CFHR4

Summary

CFHR4 (complement factor H related 4, HGNC:16979) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q31.3, encoding Complement factor H-related protein 4 (Q92496). Involved in complement regulation.

This gene is a member of the complement factor H (CFH) gene family, and encodes one of the 5 CFH-related (CFHR) proteins. These 5 genes are closely linked to the CFH gene on chromosome 1q31-q32. The CFHRs are secreted plasma proteins synthesized primarily by the hepatocytes, and composed of highly-related short consensus repeats (SCRs). This protein enhances the cofactor activity of CFH, and is involved in complement regulation. It can associate with lipoproteins and may play a role in lipid metabolism. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms (varying in the number of SCRs) have been described for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 10877 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 14
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 213 total — 1 pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001201550

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:16979
Approved symbol	CFHR4
Name	complement factor H related 4
Location	1q31.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FHR-4, FHR4
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000134365
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605337
Entrez	10877

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 9 protein_coding, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000251424, ENST00000367416, ENST00000608469, ENST00000647770, ENST00000699463, ENST00000699464, ENST00000699465, ENST00000883274, ENST00000883275, ENST00000883276, ENST00000883277, ENST00000883278, ENST00000883279

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001201550 NM_001201550, NM_001201551, NM_006684

CCDS: CCDS41451, CCDS55671, CCDS91133

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000608469 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001444458	196907316	196907498
ENSE00001444462	196918210	196918633
ENSE00002270122	196902418	196902615
ENSE00002278541	196910281	196910478
ENSE00002324799	196914956	196915138
ENSE00002329968	196906861	196907037
ENSE00002353452	196912740	196912922
ENSE00002368255	196914495	196914671
ENSE00002423662	196905108	196905290
ENSE00003833940	196888052	196888208

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 79 present calls, max score 96.81.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0120 / max 6.6445, expressed in 6 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
7508	0.0120	6

Top tissues by expression

114 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	96.81	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	95.64	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	82.30	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	62.75	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	46.68	silver quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	41.46	silver quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	41.01	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	40.70	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	40.63	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	40.48	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	40.17	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	39.90	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	39.28	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	38.83	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	37.92	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	37.27	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	37.16	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	36.70	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	36.53	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	36.47	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	36.41	silver quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	36.16	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	36.03	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	35.92	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	35.49	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	35.47	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	35.47	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	34.74	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	34.26	silver quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	34.00	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.26

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

24 targeting CFHR4, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-302C-5P	99.97	72.56	3642
HSA-MIR-6755-5P	99.95	65.59	464
HSA-MIR-4760-3P	99.93	70.50	2385
HSA-MIR-338-5P	99.92	72.34	2951
HSA-MIR-3529-3P	99.90	73.55	3045
HSA-MIR-580-3P	99.67	69.23	1841
HSA-MIR-510-3P	99.54	70.06	2965
HSA-MIR-142-5P	99.48	70.92	2416
HSA-MIR-5590-3P	99.48	70.91	2429
HSA-MIR-32-3P	99.36	68.20	2517
HSA-MIR-4795-5P	99.11	66.90	876
HSA-MIR-4703-5P	98.53	70.13	1645
HSA-MIR-3942-5P	98.52	69.51	1517
HSA-MIR-8078	98.32	65.73	361
HSA-MIR-4684-3P	98.24	69.91	1075
HSA-MIR-6502-3P	97.86	65.43	569
HSA-MIR-495-5P	97.62	68.28	682
HSA-MIR-3190-3P	97.61	66.95	1406
HSA-MIR-4786-5P	97.45	67.89	924
HSA-MIR-3672	94.46	65.67	646
HSA-MIR-6864-3P	94.46	65.97	625
HSA-MIR-769-5P	94.45	64.56	603

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 15)

