CHAC1

Summary

CHAC1 (ChaC glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1, HGNC:28680) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 15q15.1, encoding Glutathione-specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 (Q9BUX1). Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide.

This gene encodes a member of the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family of proteins. The encoded protein has been shown to promote neuronal differentiation by deglycination of the Notch receptor, which prevents receptor maturation and inhibits Notch signaling. This protein may also play a role in the unfolded protein response, and in regulation of glutathione levels and oxidative balance in the cell. Elevated expression of this gene may indicate increased risk of cancer recurrence among breast and ovarian cancer patients.

Source: NCBI Gene 79094 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 61 total — 1 likely-pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_024111

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28680
Approved symbol	CHAC1
Name	ChaC glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1
Location	15q15.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC4504
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000128965
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	614587
Entrez	79094

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 3 protein_coding

ENST00000444189, ENST00000487220, ENST00000617768

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_024111 NM_001142776, NM_024111

CCDS: CCDS10070, CCDS45233

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000617768 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000883946	40954228	40954263
ENSE00003727209	40953471	40953814
ENSE00003729052	40955373	40956512

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 204 present calls, max score 89.48.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 22.0440 / max 317.3239, expressed in 1547 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
146155	21.7294	1532
146154	0.3147	182

Top tissues by expression

270 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	89.48	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	86.72	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	86.19	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	86.03	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	84.47	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	84.22	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	84.15	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	84.04	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	82.63	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	82.31	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	81.28	silver quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	81.16	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	81.01	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	80.29	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	78.88	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	78.19	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	78.04	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	78.04	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	78.03	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	77.93	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	77.80	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	77.74	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	77.39	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	77.21	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	77.16	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	76.93	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	76.81	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	76.80	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	76.71	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	76.47	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-3929	yes	159.73
E-MTAB-7037	yes	129.97
E-ANND-3	yes	5.28
E-MTAB-6058	no	186.54

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ATF4, CREB1, ESR1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

64 targeting CHAC1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4713-3P	100.00	65.92	505
HSA-MIR-4692	100.00	67.32	2066
HSA-MIR-4514	99.99	67.10	1870
HSA-MIR-497-5P	99.92	71.83	2674
HSA-MIR-1297	99.91	73.41	3162
HSA-MIR-15A-5P	99.90	72.80	2787
HSA-MIR-15B-5P	99.90	72.78	2798
HSA-MIR-16-5P	99.90	72.80	2780
HSA-MIR-195-5P	99.90	72.81	2805
HSA-MIR-6838-5P	99.89	71.94	2690
HSA-MIR-424-5P	99.89	71.90	2641
HSA-MIR-95-5P	99.89	72.17	3973
HSA-MIR-7845-5P	99.88	64.88	771
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-765	99.84	68.24	2442
HSA-MIR-26A-5P	99.78	73.52	2303
HSA-MIR-26B-5P	99.78	73.51	2305
HSA-MIR-6764-5P	99.75	67.89	2304
HSA-MIR-11181-3P	99.75	66.38	2205
HSA-MIR-4465	99.71	72.56	2096
HSA-MIR-561-3P	99.64	70.90	3647
HSA-MIR-1915-3P	99.58	66.79	1988
HSA-MIR-4524A-5P	99.57	71.73	1193
HSA-MIR-4524B-5P	99.57	71.68	1195
HSA-MIR-6733-3P	99.54	67.80	1281
HSA-MIR-4437	99.52	65.29	1266
HSA-MIR-1207-5P	99.49	69.11	2983
HSA-MIR-142-5P	99.48	70.92	2416
HSA-MIR-5590-3P	99.48	70.91	2429
HSA-MIR-1324	99.46	66.57	1302

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 16)

• High CHAC1 mRNA expression could be an independent indicator for elevated risk of cancer recurrence in breast and ovarian cancer (PMID:22108517)
• nisin exerts these effects on HNSCC, in part, through CHAC1, a proapoptotic cation transport regulator, and through a concomitant CHAC1-independent influx of extracellular calcium (PMID:23342279)
• Botch regulates Notch signaling through deglycination and identify a posttranslational modification of Notch that plays an important role in neurogenesis. (PMID:24767995)
• Human CHAC1 Protein Degrades Glutathione, and mRNA Induction Is Regulated by the Transcription Factors ATF4 and ATF3 and a Bipartite ATF/CRE Regulatory Element. (PMID:25931127)
• Temozolomide (TMZ)-mediated gene expression profiles and networks are involved in inducing glioblastoma cell death. Increased CHAC1 and reduced Notch3 levels are both also significantly involved in TMZ-mediated cytotoxicity. The TMZ-regulated CHAC1 pathway inhibits Notch3 activation, resulting in attenuation of Notch3-mediated signaling pathways. (PMID:27986595)
• The data revealed that CHAC2 prevented CHAC1-mediated GSH degradation, which suggests that CHAC2 competes with CHAC1 to maintain GSH homeostasis. (PMID:29054545)
• results suggest that CHAC1 is involved in the regulation of inflammation in bronchial cells during Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and may explain the excessive inflammation present in the respiratory tracts of patients with cystic fibrosis. (PMID:30555487)
• Significant CHAC1 overexpression was detected in H. pylori-infected parietal cells that expressed the human proton pump/H,K-ATPase alpha subunit. (PMID:31111570)
• Transcriptomic analysis of the effect of (E)-3-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2-methoxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one (DPP23) on reactive oxygen species generation in MIA PaCa-2 pancreatic cancer cells. (PMID:32949369)
• Ferroptosis-related gene CHAC1 is a valid indicator for the poor prognosis of kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. (PMID:33728749)
• High levels of unfolded protein response component CHAC1 associates with cancer progression signatures in malignant breast cancer tissues. (PMID:35930144)
• CHAC1 as a Novel Contributor of Ferroptosis in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with Oxidative Damage. (PMID:36675091)
• CHAC1 exacerbates LPS-induced ferroptosis and apoptosis in HK-2 cells by promoting oxidative stress. (PMID:36916093)
• MIA3 promotes the degradation of GSH (glutathione) by binding to CHAC1, thereby promoting the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:37948019)
• CHAC1 promotes cell ferroptosis and enhances radiation sensitivity in thyroid carcinoma. (PMID:38247333)
• Cancer associated fibroblast secreted miR-432-5p targets CHAC1 to inhibit ferroptosis and promote acquired chemoresistance in prostate cancer. (PMID:38769193)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	chac1	ENSDARG00000070426
mus_musculus	Chac1	ENSMUSG00000027313
rattus_norvegicus	Chac1	ENSRNOG00000014387
drosophila_melanogaster	CG10365	FBGN0039109
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00017724

Paralogs (1): CHAC2 (ENSG00000143942)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Glutathione-specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase 1 — Q9BUX1 (reviewed: Q9BUX1)

Alternative names: Blocks Notch protein, Cation transport regulator-like protein 1

All UniProt accessions (2): Q9BUX1, H0YK90

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the cleavage of glutathione into 5-oxo-L-proline and a Cys-Gly dipeptide. Acts specifically on glutathione, but not on other gamma-glutamyl peptides. Glutathione depletion is an important factor for apoptosis initiation and execution. Acts as a pro-apoptotic component of the unfolded protein response pathway by mediating the pro-apoptotic effects of the ATF4-ATF3-DDIT3/CHOP cascade. Negative regulator of Notch signaling pathway involved in embryonic neurogenesis: acts by inhibiting Notch cleavage by furin, maintaining Notch in an immature inactive form, thereby promoting neurogenesis in embryos.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with NOTCH1 (via extracellular region).

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytosol. Golgi apparatus. trans-Golgi network.

Induction. Induced by chemical activators of the unfolded protein response (UPR) such as tunicamycin, DTT and thapsigargin.

Similarity. Belongs to the gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase family. ChaC subfamily.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9BUX1-1	1	yes
Q9BUX1-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001136248, NP_077016* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR006840	ChaC	Family
IPR013024	GGCT-like	Domain
IPR036568	GGCT-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF04752

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• glutathione = L-cysteinylglycine + 5-oxo-L-proline (RHEA:47724)

UniProt features (7 total): chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, active site 1, binding site 1, splice variant 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9BUX1-F1	85.56	0.66

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 115 (proton acceptor)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 35–40

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-174403	Glutathione synthesis and recycling
R-HSA-9648895	Response of EIF2AK1 (HRI) to heme deficiency

MSigDB gene sets: 235 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_BCELL_DN, GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_COLON_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, REACTOME_BIOLOGICAL_OXIDATIONS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEOLYSIS, TGCTGCT_MIR15A_MIR16_MIR15B_MIR195_MIR424_MIR497, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ENDOPLASMIC_RETICULUM_STRESS, AREB6_03, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, GOBP_MODIFIED_AMINO_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GAUSSMANN_MLL_AF4_FUSION_TARGETS_C_DN, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_LATE_PROGENITOR, AP4_Q6, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS

GO Biological Process (12): glutathione metabolic process (GO:0006749), glutathione catabolic process (GO:0006751), response to unfolded protein (GO:0006986), Notch signaling pathway (GO:0007219), negative regulation of protein processing (GO:0010955), neurogenesis (GO:0022008), negative regulation of Notch signaling pathway (GO:0045746), response to caloric restriction (GO:0061771), intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (GO:0070059), glutathione biosynthetic process (GO:0006750), apoptotic process (GO:0006915), nervous system development (GO:0007399)

GO Molecular Function (5): Notch binding (GO:0005112), glutathione specific gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase activity (GO:0061928), gamma-glutamylcyclotransferase activity (GO:0003839), protein binding (GO:0005515), lyase activity (GO:0016829)

GO Cellular Component (4): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), trans-Golgi network (GO:0005802), cytosol (GO:0005829), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Glutathione conjugation	1
Cellular responses to stress	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
glutathione metabolic process	2
amidine-lyase activity	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
cytoplasm	2
modified amino acid metabolic process	1
sulfur compound metabolic process	1
modified amino acid catabolic process	1
sulfur compound catabolic process	1
response to topologically incorrect protein	1
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	1
protein processing	1
negative regulation of proteolysis	1
regulation of protein processing	1
negative regulation of protein maturation	1
nervous system development	1
cell differentiation	1
Notch signaling pathway	1
regulation of Notch signaling pathway	1
negative regulation of signal transduction	1
response to stress	1
response to nutrient levels	1
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	1
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic process	1
modified amino acid biosynthetic process	1
sulfur compound biosynthetic process	1
programmed cell death	1
apoptotic signaling pathway	1
execution phase of apoptosis	1
system development	1
signaling receptor binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
Golgi apparatus subcompartment	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

972 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CHAC1	TRIB3	Q96RU7	789
CHAC1	ATF3	P18847	745
CHAC1	ASNS	P08184	742
CHAC1	PPP1R15A	O75807	629
CHAC1	XBP1	P17861	629
CHAC1	ATF4	P18848	626
CHAC1	GPX4	P36969	573
CHAC1	SLC7A11	Q9UPY5	507
CHAC1	ATF5	Q9Y2D1	506
CHAC1	GRPEL2	Q8TAA5	505
CHAC1	HSPA1A	P08107	496
CHAC1	SESN2	P58004	494
CHAC1	EIF2S1	P05198	474
CHAC1	GGCT	O75223	473
CHAC1	DUSP1	P28562	472

IntAct

5 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CHAC1	RHOXF2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.510
VIPR2	EI24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SCG5	MACROH2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (6): RHOXF2 (Two-hybrid), RHOXF2 (Affinity Capture-Western), CHAC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHAC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHAC1 (Negative Genetic), CHAC1 (Affinity Capture-RNA)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5PK74, A6H751, B3STU3, D3ZBP4, D4ABH7, E2RDP2, F1MH07, O00411, O95382, P48760, P49753, Q05932, Q1L5Z9, Q29S19, Q2VPK5, Q3U269, Q3U5Q7, Q4KMJ1, Q58CQ5, Q5SPB6, Q643R3, Q66H85, Q684M2, Q68DD2, Q68G58, Q6ICH7, Q6NVG1, Q6PAT0, Q76MJ5, Q80UU1, Q84MC1, Q84QC1, Q86TL0, Q8BKF1, Q8GY54, Q8IUH8, Q8NFF5, Q8R3J5, Q8TDZ2, Q8VDP3

Diamond homologs: B3STU3, P32656, P39163, P87305, Q0IIH4, Q4KMJ1, Q5PPV4, Q5SPB6, Q5ZI66, Q641Z5, Q84MC1, Q84QC1, Q8GY54, Q8R3J5, Q8WUX2, Q9BUX1, Q9CQG1

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

61 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	54
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
2685509	GRCh37/hg19 15q15.1(chr15:41171132-41262130)x1	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

236 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
15:40953811:GATG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40953813:TG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40953814:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40954226:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40954227:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40954227:GCCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40954261:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40954264:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
15:40955367:TCCCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40955369:CCAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40955371:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955371:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955371:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955372:G:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955372:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955372:GGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955372:GGGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40955372:GGGCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40953810:AGATG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
15:40953811:GATGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
15:40953812:ATG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
15:40953813:TGGTG:T	donor_loss	0.9900
15:40953814:GGTG:G	donor_loss	0.9900
15:40953815:G:GA	donor_loss	0.9900
15:40953815:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
15:40953816:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
15:40953838:G:T	donor_gain	0.9900
15:40954224:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
15:40954226:A:AC	acceptor_loss	0.9900
15:40954226:AGCCT:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

1436 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
15:40953689:T:C	F36L	0.997
15:40953691:C:A	F36L	0.997
15:40953691:C:G	F36L	0.997
15:40953767:C:A	R62S	0.997
15:40955394:T:G	Y97D	0.997
15:40955637:T:C	Y178H	0.997
15:40955630:C:A	N175K	0.996
15:40955630:C:G	N175K	0.996
15:40953693:G:A	G37E	0.995
15:40953710:T:A	W43R	0.995
15:40953710:T:C	W43R	0.995
15:40955449:A:T	E115V	0.995
15:40955450:G:C	E115D	0.995
15:40955450:G:T	E115D	0.995
15:40955658:T:C	F185L	0.995
15:40955660:C:A	F185L	0.995
15:40955660:C:G	F185L	0.995
15:40953771:G:C	R63P	0.994
15:40954234:C:A	R80S	0.994
15:40954247:T:A	L84H	0.994
15:40955638:A:G	Y178C	0.994
15:40953690:T:C	F36S	0.993
15:40953692:G:T	G37W	0.993
15:40953699:G:T	G39V	0.993
15:40953723:T:C	F47S	0.993
15:40953773:T:C	F64L	0.993
15:40953774:T:C	F64S	0.993
15:40953775:C:A	F64L	0.993
15:40953775:C:G	F64L	0.993
15:40953798:G:C	R72P	0.993

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000937593 (15:40952624 G>T), RS1001040924 (15:40952847 C>G,T), RS1001093196 (15:40952981 C>G,T), RS1001359021 (15:40954672 T>C), RS1001408232 (15:40952215 C>T), RS1001810042 (15:40955091 C>G), RS1002395954 (15:40953594 A>T), RS1002407987 (15:40953493 C>A,G,T), RS1002763814 (15:40953357 G>A), RS1003402775 (15:40955108 G>A,T), RS1004254267 (15:40956769 G>T), RS1004926883 (15:40951743 C>T), RS1005853436 (15:40953059 C>T), RS1005992102 (15:40952037 C>A,T), RS1006086955 (15:40952383 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:614587 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315)

Orphanet (1): Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001524_12	Visceral adipose tissue/subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio	3.000000e-06
GCST007429_129	Lung function (FVC)	3.000000e-13
GCST007432_54	FEV1	5.000000e-08
GCST010725_23	Malaria	2.000000e-06
GCST010725_38	Malaria	3.000000e-06
GCST010725_80	Malaria	7.000000e-06
GCST90020029_283	Waist circumference adjusted for body mass index	1.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004767	visceral:subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio
EFO:0004312	vital capacity
EFO:0004314	forced expiratory volume
EFO:0007789	BMI-adjusted waist circumference

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D011471	Prostatic Neoplasms	C04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

149 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	7
Cyclosporine	increases expression	5
bisphenol A	decreases expression, increases expression, affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases methylation	4
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression	3
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression	3
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	3
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression	3
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
Tunicamycin	increases expression	3
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	3
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression	2
tetrabromobisphenol A	increases expression	2
ochratoxin A	affects expression, decreases expression	2
hydroquinone	decreases expression, increases expression	2
entinostat	decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Acetaminophen	increases expression	2
Ethanol	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	2
Amiodarone	increases expression	2
Hexachlorocyclohexane	increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	2
Cannabidiol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Copper	affects binding, increases expression	2
Cyclophosphamide	decreases expression	2
Drugs, Chinese Herbal	increases expression	2
Formaldehyde	increases expression	2
Paraquat	increases expression, affects expression, affects reaction	2
Valproic Acid	affects expression, increases expression, increases methylation	2
Zinc	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression, decreases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00029224	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Breast Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate Cancer With Cancer Related Bone Lesions
NCT00035997	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Trial on the Effect of I.V. Zoledronic Acid 4 mg on Bone Density in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis
NCT00063609	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Loss in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT00103623	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	The Plenaxis® Experience Study
NCT00106392	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Prograf in the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT00185029	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	MR-Lymphography and Lymph Node Staging in Prostate Cancer
NCT00199485	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angelica Sinensis for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Men Undergoing LHRH Therapy for Prostate Cancer
NCT00219219	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Skeletal-related Events in Hormone Refractory and Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases
NCT00219271	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Zoledronic Acid On Circulating And Bone Marrow-Residing Prostate Cancer Cells In Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
NCT00237146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Zoledronic Acid on Quality of Life and Skeletal-related Events as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Hormone-naïve Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis Who Have Undergone Orchiectomy
NCT00242554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases
NCT00280098	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Docetaxel in the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
NCT00293696	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Casodex/Zoladex Biomarkers in Localised Prostate Cancer
NCT00334139	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metabolism in Patients With Bone Metastasis and Prostate or Breast Cancer
NCT00375765	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects On Dihydrotestosterone Regulated Gene Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Or Prostate Cancer
NCT00391690	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Bone Markers as Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT00422708	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Local Anesthesia for Prostate Biopsy
NCT00526331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00590213	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compare the Value of Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Breast Radiotherapy in CASODEX
NCT00629330	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Dissemination of Prostate Cancer Screening to PCP’s in African American Communities
NCT00771966	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Radical Prostatectomy and Perioperative Fluid Therapy
NCT00805701	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Assessing The Efficacy And Safety Of Avodart (Dutasteride) At Improving Urinary Symptoms In Men With Prostate Cancer Who Are Undergoing Seed Implantation
NCT00859027	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Risedronate On Bone Mass In Older Men Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy For Prostate Cancer
NCT00906269	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Can Hyperbaric Oxygen Improve Erectile Function Following Surgery for Prostate Cancer
NCT00953277	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Nerve Reconstruction Using AVANCE in Subjects Who Undergo Robotic Assisted Prostatectomy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer
NCT00982800	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Does Postoperative Gabapentin Reduce Pain, Opioid Consumption and Anxiety and Have a Positive Effect on Health Related Quality of Life After Radical Prostatectomy?
NCT01083199	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Global Performance Evaluation of the AMS CONTINUUM™ Device
NCT01136226	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluate Recovery of Testosterone for Patients Using Eligard
NCT01161563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Randomized Crossover Trial to Assess the Tolerability of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogue Administration
NCT01230905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Monitor the Effects of Androgen Suppression Treatment on the Heart
NCT01296672	PHASE4	COMPLETED	3 Month Finasteride Challenge Test Can Significantly Improve the Performance of Screening for Prostate Cancer
NCT01365143	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01379742	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparison of Between ThinSeed™ and OncoSeed™ for Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy
NCT01486563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Hydroxyethyl Starch and Renal Function After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01511874	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of ELIGARD 22.5mg With Prostate Cancer
NCT01512472	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Firmagon (Degarelix) Intermittent Therapy
NCT01547416	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Combined General/Epidural Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia on Diaphragmatic Function
NCT01571544	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Use of Thermal Suits as Preventing Hypothermia During Surgery
NCT01581749	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of Truebeam for Low-Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT01649635	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Cabazitaxel Combined With Prednisone and Prophylaxis of Neutropenia Complications in the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer