CGB3

gene
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Summary

CGB3 (chorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 3, HGNC:1886) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19q13.33, encoding Choriogonadotropin subunit beta 3 (P0DN86). Beta subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG is a complex glycoprotein composed of two glycosylated subunits alpha and beta which are non-covalently associated.

This gene is a member of the glycoprotein hormone beta chain family and encodes the beta 3 subunit of chorionic gonadotropin (CG). Glycoprotein hormones are heterodimers consisting of a common alpha subunit and an unique beta subunit which confers biological specificity. CG is produced by the trophoblastic cells of the placenta and stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy. The beta subunit of CG is encoded by 6 genes which are arranged in tandem and inverted pairs on chromosome 19q13.3 and contiguous with the luteinizing hormone beta subunit gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 1082 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 6 total
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_000737

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:1886
Approved symbolCGB3
Namechorionic gonadotropin subunit beta 3
Location19q13.33
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
Ensembl geneENSG00000104827
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM118860
Entrez1082

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000357383

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_000737 NM_000737

CCDS: CCDS12749

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000357383 — 3 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000024399034902286949023200
ENSE000028983484902395749024333
ENSE000035097114902343649023603

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 65 present calls, max score 85.24.

Top tissues by expression

104 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
placentaUBERON:000198785.24gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testisCL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:000047383.90silver quality
pituitary glandUBERON:000000760.34gold quality
adenohypophysisUBERON:000219659.96gold quality
body of pancreasUBERON:000115057.56gold quality
duodenumUBERON:000211452.24gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosaUBERON:000538648.46gold quality
granulocyteCL:000009448.04silver quality
adrenal tissueUBERON:001830347.40gold quality
pancreasUBERON:000126447.35gold quality
right testisUBERON:000453447.33gold quality
left testisUBERON:000453346.57gold quality
mucosa of stomachUBERON:000119946.52gold quality
testisUBERON:000047345.91gold quality
body of stomachUBERON:000116145.62gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonadCL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:000099143.82gold quality
lower esophagus mucosaUBERON:003583443.72silver quality
apex of heartUBERON:000209843.64silver quality
stomachUBERON:000094543.31gold quality
left adrenal glandUBERON:000123441.24gold quality
left adrenal gland cortexUBERON:003582540.62gold quality
fundus of stomachUBERON:000116040.34gold quality
adrenal glandUBERON:000236939.65gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscleUBERON:000425237.78silver quality
small intestineUBERON:000210837.58gold quality
colonic epitheliumUBERON:000039737.20gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patchUBERON:000345437.01gold quality
ventricular zoneUBERON:000305336.48gold quality
cortical plateUBERON:000534336.47gold quality
right uterine tubeUBERON:000130236.36silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 8 experiment(s), a significant marker in 6.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-MTAB-7407yes22446.20
E-HCAD-24yes6678.28
E-MTAB-10018yes1270.28
E-HCAD-23yes438.59
E-MTAB-3929yes169.91
E-HCAD-5yes29.23
E-MTAB-8060no7704.86
E-ANND-3no0.49

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): EGR1, ETS2, JUN, KLF6, NANOG, POU5F1, PPARA, PPARG, RXRA, SP1, SP3, TFAP2A

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

  • Isolation and purification using affinity capture MALDI-TOF MS was enhanced 3-fold by a method of orienting immunoglobulin G using immobilized recombinant Fc receptor protein G. (PMID:12175153)
  • Deleting the native acceptor sites exposes a new site for O-glycosylation and promotes a differential intracellular processing and folding of the beta subunit. (PMID:12242028)
  • Expressed in human decidual tissue in patients during tubal pregnancy (PMID:12569177)
  • Expression of the free beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin in renal cell carcinoma: prognostic study on tissue and serum (PMID:12594819)
  • Decrease in molecular weight of dimeric chimeras digested with endoglycosidase-F was greater in Calpha than that in alphaC after treatment with neuraminidase, revealing that both chimeras have different numbers of sialic acids on O-linked carbohydrates. (PMID:15004409)
  • elevated b-HCG levels in our study were associated with pre-eclampsia.There is a statistically significant correlation between high levels of b-HCG and increased numbers of intrauterine growth restriction and newborns delivered in poor condition. (PMID:15048184)
  • Substitution of arginine(68) of the beta-subunit (hCG(beta)) with glutamic acid (R68E) profoundly reduces the cross-reactivity while refocusing the immune response to the hCG(beta)-specific C-terminal peptide (CTP). (PMID:15718290)
  • Overexpression of HCG beta is associated with adenoma formation (PMID:16007123)
  • HCGbeta is directly responsible for changes in prostate carcinoma cells associated with an increased metastatic phenotype (PMID:16323172)
  • the Gly residue at site X(3) (G(3)) in the CXGXC motif of hCG is essential for heterodimer formation of glycoprotein hormones (PMID:16543672)
  • In pertussis toxin-treated BeWo cells, 6-chloromelatonin stimulated basal hCG-beta secretion (P < 0.001). (PMID:16632463)
  • Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank test revealed no significant difference in progression-free survival between patients with elevated or normal levels of serum and/or urinary total hCGbeta. (PMID:16651852)
  • hCGB suppresses breast cancer growth by triggering apoptosis via Bax and p53 pathways. (PMID:16924466)
  • The data presented here support the model of glycoprotein hormone-receptor interaction in which the hormone binds to the extracellular domain through the beta subunit and then the alpha subunit is brought in contact with the transmembrane domain. (PMID:17045394)
  • An intracellular intact hCG beta-subunit form that showed the transient expression of the hCG-beta-core fragment epitope beta11 in the course of the maturation of this subunit, is described. (PMID:17059865)
  • hCGalpha is not derived from heterodimeric glycoprotein hormones suggesting hCG-independent functions of hCGalpha and hCGbeta in male and female fertility. (PMID:17097221)
  • The increased hCGbeta concentrations in body fluids of patients with aggressive bladder cancer may be due to overexpression of type II genes. (PMID:17139196)
  • in patients with complex congenital malformations amniotic fluid levels of beta-hCG were higher than in controls (PMID:17141398)
  • The approach of fusing the alpha and beta subunits of human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) to produce a single chain hormone (phCGalphabeta) was used to investigate roles of critical residues of the alpha subunit in hormone receptor interaction. (PMID:17143726)
  • Patients with preexisting systemic lupus erythematosus have increased maternal serum-free beta-hCG levels in the first-trimester. (PMID:17437322)
  • Data shows that the GPHalpha in the hCG alphabeta-heterodimers decelerates the maturation of the hCGbeta portion in the heterodimer complex. (PMID:17761764)
  • Endometrial IGF-I and -II are differentially regulated during decidualization and by human chorionic gonadotropin. (PMID:18022169)
  • Data suggests that the expressional profile of CGB genes, activated already in blastocyst stage, is associated with the status of pregnancy. The presence of CGB transcripts in testes may indicate a role in male reproductive tract. (PMID:18048458)
  • LH/hCGR, coexpressed with hCGbeta, may act as a potential mediator of hCG action in nontrophoblastic gynecological cancers (PMID:18217981)
  • These data suggest that human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit may act as a tumor growth-stimulating factor. (PMID:18339208)
  • Alpha-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin beta are elevated in high-grade neuroendocrine tumors with a rapidly progressive course and poorer survival. (PMID:18577995)
  • Elevated beta human chorionic gonadotrophin is associated with seminoma (PMID:18578862)
  • Expression correlates with reduced cervical squamous carcinoma cell apoptosis and may be involved in tumor vascularization and dissemination. (PMID:18752498)
  • Sensitivity of breast cancer cells to hormones that target beta-HCG may favor invasive breast cancer. (PMID:18758818)
  • Elevated beta-human chorionic gonadotropin is associated with primary central nervous system germ cell tumors. (PMID:18802946)
  • Early prediction of fetuses being SGA is feasible with the combination of first trimester PAPP-A, beta-hCG and ADAM12. (PMID:19003798)
  • Although, beta-hCG is expressed in the majority of pituitary adenomas, more especially in NFPA, it is un-related to the risk of tumour recurrence or cellular proliferation as measured by Ki-67 nuclear labelling. (PMID:19005764)
  • Median values in pregnant smokers versus nonsmokers does not affect diagnosis of Down syndrome in the first trimester. (PMID:19106261)
  • Secretory trafficking signal encoded in the carboxyl-terminal region of the CGbeta-subunit. (PMID:19131508)
  • maternal smoking associated with a reduction in cord blood beta-hCG (PMID:19290844)
  • Data show that specific antibodies against purified beta-hCG forms had comparable titers and could be used in diagnostic kits. (PMID:19501580)
  • beta-hCG has been found in a phyllodes tumor of the breast. (PMID:19624411)
  • hCG gene expression is differentially regulated in villous and invasive extravillous trophoblasts during their in vitro differentiation and modulated in an opposite way by PPARgamma. (PMID:19846218)
  • This is first evidence of a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a peptide derived from chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-beta antigen and is capable of suppressing tumor growth, both dose-dependently and in a major histocompatibility (HLA-A*0201) context. (PMID:20065111)
  • Case Report: Mediastinal tumor diagnosed as thymic adenocarcinoma producing beta-hCG, and the tumor had originated from the thymus. (PMID:20421278)

Cross-species orthologs

1 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
drosophila_melanogasterGpb5FBGN0063368

Paralogs (9): CGB2 (ENSG00000104818), LHB (ENSG00000104826), FSHB (ENSG00000131808), TSHB (ENSG00000134200), GPHB5 (ENSG00000179600), CGB5 (ENSG00000189052), CGB7 (ENSG00000196337), CGB8 (ENSG00000213030), CGB1 (ENSG00000267631)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Choriogonadotropin subunit beta 3P0DN86 (reviewed: P0DN86)

Alternative names: Choriogonadotropin subunit beta, Chorionic gonadotropin chain beta

All UniProt accessions (2): P0DN86, A0A0F7RQP8

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Beta subunit of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). hCG is a complex glycoprotein composed of two glycosylated subunits alpha and beta which are non-covalently associated. The alpha subunit is identical to those in the pituitary gonadotropin hormones (LH, FSH and TSH). The beta subunits are distinct in each of the hormones and confer receptor and biological specificity. Has an essential role in pregnancy and maternal adaptation. Stimulates the ovaries to synthesize the steroids that are essential for the maintenance of pregnancy.

Subunit / interactions. Heterodimer of a common alpha chain identical in LH, FSH, TSH and HCG and a unique beta chain distinct in each of the hormones.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. High expression in the placenta throughout pregnancy.

Miscellaneous. Encoded by a cluster of genes that have evolved by duplication from LHB. HCG-beta is encoded by six non-allelic genes (CGB) clustered on chromosome 19q13.3 and named CGB1, CGB2, CGB3, CGB5, CGB7 and CGB8. Two specific hCGb proteins that differ by three amino acids in positions 2,4 and 117 have been described: type 1 (CGB7) and type 2 (CGB3, CGB5, CGB8). The CGB gene first arose in the common ancestor of the anthropoid primates.

Similarity. Belongs to the glycoprotein hormones subunit beta family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
P0DN86-11yes
P0DN86-22

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_000728* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR001545Gonadotropin_bsuFamily
IPR006208Glyco_hormone_CNDomain
IPR018245Gonadotropin_bsu_CSConserved_site
IPR029034Cystine-knot_cytokineHomologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00007

UniProt features (37 total): sequence variant 9, disulfide bond 6, strand 6, glycosylation site 6, sequence conflict 4, signal peptide 1, chain 1, splice variant 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

7 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
1HCNX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.6
9RHUELECTRON MICROSCOPY2.65
1HRPX-RAY DIFFRACTION3
7FIHELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.2
1QFWX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.5
7FIGELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.9
7FIIELECTRON MICROSCOPY4.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-P0DN86-F179.100.47

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 21QFW, 7FIG

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (6): 29–77, 43–92, 46–130, 54–108, 58–110, 113–120

Glycosylation sites (6): 33, 50, 141, 147, 152, 158

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-209822Glycoprotein hormones
R-HSA-8866910TFAP2 (AP-2) family regulates transcription of growth factors and their receptors

MSigDB gene sets: 49 (showing top): MODULE_92, CHIBA_RESPONSE_TO_TSA_UP, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, KORKOLA_CHORIOCARCINOMA, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, GOBP_HORMONE_MEDIATED_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_HORMONE_STIMULUS, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_HORMONE, HELLER_HDAC_TARGETS_SILENCED_BY_METHYLATION_UP, GOBP_FEMALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOMF_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_BINDING, MODULE_38, HUANG_FOXA2_TARGETS_DN, BALDWIN_PRKCI_TARGETS_UP, MODULE_382

GO Biological Process (6): apoptotic process (GO:0006915), signal transduction (GO:0007165), G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), cell-cell signaling (GO:0007267), female gamete generation (GO:0007292), hormone-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0009755)

GO Molecular Function (3): hormone activity (GO:0005179), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), pituitary gonadotropin complex (GO:0061696)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Peptide hormone biosynthesis1
Transcriptional regulation by the AP-2 (TFAP2) family of transcription factors1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cell communication2
signaling2
signal transduction2
cellular anatomical structure2
programmed cell death1
apoptotic signaling pathway1
execution phase of apoptosis1
cellular process1
regulation of cellular process1
cellular response to stimulus1
G protein-coupled receptor activity1
gamete generation1
cellular response to hormone stimulus1
receptor ligand activity1
protein binding1
binding1
intracellular anatomical structure1
extracellular protein-containing complex1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

10 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
CGACGB5psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)0.590
CGACGB5psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.590
CGB5SMCPpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
CGB5GPHA2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
CGB5CFTRpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370
CGB5IGSF3psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CGB5DNAJC5psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.270
CGB5SMCPpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.000

ESM2 similar proteins: A6NKQ9, B1AWI6, G7PWZ3, I6M4H4, O09108, O46482, O46483, O46641, O77805, O77835, P01229, P01230, P01231, P01232, P04651, P07434, P08751, P0DN86, P0DN87, P17490, P19794, P27767, P30984, P43021, P45646, P45657, P51500, Q04997, Q1L6U9, Q2Q1P0, Q2Q1P1, Q2Q1P2, Q3HRV3, Q3S2X5, Q6EV78, Q6HA10, Q6NT52, Q6PX77, Q7ZZV4, Q8CB67

Diamond homologs: A1BN60, A1BN61, A6NKQ9, O09108, O13050, O46430, O46482, O46483, O46641, O57340, O73824, O77805, O77835, P01222, P01223, P01224, P01225, P01226, P01227, P01228, P01229, P01230, P01231, P01232, P01235, P04651, P04652, P04837, P07434, P07732, P08751, P0DN86, P0DN87, P10256, P10257, P12656, P12837, P18427, P19794, P25330

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

6 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic0
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance2
Likely benign3
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

360 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
19:49023431:CTCA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
19:49023432:TCACC:Tdonor_loss1.0000
19:49023433:CACCA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
19:49023434:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
19:49023434:A:Tdonor_loss1.0000
19:49023435:C:CCdonor_gain1.0000
19:49023600:GCCCC:Gacceptor_loss1.0000
19:49023601:CCCCT:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
19:49023602:CC:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
19:49023603:CC:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
19:49023604:C:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
19:49023604:CTGGG:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
19:49023605:T:Aacceptor_loss1.0000
19:49023605:T:Gacceptor_loss1.0000
19:49023434:AC:Adonor_gain0.9900
19:49023435:CC:Cdonor_gain0.9900
19:49023435:CCATG:Cdonor_gain0.9900
19:49023599:AGCCC:Aacceptor_gain0.9900
19:49023600:GCCC:Gacceptor_gain0.9900
19:49023601:CCC:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
19:49023601:CCCC:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
19:49023602:CCC:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
19:49023604:C:CCacceptor_gain0.9900
19:49023435:CCA:Cdonor_gain0.9800
19:49023435:CCAT:Cdonor_gain0.9800
19:49023209:C:CTacceptor_gain0.9700
19:49023209:CG:Cacceptor_gain0.9700
19:49023210:G:Cacceptor_gain0.9700
19:49023196:CGGGT:Cacceptor_gain0.9600
19:49023208:CCG:Cacceptor_gain0.9600

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000188204 (19:49024229 A>G), RS1001094233 (19:49022790 C>G,T), RS1002922053 (19:49025469 C>T), RS1003371215 (19:49024504 C>G,T), RS1003446977 (19:49025577 T>A), RS1003664234 (19:49024265 G>A,C), RS1004927151 (19:49023200 T>C), RS1005175015 (19:49026184 G>T), RS1005451326 (19:49023695 C>G,T), RS1006843500 (19:49025658 C>A,T), RS1006874808 (19:49025768 C>T), RS1007663726 (19:49025236 G>C), RS1010073014 (19:49025807 C>G,T), RS1010104150 (19:49025897 G>A), RS1011782493 (19:49025445 G>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:118860 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

92 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Progesteroneincreases chemical synthesis, increases abundance, affects abundance, affects cotreatment, decreases activity (+6 more)15
Testosteroneaffects cotreatment, increases secretion, decreases abundance, decreases reaction, increases abundance (+1 more)9
Atrazineincreases abundance, increases chemical synthesis, increases secretion, increases reaction, increases expression (+1 more)6
Estradiolaffects abundance, increases abundance, increases chemical synthesis, decreases reaction, increases activity (+2 more)6
Cyclic AMPincreases secretion, increases abundance, increases reaction, increases activity, affects cotreatment (+1 more)5
Colforsinincreases secretion, affects cotreatment, affects reaction, decreases reaction, increases abundance (+2 more)4
Androgensincreases reaction, increases abundance, decreases reaction, increases chemical synthesis3
tributyltinincreases expression, increases secretion2
triphenyltin chlorideincreases expression, increases secretion2
cobaltous chloridedecreases reaction, increases expression, increases reaction, decreases secretion2
bromodichloromethanedecreases secretion2
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamidedecreases reaction, increases abundance, increases reaction, affects reaction, increases expression2
diphenyltin chlorideincreases expression, increases secretion2
tetrabutyltinincreases expression, increases secretion2
Rosiglitazoneincreases expression, increases secretion2
Resveratrolaffects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression2
Chlorpyrifosincreases expression, increases secretion2
Plant Extractsaffects cotreatment, decreases expression2
Tretinoindecreases expression, increases expression2
Valproic Aciddecreases reaction, increases expression, increases reaction, increases methylation2
Aflatoxin B1increases expression2
cyhexatinincreases expression, increases secretion1
triptolidedecreases reaction, increases abundance1
testosterone enanthatedecreases reaction, increases abundance, decreases response to substance1
triphenyl phosphateaffects cotreatment, increases secretion, decreases reaction, increases expression1
uranyl acetateaffects expression1
pirinixic aciddecreases expression1
bisphenol Aincreases secretion1
triphenyltin hydroxideincreases expression, increases secretion1
mecopropdecreases reaction, increases abundance, increases reaction1

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_6618CSMalphabeta1hCancer cell lineFemale
CVCL_6619CSMalphabeta6CCancer cell lineFemale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.