• FHR-4A is a new Factor H-related protein with a unique domain composition, that is an internal duplication of four CCP domains FHR-4A provides the first evidence for alternative splicing among Factor H-related genes. (PMID:15562282)
• These data identify CFHR4 as a novel ligand for native CRP, and suggest a role for CFHR4 in opsonization of necrotic cells. (PMID:19084272)
• Association of factor H autoantibodies with deletions of CFHR1, CFHR3, CFHR4, and with mutations in CFH, CFI, CD46, and C3 in patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome. (PMID:19861685)
• These data reveal the molecular basis of the specific interaction of CFHR4 with native CRP and suggest a role for CFHR4 in enhancing opsonization via CRP binding. (PMID:20042240)
• Systemic lupus erythematosus were detected in European Americans and African Americans, which could be attributed to an intronic complement regulator factor H (CFH) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and an intergenic SNP between CFHR1 and CFHR4. (PMID:21637784)
• Factor H-related protein 4 activates complement by serving as a platform for the assembly of alternative pathway C3 convertase via its interaction with C3b protein (PMID:22518841)
• Studies indicate that complement factor H-related proteins (FHR1-5) may enhance complement activation, with important implications for the role of these proteins in disease. (PMID:25979655)
• Next-generation sequencing of the CFH region identified putatively functional variants (missense, splice site and indel) on the four common haplotypes. We found no expression of any of the five CFH-related genes in the retina or RPE/Choroid/Sclera, in contrast to the liver, which is the main source of the circulating proteins. [CFHR4] (PMID:27196323)
• Reports an association between a rare variant in the complement factor H-related 4 (CFHR4) gene and phenytoin-induced maculopapular exanthema in Europeans. This variant is in complete linkage disequilibrium with a missense variant (N1050Y) in the complement factor H (CFH) gene. In addition, results reinforce the association between HLA-A*31:01 and carbamazepine hypersensitivity. (PMID:29288229)
• The combination of three proteins - apolipoprotein A-IV, complement factor H-related protein 4 and platelet basic protein - demonstrated the best classification performance for our data for diagnosis of growth hormone defic. (PMID:29317355)
• The SNP rs3753396 in CFH and SNP rs6685931 in CFHR4 are associated with systemic complement activation levels. The SNP rs6685931 in CFHR4 and its linked haplotype H1-2 also conferred a risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) development, and therefore could be used to identify AMD patients who would benefit most from complement-inhibiting therapies. (PMID:29398083)
• FHR-4 as a key molecular player contributing to complement dysregulation in the age-related macular degeneration.FHR-4 is expressed in the liver but not in the eye. (PMID:32034129)
• Identification of CFHR4 as a Potential Prognosis Biomarker Associated With lmmune Infiltrates in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. (PMID:35812416)
• CFH and CFHR structural variants in atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Prevalence, genomic characterization and impact on outcome. (PMID:36793547)
• Levels of complement factor H-related 4 protein do not influence susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration or its course of progression. (PMID:38200010)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Paralogs (39): CFH (ENSG00000000971), SELE (ENSG00000007908), C8B (ENSG00000021852), C6 (ENSG00000039537), SEZ6 (ENSG00000063015), CFHR2 (ENSG00000080910), APOH (ENSG00000091583), SEZ6L (ENSG00000100095), SUSD6 (ENSG00000100647), SRPX (ENSG00000101955), SRPX2 (ENSG00000102359), C7 (ENSG00000112936), C9 (ENSG00000113600), PAPPA2 (ENSG00000116183), CFHR3 (ENSG00000116785), CR2 (ENSG00000117322), CD46 (ENSG00000117335), CSMD2 (ENSG00000121904), C4BPA (ENSG00000123838), C4BPB (ENSG00000123843), CFHR5 (ENSG00000134389), F13B (ENSG00000143278), SUSD4 (ENSG00000143502), C8A (ENSG00000157131), SUSD3 (ENSG00000157303), CSMD3 (ENSG00000164796), SVEP1 (ENSG00000165124), C2 (ENSG00000166278), SELP (ENSG00000174175), SEZ6L2 (ENSG00000174938), PRF1 (ENSG00000180644), PAPPA (ENSG00000182752), CSMD1 (ENSG00000183117), SELL (ENSG00000188404), CD55 (ENSG00000196352), CR1L (ENSG00000197721), CR1 (ENSG00000203710), CFB (ENSG00000243649), CFHR1 (ENSG00000244414)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Complement factor H-related protein 4 — Q92496 (reviewed: Q92496)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q92496

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Involved in complement regulation. Can associate with lipoproteins and may play a role in lipid metabolism.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma.

Post-translational modifications. Glycosylated.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q92496-1	1, FHR-4A	yes
Q92496-2	2
Q92496-3	3, FHR-4B

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001188479, NP_001188480, NP_006675 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000436	Sushi_SCR_CCP_dom	Domain
IPR035976	Sushi/SCR/CCP_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR051503	ComplSys_Reg/VirEntry_Med	Family

Pfam: PF00084

UniProt features (40 total): disulfide bond 16, domain 9, glycosylation site 7, sequence variant 3, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q92496-F1	87.75	0.51

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (16): 88–134, 117–145, 149–193, 176–204, 211–254, 240–265, 271–320, 303–331, 335–381, 364–392, 396–440, 423–451, 458–501, 487–512, 516–567, 550–577

Glycosylation sites (7): 127, 186, 206, 374, 433, 453, 557

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-977606	Regulation of Complement cascade

MSigDB gene sets: 58 (showing top): REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_COMPLEMENT_ACTIVATION, KLEIN_PRIMARY_EFFUSION_LYMPHOMA_UP, HSIAO_LIVER_SPECIFIC_GENES, CAIRO_HEPATOBLASTOMA_DN, GOBP_HUMORAL_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GNF2_HPX, GOBP_IMMUNE_EFFECTOR_PROCESS, ACEVEDO_LIVER_CANCER_UP, GOBP_LIPID_LOCALIZATION, CAMPS_COLON_CANCER_COPY_NUMBER_DN, GOMF_LIPID_TRANSPORTER_ACTIVITY, GOMF_COMPLEMENT_BINDING, CAR_IGFBP1

GO Biological Process (2): complement activation (GO:0006956), lipid transport (GO:0006869)

GO Molecular Function (3): complement component C3b binding (GO:0001851), lipid carrier activity (GO:0005319), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Complement cascade	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
immune effector process	1
activation of immune response	1
humoral immune response	1
protein activation cascade	1
transport	1
lipid localization	1
opsonin binding	1
complement binding	1
molecular carrier activity	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

420 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CFHR4	C3	P01024	985
CFHR4	CRP	P02741	953
CFHR4	MYBPH	Q13203	785
CFHR4	C4BPB	P20851	755
CFHR4	DGKE	P52429	669
CFHR4	CFB	P00751	667
CFHR4	CD55	P08174	659
CFHR4	C4A	P01028	643
CFHR4	CD46	P15529	642
CFHR4	RBMS2	Q15434	622
CFHR4	C4A	P01028	612
CFHR4	CNDP2	Q96KP4	547
CFHR4	CFP	P27918	541
CFHR4	ADAMTS13	Q76LX8	521
CFHR4	ARMS2	P0C7Q2	516

IntAct

5 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PTX3	CFHR4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
CFHR4	CFHR4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
CRP	CFHR4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
CDC42	CFHR4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (3): CFHR4 (Co-fractionation), C3 (Reconstituted Complex), CFHR4 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0B4J2E0, D3ZQE1, E9QA28, O00478, O00481, O75019, O75871, P01733, P06731, P0C191, P11464, P11465, P13688, P16573, P31809, P31997, P40198, P40199, P59901, Q00887, Q00888, Q00889, Q13046, Q13410, Q14002, Q15238, Q16557, Q28110, Q2WEN9, Q3KPI0, Q3UKK2, Q61400, Q63111, Q6PI73, Q810J1, Q863H2, Q8C567, Q8MJZ2, Q8N149, Q8N6C8

Diamond homologs: A0JNA2, P05160, P06909, P08603, P17927, P19070, P28175, P36980, Q02985, Q03591, Q07968, Q26422, Q28085, Q29RN8, Q4LDE5, Q53EL9, Q7TSK2, Q923L3, Q92496, Q9BXR6, A0A1D5NSM8, O02839, O08569, O19124, O57254, O62685, O62837, O88174, P00751, P02749, P04003, P04186, P06681, P08174, P08607, P0C6B8, P0DTN2, P10643, P15529, P20023

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

213 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	115
Likely benign	44
Benign	21

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
4682509	GRCh37/hg19 1q25.3-32.1(chr1:180800361-203181850)x3	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

1807 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:196902416:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196905103:TTTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196905104:TTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196905104:TTAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196905105:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196905106:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196905106:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196905107:G:GA	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196905107:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196905107:GGAAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196905178:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196905286:CATTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196905287:ATTA:A	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196905288:TTA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196905289:TA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196905290:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:196905290:AGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:196905291:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196905292:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:196905292:TAA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:196906857:TCAGA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196906859:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196906859:AGA:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:196906860:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196906860:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196906860:GAAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196906860:GAATT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:196907033:CTATA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196907034:TATA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:196907035:ATA:A	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3779 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:196907015:G:C	W198C	0.999
1:196907015:G:T	W198C	0.999
1:196907476:G:C	W259C	0.999
1:196907476:G:T	W259C	0.999
1:196910456:G:C	W325C	0.998
1:196910456:G:T	W325C	0.998
1:196902593:G:C	W78C	0.997
1:196902593:G:T	W78C	0.997
1:196905268:G:C	W139C	0.997
1:196905268:G:T	W139C	0.997
1:196910388:T:A	C303S	0.997
1:196910389:G:A	C303Y	0.997
1:196910389:G:C	C303S	0.997
1:196910439:T:A	C320S	0.997
1:196910440:G:C	C320S	0.997
1:196906998:T:A	C193S	0.996
1:196906999:G:C	C193S	0.996
1:196907492:T:A	C265S	0.996
1:196907493:G:C	C265S	0.996
1:196910390:T:G	C303W	0.996
1:196912900:G:C	W386C	0.996
1:196912900:G:T	W386C	0.996
1:196915116:G:C	W506C	0.996
1:196915116:G:T	W506C	0.996
1:196905200:T:A	C117S	0.995
1:196905201:G:C	C117S	0.995
1:196910454:T:A	W325R	0.995
1:196910454:T:C	W325R	0.995
1:196902525:T:A	C56S	0.994
1:196902526:G:C	C56S	0.994

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000116391 (1:196889484 A>T), RS1000156731 (1:196904058 G>A), RS1000396942 (1:196895859 A>G), RS1000425966 (1:196901410 G>T), RS1000452664 (1:196913156 A>T), RS1000456593 (1:196890700 C>T), RS1000522530 (1:196901135 C>T), RS1000661123 (1:196907342 C>T), RS1000950620 (1:196897148 C>T), RS1000990616 (1:196907095 T>A,C), RS1001195991 (1:196914325 G>A), RS1001336219 (1:196889194 C>T), RS1001400425 (1:196918603 C>G,T), RS1001471550 (1:196888852 T>C), RS1001547819 (1:196901078 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605337 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): kidney disorder (MONDO:0005240), atypical hemolytic-uremic syndrome (MONDO:0016244)

Orphanet (1): Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (Orphanet:2134)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

14 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001009_4	Nephropathy	3.000000e-10
GCST001798_1	End-stage coagulation	1.000000e-09
GCST001798_3	End-stage coagulation	2.000000e-30
GCST001798_4	End-stage coagulation	5.000000e-30
GCST001798_7	End-stage coagulation	3.000000e-19
GCST001798_8	End-stage coagulation	7.000000e-19
GCST001899_1	Age-related macular degeneration	1.000000e-16
GCST001986_1	Age-related macular degeneration	1.000000e-31
GCST001987_2	Age-related macular degeneration (extreme sampling)	9.000000e-24
GCST005187_2	Matrix metalloproteinase-8 levels	2.000000e-35
GCST005200_1	Phenytoin-induced maculopapular exanthema	5.000000e-11
GCST005365_2	Serum C3d:C3 ratio (systemic complement activation)	6.000000e-08
GCST90019045_1	Complement factor H-related protein 4A levels	6.000000e-26
GCST90019045_2	Complement factor H-related protein 4A levels	6.000000e-39

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:1001253	maculopapular eruption
EFO:0008543	c3d:C3 ratio
EFO:0600057	complement factor H-related protein 4A measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D065766	Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome	C12.050.351.968.419.936.463.500; C12.200.777.419.936.463.500; C12.950.419.936.463.500; C15.378.050.141.610.500; C15.378.140.855.925.500.500; C15.378.243.937.925.500.500
D007674	Kidney Diseases	C12.050.351.968.419; C12.200.777.419; C12.950.419

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

1 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs78239784	Toxicity	3	phenytoin	Maculopapular Exanthema

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs78239784	CFHR4	3	4.00	1	phenytoin

CTD chemical–gene interactions

21 total (human), top 21 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, decreases methylation	2
Silicon Dioxide	affects expression, decreases expression	2
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
6-hydroxy-5-((p- sulfophenyl)azo)-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid disodium salt	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline	decreases expression	1
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
Chenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Citrulline	increases expression	1
Deoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycocholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Glycodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine	decreases expression	1
Tartrazine	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Triclosan	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00067990	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angiotensin II Blockade for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy
NCT00117078	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aranesp® Monthly Preference Study - 2
NCT00117130	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Effectiveness of Aranesp®
NCT00132431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	START: Sensipar Treatment Algorithm to Reach K/DOQI Targets in Chronic Kidney Disease Subjects With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
NCT00140985	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antiproteinuric Efficacy of Losartan Potassium in Patients With Non-Diabetic Proteinuric Renal Diseases (0954-213)
NCT00246129	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CamTac Trial:Campath-Tacrolimus vs IL2R MoAb/Tacrolimus/MMF in Renal Transplantation
NCT00275535	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Comparison of Tacrolimus and Sirolimus Immunosuppression Based Drug Regimens in Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT00282217	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Sirolimus in the Treatment of Kidney Transplant
NCT00289614	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Patients With Renal Impairment and Diabetes Undergoing Computed Tomography (CT)
NCT00290069	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Renal Function Optimization With Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) Immunosuppressor Regimes (ALHAMBRA)
NCT00338468	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study to Assess Disability in Anemic Elderly Patients With Kidney Disease Receiving PROCRIT (Epoetin Alfa)
NCT00368901	PHASE4	COMPLETED	STAAR-2 Clinical Study
NCT00369733	PHASE4	COMPLETED	STAAR-3 Clinical Study
NCT00369772	PHASE4	COMPLETED	STAAR-1 Clinical Study
NCT00379899	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ADVANCE: Study to Evaluate Cinacalcet Plus Low Dose Vitamin D on Vascular Calcification in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Hemodialysis
NCT00443508	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Reduction or Discontinuation of CNI’s With Conversion to Everolimus-Based Immunosuppresion
NCT00452478	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Conversion From Standard Phosphate Binder Therapy to Fosrenol® (Lanthanum Carbonate) in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5
NCT00492518	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Acetylcysteine, Theophylline, and a Combination of Both in the Prophylaxis of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
NCT00505102	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safe Renal Function In Long Term Heart Transplanted Patients
NCT00526331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00688480	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Do Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Reduce Both Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Patients With Renal Dysfunction?
NCT00863707	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Safety and Tolerance of Regadenoson in Subjects With Renal Impairment
NCT01101698	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Vitamin K2 and Vessel Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
NCT01150201	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aliskiren Combined With Losartan in Proteinuric, Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease
NCT01155141	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Idiopathic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Treatment With ACTH
NCT01228279	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sympathetic Activity in Patients With End-stage Renal Disease on Peritoneal Dialysis
NCT01334333	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Medication Adherence Between Once and Twice Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients
NCT01437943	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Effect of Short Term Aliskiren Treatment in Kidney Transplant Patients
NCT01545479	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Increased Renal Oxygenation and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition
NCT01614431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	N Acetyl Cysteine for Cystinosis Patients
NCT01631149	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Deep BLock on Intraoperative Surgical Conditions
NCT01722513	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Safety of Alprostadil Prevent Contrast Induced Nephropathy
NCT01985360	PHASE4	COMPLETED	ISCHEMIA-Chronic Kidney Disease Trial
NCT02311010	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Practical Use of Advagraf de Novo After Kidney Transplantation According to Recipient Genetic Polymorphism
NCT02413073	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Whole Body Vibration in Kidney Disease
NCT02444013	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Folic Acid for Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy
NCT02663713	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Randomized, Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Low Dose Ticagrelor to Clopidogrel in Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction
NCT02707809	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Microcirculation of Kidney Transplant Recipient
NCT02761577	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Prospective Study on Incidence and Prevention of Contrast-induced Nephropathy in Croatia
NCT03029351	PHASE4	TERMINATED	GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy and Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes