	151.4046	1811
8215	5.1992	1556
8244	2.3122	682
8220	1.4762	483
8225	0.9660	474
8227	0.7377	346
8245	0.6290	223
8230	0.5162	218
8232	0.4060	161
8221	0.3949	171

Top tissues by expression

298 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	99.53	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	99.29	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	99.00	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	99.00	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	98.97	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	98.79	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	98.58	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	98.56	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	98.45	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	98.42	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	98.17	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	98.07	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	98.07	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	98.05	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	98.04	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	97.97	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	97.89	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	97.87	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	97.84	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	97.80	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	97.79	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	97.75	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	97.67	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	97.63	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	97.59	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	97.59	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	97.56	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	97.53	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	97.48	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	97.47	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 11 experiment(s), a significant marker in 11.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-24	yes	3008.48
E-MTAB-10283	yes	1328.19
E-CURD-114	yes	57.29
E-HCAD-10	yes	47.99
E-MTAB-6701	yes	41.16
E-MTAB-10287	yes	34.95
E-CURD-112	yes	18.98
E-MTAB-9221	yes	18.31
E-GEOD-130148	yes	13.59
E-MTAB-9801	yes	8.69
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AHR, DNMT1, FOXO3, IRF6, KDM5A, KLF4, KLF5, SP1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

107 targeting CD55, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-12118	100.00	65.88	1270
HSA-MIR-4776-3P	100.00	68.73	1340
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-6891-5P	99.98	66.53	1372
HSA-MIR-3173-3P	99.98	66.49	1217
HSA-MIR-4482-3P	99.98	72.50	3147
HSA-MIR-19A-3P	99.98	75.33	2762
HSA-MIR-19B-3P	99.98	75.44	2754
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-3065-5P	99.97	71.56	3281
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-548AB	99.95	71.31	3488
HSA-MIR-548A-5P	99.94	71.27	3482
HSA-MIR-548AD-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AE-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548AK	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AM-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AP-5P	99.94	71.14	3489
HSA-MIR-548AQ-5P	99.94	71.34	3426
HSA-MIR-548AR-5P	99.94	71.28	3515
HSA-MIR-548AS-5P	99.94	71.22	3482
HSA-MIR-548AU-5P	99.94	71.24	3488
HSA-MIR-548AY-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548B-5P	99.94	71.23	3502
HSA-MIR-548BB-5P	99.94	71.27	3509
HSA-MIR-548C-5P	99.94	71.24	3488

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• bFGF and VEGF were synergistic in terms of DAF expression, resulting in enhanced endothelial cytoprotection (PMID:11832343)
• The expression of hMCP on tissues where hDAF is not expressed could provide these tissues with protection against human complement mediated lysis. (PMID:11983016)
• identify the important Dr adhesin-binding and comlplement regulatory residues of human decay-accelerating factor SCR-3 (PMID:12117960)
• results indicate that interaction with DAF on the apical surface of polarized epithelial cells facilitates infection by a subset of coxsackie B virus isolates (PMID:12186929)
• The role of DAF in regulating alternative and classical pathway C3 activation was investigated. (PMID:12393518)
• VEGF produced by tumours to stimulate angiogenesis, also up-regulates endothelial cell surface expression of CD55 and stimulates the release of matrix degrading metalloproteinases. (PMID:12445304)
• x-ray structure of a pathogen-binding fragment of human CD55 at 1.7 angstrom resolution containing two of the three domains required for regulation of human complement (PMID:12499389)
• Antigen-presenting cell exosomes are protected from complement-mediated lysis by expression of CD55 and CD59. (PMID:12645951)
• Afa/Dr diffusely adhering E. coli induced IL-8 production and transepithelial migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in polarized monolayers of the T84 cell line; after PMNL migration, expression of DAF was enhanced, increasing the bacterial adhesion (PMID:12654791)
• In neutrophils, GPI-anchored normal cellular prion and this protein exhibit different biological properties. (PMID:12659837)
• hCD55 expressed in rat hearts not only inhibits complement activation, but also human leukocyte adhesion and apparently functions as an anti-adhesion molecule (PMID:12664211)
• DAF seems to occupy a groove on the CP convertase such that both faces of DAF close to the 2-3 junction (including a positively charged region that encircles the protein at this point) interact simultaneously. (PMID:12672958)
• a new functional role of CD55 as a member of a multimeric LPS receptor complex. (PMID:12731067)
• Enhanced expression of the complement regulatory protein CD55 is associated with colorectal cancer (PMID:12811528)
• Although CD55 and CD59 deficiency in primary or secondary AIHA, it appears that this defect plays a facilitator rather than a triggering role for the hemolytic process. (PMID:12880676)
• Since DAF is abundantly expressed in epithelial and endothelial cells, interaction of cardiotropic Coxsackie Virus B with the DAF coreceptor protein, in addition to CAR, could therefore be advantageous to the virus by enhancing viral entry into the heart. (PMID:12920584)
• In transgenic pigs, delays xenograft heart rejection in baboons treated with immunosuppressive agents. (PMID:12950987)
• Antiadhesive role of apical decay-accelerating factor (CD55) in human neutrophil transmigration across mucosal epithelia. (PMID:14530374)
• community-circulating strains of Coxsackie virus A21 can infect target cells expressing intercellular adhesion molecule 1 or DAF alone and that such interactions extend tissue tropism and impact directly on viral pathogenesis. (PMID:14722298)
• interaction with the convertase, and thus complement regulation, depends on the burial of a hydrophobic patch centered on the linker between SCR domains 2 and 3. (PMID:14734808)
• Pigs transgenic for human DAF express very low levels of human DAF on embryonic neural tissue. (PMID:14962294)
• Regions of DAF interact wiwth enteroviruses and may predict specific virus-receptor contacts. (PMID:14993659)
• Serum DAF concentrations are increased in ulcerative colitis patients in relation to disease activity. (PMID:15007304)
• UEA-1 agglutinin binds to DAF in colonic mucosa and the product is excreted in feces of patients with colon cancer and colitis. (PMID:15007307)
• CD55 and CD59 have roles in preventing progression of breast carcinomas (PMID:15102687)
• in vitro E. coli invasion of an epithelial cell line is directly related to NO-regulated expression of DAF (PMID:15102803)
• Significant difference in intensity of the staining of CD55 and CD46 among cells in various layers of normal esophageal mucosa and esophageal carcinoma cells, but not in the staining of CD59. (PMID:15151618)
• Use of PKC agonists and isozyme-specific pseudosubstrate peptide antagonists suggested a role for PKCalpha and -epsilon in VEGF-mediated DAF up-regulation, mediating A cytoprotective pathway in ECs. (PMID:15284224)
• In transgenic swine, significantly increased survival time of kidney xenograft to baboons. (PMID:15350460)
• During respiratory syncytial virus assembly in Hep2 cells, the cellular distribution of the complement regulatory protein, decay accelerating factor (CD55) changes and high levels of this cellular protein are incorporated into mature virus filaments. (PMID:15351205)
• For DAF to function on natural killer (NK) cells, short consensus repeat motifs 2-4 of DAF are required. Downregulation by DAF expression in NK cell-mediated pig endothelial cell lysis is distinct, and very effective. (PMID:15356143)
• Does not provide additional bbenefit in preventing graft rejection in transgenic pig-baboon heart transplantation. (PMID:15385816)
• DAF has a role in controlling the complement cascade (PMID:15536079)
• interaction of DAF-binding coxsackievirus B3 isolate with soluble or cell surface DAF did not induce formation of A particles (PMID:15596863)
• a splice variant of decay-accelerating factor is expressed in c-erbB-2-positive mammary carcinoma cells showing increased transendothelial invasiveness (PMID:15721309)
• hDAF transgene blocks hyperacute graft rejection of porcie islets into alloxan diabetic ratsl (PMID:15808680)
• Hyperacute xenograft rejection of pig hearts into baboons was prevented by immunosorption and human DAF transgenic donor hearts. (PMID:15808683)
• Transgenic human DAF improves the performance of pig hearts by reducing myocardial damage and intravascular thrombosis after heart translpantation. (PMID:15808686)
• Protective role of hDAF in pig cells to heterologus complement mediated damage in vitro. (PMID:15808692)
• swine vesicular disease virus isolates from early and recent outbreaks have been compared for their capacity to utilize the progenitor virus receptors coxsackie-adenovirus receptor and decay-accelerating factor (PMID:15831949)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Cd55	ENSMUSG00000026399
mus_musculus	Cd55b	ENSMUSG00000026401
rattus_norvegicus	Cd55	ENSRNOG00000003927

Paralogs (39): CFH (ENSG00000000971), SELE (ENSG00000007908), C8B (ENSG00000021852), C6 (ENSG00000039537), SEZ6 (ENSG00000063015), CFHR2 (ENSG00000080910), APOH (ENSG00000091583), SEZ6L (ENSG00000100095), SUSD6 (ENSG00000100647), SRPX (ENSG00000101955), SRPX2 (ENSG00000102359), C7 (ENSG00000112936), C9 (ENSG00000113600), PAPPA2 (ENSG00000116183), CFHR3 (ENSG00000116785), CR2 (ENSG00000117322), CD46 (ENSG00000117335), CSMD2 (ENSG00000121904), C4BPA (ENSG00000123838), C4BPB (ENSG00000123843), CFHR4 (ENSG00000134365), CFHR5 (ENSG00000134389), F13B (ENSG00000143278), SUSD4 (ENSG00000143502), C8A (ENSG00000157131), SUSD3 (ENSG00000157303), CSMD3 (ENSG00000164796), SVEP1 (ENSG00000165124), C2 (ENSG00000166278), SELP (ENSG00000174175), SEZ6L2 (ENSG00000174938), PRF1 (ENSG00000180644), PAPPA (ENSG00000182752), CSMD1 (ENSG00000183117), SELL (ENSG00000188404), CR1L (ENSG00000197721), CR1 (ENSG00000203710), CFB (ENSG00000243649), CFHR1 (ENSG00000244414)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Complement decay-accelerating factor — P08174 (reviewed: P08174)

All UniProt accessions (11): A0A2R8Y4B4, A0A2R8YDY3, A0A2R8YEC5, A0A8Q3SI51, A0A8Q3SI94, A0A8Q3WKT6, A0A8Q3WLV2, B1AP13, P08174, B1AP15, H3BLV0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. This protein recognizes C4b and C3b fragments that condense with cell-surface hydroxyl or amino groups when nascent C4b and C3b are locally generated during C4 and c3 activation. Interaction of daf with cell-associated C4b and C3b polypeptides interferes with their ability to catalyze the conversion of C2 and factor B to enzymatically active C2a and Bb and thereby prevents the formation of C4b2a and C3bBb, the amplification convertases of the complement cascade. Inhibits complement activation by destabilizing and preventing the formation of C3 and C5 convertases, which prevents complement damage. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Coxsackievirus A21, coxsackieviruses B1, B3 and B5. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Human enterovirus 70 and D68. (Microbial infection) Acts as a receptor for Human echoviruses 6, 7, 11, 12, 20 and 21.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer (major form) and non-disulfide-linked, covalent homodimer (minor form). Interacts with ADGRE5. (Microbial infection) Interacts with coxsackievirus A21, coxsackieviruses B1, B3 and B5 capsid proteins. (Microbial infection) Interacts with human enterovirus 70 and D68 capsid proteins. (Microbial infection) Interacts with human echoviruses 6, 7, 11, 12, 20 and 21 capsid proteins.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane Cell membrane Secreted Secreted Secreted Cell membrane Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed on the plasma membranes of all cell types that are in intimate contact with plasma complement proteins. It is also found on the surfaces of epithelial cells lining extracellular compartments, and variants of the molecule are present in body fluids and in extracellular matrix.

Post-translational modifications. The Ser/Thr-rich domain is heavily O-glycosylated.

Disease relevance. Complement hyperactivation, angiopathic thrombosis, and protein-losing enteropathy (CHAPLE) [MIM:226300] An autosomal recessive disease characterized by abdominal pain and diarrhea, primary intestinal lymphangiectasia, edema due to hypoproteinemia, malabsorption, and less frequently, bowel inflammation, recurrent infections, and angiopathic thromboembolic disease. Patients’ T lymphocytes show increased complement activation causing surface deposition of complement and the generation of soluble C5a. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. CHAPLE is caused by biallelic mutations in the CD55 gene.

Domain organisation. The first Sushi domain (SCR1) is not necessary for function. SCR2 and SCR4 provide the proper conformation for the active site on SCR3.

Polymorphism. Responsible for the Cromer blood group system (CROM) [MIM:613793]. It consists of at least 8 high-incidence (Cr(a), Tc(a), Dr(a), Es(a), WES(b), UMC, IFC and GUTI) and three low-incidence (Tc(b), Tc(c) and WES(a)) antigens that reside on DAF. In the Cromer phenotypes Dr(a-) and Inab there is reduced or absent expression of DAF, respectively. In the case of the Dr(a-) phenotype, a single nucleotide substitution within exon 5 accounts for two changes: a simple amino acid substitution, Leu-199 that is the basis of the antigenic variation, and an alternative splicing event that underlies the decreased expression of DAF in this phenotype. The Inab phenotype is a very rare one in which the red blood cells lack all Cromer system antigens. The red blood cells of individuals with Inab phenotype have a deficiency of DAF, but these individuals are not known to have any associated hematologic or other abnormalities.

Miscellaneous. Includes partial sequence of the intron 7. Includes full sequence of the intron 7.

Similarity. Belongs to the receptors of complement activation (RCA) family.

Isoforms (7)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P08174-1	2, DAF-2	yes
P08174-2	1, DAF-1
P08174-3	3, VDAF3
P08174-4	4, VDAF2
P08174-5	5, VDAF1
P08174-6	6, VDAF4
P08174-7	7, VDAF5

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_000565, NP_001108224, NP_001287831, NP_001287832, NP_001287833 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000436	Sushi_SCR_CCP_dom	Domain
IPR035976	Sushi/SCR/CCP_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050350	Compl-Cell_Adhes-Reg	Family

Pfam: PF00084

UniProt features (65 total): strand 25, disulfide bond 8, sequence variant 7, splice variant 6, domain 4, sequence conflict 4, turn 2, compositionally biased region 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1, glycosylation site 1, propeptide 1, helix 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

33 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1H03	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
1H04	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1OK3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
1OJV	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
1OJW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
1OK2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
1OJY	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
1OK1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
8K9T	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.66
8K9R	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.68
1H2P	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8
6LA5	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.86
1H2Q	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
1OK9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
1UOT	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
6ILK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
7VY6	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.02
8B8R	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
7VY5	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.15
7DO4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.2
6ILJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
7C9W	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6
8B9F	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.93
5FOA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	4.19
3IYP	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	7.2
3J24	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	9
2C8I	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	14
2QZD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	14
2QZF	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	14
2QZH	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	14

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P08174-F1	78.99	0.66

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 353

Disulfide bonds (8): 36–81, 65–94, 98–145, 129–158, 163–204, 190–220, 225–267, 253–283

Glycosylation sites (1): 95

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-373080	Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)
R-HSA-6798695	Neutrophil degranulation
R-HSA-6807878	COPI-mediated anterograde transport
R-HSA-977606	Regulation of Complement cascade

MSigDB gene sets: 527 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ALPHA_BETA_T_CELL_ACTIVATION, MCLACHLAN_DENTAL_CARIES_UP, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_LIPID, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_BIOTIC_STIMULUS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION_INVOLVED_IN_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOLDRATH_IMMUNE_MEMORY, MODULE_45, MODULE_64, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE

GO Biological Process (16): positive regulation of T cell cytokine production (GO:0002726), complement activation, classical pathway (GO:0006958), positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration (GO:0007204), regulation of complement activation (GO:0030449), regulation of lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0031664), innate immune response (GO:0045087), respiratory burst (GO:0045730), negative regulation of complement activation (GO:0045916), regulation of complement-dependent cytotoxicity (GO:1903659), positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation (GO:2000516), positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation (GO:2000563), immune system process (GO:0002376), regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity (GO:0002706), regulation of adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains (GO:0002822), symbiont entry into host cell (GO:0046718), regulation of immune response (GO:0050776)

GO Molecular Function (3): virus receptor activity (GO:0001618), lipid binding (GO:0008289), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (12): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), extracellular region (GO:0005576), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), cell surface (GO:0009986), transport vesicle (GO:0030133), secretory granule membrane (GO:0030667), endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment membrane (GO:0033116), membrane raft (GO:0045121), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), side of membrane (GO:0098552), ficolin-1-rich granule membrane (GO:0101003), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-4 pathways:

Category	Pathways
GPCR ligand binding	1
Innate Immune System	1
ER to Golgi Anterograde Transport	1
Complement cascade	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
complement activation	3
bounding membrane of organelle	3
immune response	2
binding	2
membrane	2
T cell cytokine production	1
positive regulation of T cell mediated immunity	1
positive regulation of cytokine production involved in immune response	1
regulation of T cell cytokine production	1
humoral immune response mediated by circulating immunoglobulin	1
regulation of biological quality	1
regulation of immune effector process	1
regulation of humoral immune response	1
regulation of response to biotic stimulus	1
regulation of signal transduction	1
lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway	1
regulation of response to external stimulus	1
defense response to symbiont	1
metabolic process	1
negative regulation of immune effector process	1
negative regulation of humoral immune response	1
regulation of complement activation	1
regulation of cell killing	1
complement-dependent cytotoxicity	1
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	1
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell activation	1
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	1
CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	1
positive regulation of alpha-beta T cell proliferation	1
positive regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell activation	1
regulation of CD4-positive, alpha-beta T cell proliferation	1
biological_process	1
lymphocyte mediated immunity	1
regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity	1
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains	1
regulation of adaptive immune response	1
viral life cycle	1
symbiont entry into host	1
regulation of immune system process	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2116 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CD55	ADGRE5	P48960	998
CD55	ADGRE2	Q9UHX3	998
CD55	C3	P01024	994
CD55	C4A	P01028	985
CD55	CD59	P13987	981
CD55	C4A	P01028	974
CD55	PIGA	P37287	930
CD55	ICAM1	P05362	913
CD55	CXADR	P78310	859
CD55	ADGRE3	Q9BY15	821
CD55	PGAP1	Q75T13	817
CD55	CD46	P15529	786
CD55	SERPING1	P05155	717
CD55	CFP	P27918	709
CD55	ACHE	P22303	704

IntAct

48 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
CD55	ADGRE5	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.620
CFTR	PLEKHG3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.480
CD55	ADGRE2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
	RAP1BL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
C2	CD55	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
CD55	CHI3L1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
CD55	RPS4Y1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ESR1	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NFE2L2	PLEKHG3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Npc1	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PDGFRA	GXYLT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NOTCH2	ZNF320	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CCL3	KRBA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ST14	LIPT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
C1QTNF7	AGRN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HFE	PODXL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HPN	TOR1A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LY86	PLXNB2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PDCD2	PRMT3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CD55	CCNB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FLVCR2	PLPP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MFSD4A	TIMM23	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (87): CHI3L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), C6orf120 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Co-localization), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHI3L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD55 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: O02839, O08569, O19124, O62685, O62837, O88174, P02749, P04003, P05160, P06909, P08174, P08603, P08607, P15529, P16109, P17690, P19070, P20023, P26644, P33703, P36980, P42201, P49457, P70105, P79138, P98109, Q01339, Q02985, Q03472, Q03591, Q07968, Q22328, Q28065, Q28768, Q2VPA4, Q5R4D0, Q60401, Q60736, Q61475, Q61476

Diamond homologs: A0A182C2Z2, A0JNA2, B3EX01, E7FEC4, O08569, O19124, O57254, O62685, O62837, O88174, P08174, P0DTN2, P15529, P21115, P24083, P24084, P36980, P49457, P79138, P81475, Q01227, Q07968, Q28085, Q29RN8, Q4V9Z5, Q53EL9, Q5R4D0, Q5R8M2, Q5VX71, Q60736, Q63515, Q6AX42, Q6P1D5, Q6UXD5, Q7TSK2, Q7Z408, Q8BH32, Q9BYH1, Q9JF44, Q9W332

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
CD55	up-regulates	ADGRE5	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 57 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
transport across blood-brain barrier	5	17.9×	5e-03
protein-containing complex assembly	5	11.4×	1e-02

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

293 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	18
Likely pathogenic	10
Uncertain significance	106
Likely benign	126
Benign	8

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (28)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1457858	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.508C>T (p.Arg170Ter)	Pathogenic
16871	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.261G>A (p.Trp87Ter)	Pathogenic
1954302	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.169G>T (p.Glu57Ter)	Pathogenic
2005054	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.670dup (p.Tyr224fs)	Pathogenic
2034251	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.262dup (p.Ser88fs)	Pathogenic
2714425	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.639G>A (p.Trp213Ter)	Pathogenic
2796629	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.260G>A (p.Trp87Ter)	Pathogenic
3338382	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.98G>A (p.Trp33Ter)	Pathogenic
3772257	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.822_823insAA (p.Glu275fs)	Pathogenic
4077833	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.147_148delinsAT (p.Glu50Ter)	Pathogenic
427983	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.43del (p.Leu15fs)	Pathogenic
4292759	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.367dup (p.Thr123fs)	Pathogenic
431759	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.596C>T (p.Ser199Leu)	Pathogenic
431760	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.110del (p.Gly37fs)	Pathogenic
431761	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.149_150delinsCCTT (p.Glu50fs)	Pathogenic
431762	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.800G>C (p.Cys267Ser)	Pathogenic
431763	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.287-1G>A	Pathogenic
4699260	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.863dup (p.Thr289fs)	Pathogenic
1066401	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.286+2T>G	Likely pathogenic
1520269	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.286+1G>A	Likely pathogenic
2083230	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.579-2A>T	Likely pathogenic
2097227	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.479-1G>A	Likely pathogenic
2135593	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.665-1G>A	Likely pathogenic
2630974	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.517C>T (p.Gln173Ter)	Likely pathogenic
2631765	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.101-2A>C	Likely pathogenic
3639595	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.286+2T>A	Likely pathogenic
4725437	NM_000574.5(CD55):c.123_286+132del	Likely pathogenic
545154	NC_000001.11:g.(?204033173)(208209798_?)del	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

1612 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:207321861:GTGGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207321863:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207321864:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207321864:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207321864:GGGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:207321865:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207321866:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207321867:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:207322378:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:207322379:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:207322563:CAATC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207322564:AATC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207322565:ATC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207322566:TC:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207322567:CG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
1:207322568:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
1:207322568:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207324746:TAAAA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:207324748:AAAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:207324750:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:207325616:TTCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:207325617:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:207325618:CTAGA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:207325619:TAGA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:207325620:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:207325621:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:207325621:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:207325621:GAGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:207325621:GAGAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:207325717:ACAGG:A	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2439 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:207322542:G:C	W87C	1.000
1:207322542:G:T	W87C	1.000
1:207324725:G:C	W151C	1.000
1:207324725:G:T	W151C	1.000
1:207326812:G:C	W213C	1.000
1:207326812:G:T	W213C	1.000
1:207331271:G:C	W276C	1.000
1:207331271:G:T	W276C	1.000
1:207324723:T:A	W151R	0.999
1:207324723:T:C	W151R	0.999
1:207326783:T:A	C204S	0.999
1:207326784:G:C	C204S	0.999
1:207326785:T:G	C204W	0.999
1:207326810:T:A	W213R	0.999
1:207326810:T:C	W213R	0.999
1:207326831:T:A	C220S	0.999
1:207326832:G:C	C220S	0.999
1:207331242:T:A	C267S	0.999
1:207331243:G:C	C267S	0.999
1:207331269:T:A	W276R	0.999
1:207331269:T:C	W276R	0.999
1:207331290:T:A	C283S	0.999
1:207331291:G:C	C283S	0.999
1:207322474:T:A	C65S	0.998
1:207322475:G:C	C65S	0.998
1:207324657:T:A	C129S	0.998
1:207324658:G:C	C129S	0.998
1:207324705:T:A	C145S	0.998
1:207324706:G:C	C145S	0.998
1:207325711:T:A	C190S	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000090941 (1:207354905 T>C), RS1000117414 (1:207344979 G>A), RS1000134556 (1:207324386 T>C), RS1000142063 (1:207326307 T>C), RS1000145669 (1:207323138 T>C), RS1000199917 (1:207349302 C>A), RS1000329858 (1:207329578 A>G,T), RS1000369164 (1:207356875 C>T), RS1000520848 (1:207350029 T>C,G), RS1000592925 (1:207360544 A>G), RS1000656536 (1:207350199 A>G), RS1000742550 (1:207327934 C>T), RS1000823128 (1:207357249 G>C), RS1000846516 (1:207334918 A>G), RS1000878949 (1:207334586 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:125240 | disease phenotypes: MIM:226300, MIM:209850

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
protein-losing enteropathy	Strong	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (2): protein-losing enteropathy (MONDO:0009174), autism (MONDO:0005260)

Orphanet (1): Complement hyperactivation-angiopathic thrombosis-protein-losing enteropathy syndrome (Orphanet:566175)

HPO phenotypes

32 total (30 of 32 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000821	Hypothyroidism
HP:0000969	Edema
HP:0001217	Clubbing
HP:0001510	Growth delay
HP:0001541	Ascites
HP:0001891	Iron deficiency anemia
HP:0001894	Thrombocytosis
HP:0001903	Anemia
HP:0002013	Vomiting
HP:0002014	Diarrhea
HP:0002024	Malabsorption
HP:0002027	Abdominal pain
HP:0002204	Pulmonary embolism
HP:0002240	Hepatomegaly
HP:0002242	Abnormal intestine morphology
HP:0002243	Protein-losing enteropathy
HP:0002593	Intestinal lymphangiectasia
HP:0002639	Budd-Chiari syndrome
HP:0002719	Recurrent infections
HP:0002783	Recurrent lower respiratory tract infections
HP:0002829	Arthralgia
HP:0003073	Hypoalbuminemia
HP:0003075	Hypoproteinemia
HP:0003593	Infantile onset
HP:0003621	Juvenile onset
HP:0004313	Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration
HP:0005214	Intestinal obstruction
HP:0007430	Generalized edema
HP:0011463	Childhood onset

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003455_45	Spherical equivalent (joint analysis main effects and education interaction)	3.000000e-12
GCST003455_46	Spherical equivalent (joint analysis main effects and education interaction)	2.000000e-08
GCST006291_31	Spherical equivalent or myopia (age of diagnosis)	3.000000e-13
GCST010002_375	Refractive error	2.000000e-54

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004784	self reported educational attainment
EFO:0004847	age at onset

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001321	Autistic Disorder	F03.625.164.113.500
D011504	Protein-Losing Enteropathies	C06.405.469.818

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4879428 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: other protein — CD molecules

CTD chemical–gene interactions

126 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation	6
Cyclosporine	affects expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	5
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	4
bisphenol A	increases methylation, affects expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	3
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	3
Zoledronic Acid	increases expression	3
Tunicamycin	increases expression	3
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	2
deoxynivalenol	increases expression	2
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Panobinostat	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Air Pollutants	increases expression, increases abundance	2
Cisplatin	affects response to substance, increases expression	2
Doxorubicin	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression	2
Tretinoin	increases expression	2
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	decreases expression, increases expression	2
4-hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic acid lactone	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide	increases expression	1
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one	increases expression	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
arsenite	affects expression	1
o,p’-DDT	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

1 unique, capped per target: 1 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4813497	Binding	Positive allosteric modulation of human muscarinic acetylcholine M4/Gqi5 receptor expressed in CHO cells in presence of acetylcholine at EC20 concentration by calcium mobilization assay	Discovery of a novel class of heteroaryl-pyrrolidinones as positive allosteric modulators of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett

Cellosaurus cell lines

5 cell lines: 4 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_D9BH	Ubigene HEK293 CD55 KO	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_D9ZP	Ubigene HeLa CD55 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_E1GA	Abcam MCF-7 CD55 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_SH85	HAP1 CD55 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SH86	HAP1 CD55 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00211796	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Divalproex Sodium ER in Adult Autism
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT00409747	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline to Treat Childhood Regressive Autism
NCT00576732	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Two Doses of Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder
NCT00844753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01098383	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02069977	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02199925	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of High-Dose Gammaplex in Children on the Autism Spectrum
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02255565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dose Response Effects of Quillivant XR in Children With ADHD and Autism: A Pilot Study
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT00036231	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
NCT00036244	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism
NCT00065884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents
NCT00065962	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Secretin for the Treatment of Autism
NCT00252603	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Galantamine Versus Placebo in Childhood Autism
NCT00346736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352248	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352352	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00355329	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Control Trial of Using Tongue Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Using PET Scan for Clinical Correlation
NCT00498173	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Atomoxetine in Treating ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism
NCT00541346	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of Daytrana TM in Children With Autism Co-Morbid for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms