CHD1

Summary

CHD1 (chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1, HGNC:1915) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q15-q21.1, encoding ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD1 (O14646). ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor which functions as substrate recognition component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA.

The CHD family of proteins is characterized by the presence of chromo (chromatin organization modifier) domains and SNF2-related helicase/ATPase domains. CHD genes alter gene expression possibly by modification of chromatin structure thus altering access of the transcriptional apparatus to its chromosomal DNA template.

Source: NCBI Gene 1105 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): Pilarowski-Bjornsson syndrome (Strong, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• GWAS associations: 9
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 481 total — 3 pathogenic, 8 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 27
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001270

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:1915
Approved symbol	CHD1
Name	chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 1
Location	5q15-q21.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000153922
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602118
Entrez	1105

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 15 — 8 retained_intron, 4 protein_coding, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000414220, ENST00000505657, ENST00000505982, ENST00000508756, ENST00000511067, ENST00000511628, ENST00000512392, ENST00000512844, ENST00000513064, ENST00000514344, ENST00000614616, ENST00000706140, ENST00000706141, ENST00000926040, ENST00000926041

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001270 NM_001270, NM_001364113, NM_001376194

CCDS: CCDS34204, CCDS93752

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000614616 — 36 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002081724	98870687	98870803
ENSE00003514723	98869754	98869882
ENSE00003646027	98868495	98868635
ENSE00003791542	98863408	98863586
ENSE00003994791	98881279	98881375
ENSE00003994793	98897193	98897320
ENSE00003994794	98859972	98860068
ENSE00003994798	98899480	98899705
ENSE00003994800	98898256	98898434
ENSE00003994801	98901186	98901335
ENSE00003994802	98853985	98856725
ENSE00003994806	98902900	98902964
ENSE00003994807	98928539	98929007
ENSE00003994808	98873593	98873723
ENSE00003994809	98879552	98879728
ENSE00003994810	98889076	98889238
ENSE00003994812	98876398	98876558
ENSE00003994815	98926334	98926534
ENSE00003994817	98872051	98872201
ENSE00003994824	98872417	98872555
ENSE00003994825	98896226	98896442
ENSE00003994827	98904897	98905098
ENSE00003994828	98885578	98885649
ENSE00003994829	98883088	98883237
ENSE00003994830	98858180	98858390
ENSE00003994831	98858964	98859015
ENSE00003994832	98881975	98882123
ENSE00003994833	98875072	98875113
ENSE00003994834	98900811	98901082
ENSE00003994841	98893416	98893606
ENSE00003994842	98881076	98881171
ENSE00003994843	98898664	98898764
ENSE00003994844	98888088	98888240
ENSE00003994847	98903792	98903908
ENSE00003994849	98892525	98892713
ENSE00003994850	98894597	98894686

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 291 present calls, max score 96.31.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 30.3039 / max 1000.0594, expressed in 1805 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (10 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
62741	23.3676	1800
62742	2.4809	1143
62737	1.4093	460
62743	0.9731	509
62738	0.7672	235
62739	0.4906	200
62740	0.3592	166
62744	0.1824	65
62736	0.1652	63
62730	0.1083	36

Top tissues by expression

298 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	96.31	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	95.93	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	95.47	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	95.46	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	95.02	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	94.28	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	94.12	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	94.05	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	93.98	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	93.96	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	93.91	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	93.87	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	93.74	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	93.59	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	93.57	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	93.50	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	93.32	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	93.27	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	93.27	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	93.13	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	92.99	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	92.93	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	92.91	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	92.83	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	92.60	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	92.60	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	92.47	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	92.47	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	92.33	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	92.25	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6379	no	1255.45
E-GEOD-106540	no	852.58
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): GLI3, KMT2A, NKX3-1, SMARCA1, SMARCA5, SSRP1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

191 targeting CHD1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-4425	100.00	67.59	1049
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-4682	100.00	68.89	1258
HSA-MIR-4747-5P	100.00	67.90	2681
HSA-MIR-5196-5P	100.00	67.98	2761
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-3667-3P	99.99	67.17	1636
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-34A-5P	99.99	71.21	1784
HSA-MIR-449A	99.99	71.05	1776
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-4803	99.98	71.99	3117

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• associates with NCoR and histone deacetylase as well as with RNA splicing proteins (PMID:12890497)
• yeast and human CHD1 have diverged in their ability to discriminate covalently modified histones and link histone modification-recognition and non-covalent chromatin remodeling activities within a single human protein (PMID:16263726)
• the structure of the tandem arrangement of the human CHD1 chromodomains, and its interactions with histone tails (PMID:16372014)
• analysis of chromodomains in human and fungal Chd1 (PMID:17098252)
• overexpression of CHD1L could sustain tumor cell survival by preventing Nur77-mediated apoptosis (PMID:19441106)
• CENP-H-containing complex facilitates deposition of newly synthesized CENP-A into centromeric chromatin in cooperation with FACT and CHD1. (PMID:19625449)
• Mediator coactivator complex, which controls PIC assembly, is also necessary for CHD1 recruitment (PMID:21979373)
• that hPaf1/PD2 in association with MLL1 regulates methylation of H3K4 residues, as well as interacts and regulates nuclear shuttling of chromatin remodeling protein CHD1, facilitating its function in pancreatic cancer cells (PMID:22046413)
• CHD1, was the most “dietary sensitive” genes, as methylation of their promoters was associated with intakes of at least two out of the eight dietary methyl factors examined. (PMID:22048254)
• findings collectively suggest that distinct CHD1-associated alterations of genomic structure evolve during and are required for the development of prostate cancer (PMID:22139082)
• findings suggest that CHD1 deletion may underlie cell invasiveness in a subset of prostate cancers, and indicate a possible novel role of altered chromatin remodeling in prostate tumorigenesis (PMID:22179824)
• CHD1 is the 5q21 tumor suppressor gene in prostate cancer (PMID:23492366)
• Data indicate that chromodomain-helicase-DNA-binding protein CHD1, neoplasm protein GREB1 and karyopherin alpha 2 protein KPNA2 as critical mediators of miR-26a and miR-26b elicited cell growth. (PMID:24735615)
• The double chromodomains of CHD1 adopt an ‘open pocket’ to interact with the free N-terminal amine of H3K4, and the open pocket permits the NS1 mimic to bind in a distinct conformation. (PMID:24853335)
• results demonstrate the ability of confocal microscopy and FISH to identify the cell-to-cell differences in common gene fusions such as TMPRSS2-ERG that may arise independently within the same tumor focus (PMID:25175909)
• CHD1 and CHD2 act as positive regulators of HIV-1 gene expression. (PMID:25297984)
• identify coordinate loss of MAP3K7 and CHD1 as a unique driver of aggressive prostate cancer development (PMID:25770290)
• We have identified CHD1 as the RUNX1 fusion partner in acute myeloid leukemia with t(5;21)(q21;q22). (PMID:25879624)
• These data link the assembly of methylated KDM1A and CHD1 with AR-dependent transcription and genomic translocations, thereby providing mechanistic insight into the formation of TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions during prostate-tumor evolution. (PMID:26751641)
• These results indicate that CHD1 is a positive regulator of influenza virus multiplication and suggest a role for chromatin remodeling in the control of the influenza virus life cycle. (PMID:26792750)
• The authors have identified an additional conserved domain C-terminal to the SANT-SLIDE domain and determined its structure by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR spectroscopy. They have termed this domain the CHD1 helical C-terminal (CHCT) domain as it is comprised of five alpha-helices arranged in a variant helical bundle topology. (PMID:27591891)
• examined the role of CHD1 in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in prostate cancer cells; findings show that CHD1 is required for the recruitment of CtIP to chromatin and subsequent end resection during DNA DSB repair; data support a role for CHD1 in opening the chromatin around the DSB to facilitate the recruitment of homologous recombination (HR) proteins (PMID:27596623)
• In PTEN-deficient prostate and breast cancers, CHD1 depletion profoundly and specifically suppressed cell proliferation, cell survival and tumorigenic potential. (PMID:28166537)
• CHD1 loss is associated with an increased sensitivity to PARP inhibition and anti-cancer drugs that induce DNA intercross-strand links in prostate tumors. (PMID:28383660)
• CHD1 is required for the induction of osteoblast-specific gene expression, extracellular-matrix mineralization and ectopic bone formation in vivo. Genome-wide occupancy analyses revealed increased CHD1 occupancy around the transcriptional start site of differentiation-activated genes. (PMID:28475736)
• Increased CHD1L protein expression was significantly associated with poor overall survival in pancreatic cancer patients. (PMID:28646284)
• Our results suggest that variants in CHD1 can lead to diverse phenotypic outcomes; however, the neurodevelopmental phenotype appears to be limited to patients with missense variants, which is compatible with a dominant negative mechanism of disease. (PMID:28866611)
• CHD1 facilitates substrate handover from XPC to the downstream TFIIH (transcription factor IIH). (PMID:29018037)
• Identified a unique N-terminal region of CHD1 that inhibits the DNA binding, ATPase, and chromatin assembly and remodeling activities of CHD1. CHD1 lacking the N terminus was more active in rescuing the defects in gammaH2AX formation and CtIP recruitment in CHD1-KO cells than full-length CHD1, suggesting the N terminus is a negative regulator in cells. (PMID:29529298)
• SPOP-mutated mCRPCs are strongly enriched for CHD1 loss. These tumors appear highly sensitive to abiraterone treatment. (PMID:30068710)
• CHD1 functions as a tumor suppressor in the prostate by constraining AR binding/function to limit tumor progression. (PMID:30930119)
• The chromatin remodeler Chd1 regulates cohesin in budding yeast and humans. (PMID:31222142)
• Loss of CHD1 Promotes Heterogeneous Mechanisms of Resistance to AR-Targeted Therapy via Chromatin Dysregulation. (PMID:32220301)
• CHD1 loss negatively influences metastasis-free survival in R0-resected prostate cancer patients and promotes spontaneous metastasis in vivo. (PMID:33414516)
• The Chromatin Remodeling Complex CHD1 Regulates the Primitive State of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Control Their Stem Cell Supporting Activity. (PMID:33593142)
• MAP3K7 Loss Drives Enhanced Androgen Signaling and Independently Confers Risk of Recurrence in Prostate Cancer with Joint Loss of CHD1. (PMID:33846123)
• Cell-cell adhesion regulates Merlin/NF2 interaction with the PAF complex. (PMID:34424918)
• SPOP and CHD1 alterations in prostate cancer: Relationship with PTEN loss, tumor grade, perineural infiltration, and PSA recurrence. (PMID:34533858)
• CHD1 Promotes Sensitivity to Aurora Kinase Inhibitors by Suppressing Interaction of AURKA with Its Coactivator TPX2. (PMID:35771632)
• MiR-30a-5p/CHD1 axis enhances cisplatin sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells via inactivating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. (PMID:36206129)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	chd1	ENSDARG00000103787
mus_musculus	Chd1	ENSMUSG00000023852
rattus_norvegicus	Chd1	ENSRNOG00000014434

Paralogs (30): HLTF (ENSG00000071794), SMARCA2 (ENSG00000080503), SRCAP (ENSG00000080603), ATRX (ENSG00000085224), RAD54L (ENSG00000085999), BTAF1 (ENSG00000095564), CHD8 (ENSG00000100888), SMARCA1 (ENSG00000102038), CHD4 (ENSG00000111642), CHD5 (ENSG00000116254), TTF2 (ENSG00000116830), HELLS (ENSG00000119969), ZRANB3 (ENSG00000121988), CHD6 (ENSG00000124177), SMARCA4 (ENSG00000127616), INO80 (ENSG00000128908), CHD1L (ENSG00000131778), SMARCAL1 (ENSG00000138375), SHPRH (ENSG00000146414), SMARCA5 (ENSG00000153147), SMARCAD1 (ENSG00000163104), RAD54L2 (ENSG00000164080), CHD3 (ENSG00000170004), CHD7 (ENSG00000171316), CHD2 (ENSG00000173575), CHD9 (ENSG00000177200), EP400 (ENSG00000183495), ERCC6L (ENSG00000186871), RAD54B (ENSG00000197275), ERCC6 (ENSG00000225830)

Protein

Protein identifiers

ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler CHD1 — O14646 (reviewed: O14646)

Alternative names: Chromo domain-containing protein 1

All UniProt accessions (5): O14646, A0A087WVF4, A0A994J7K7, H0Y8V4, H0Y8Z0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. ATP-dependent chromatin-remodeling factor which functions as substrate recognition component of the transcription regulatory histone acetylation (HAT) complex SAGA. Regulates polymerase II transcription. Also required for efficient transcription by RNA polymerase I, and more specifically the polymerase I transcription termination step. Regulates negatively DNA replication. Not only involved in transcription-related chromatin-remodeling, but also required to maintain a specific chromatin configuration across the genome. Is also associated with histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity. Required for the bridging of SNF2, the FACT complex, the PAF complex as well as the U2 snRNP complex to H3K4me3. Functions to modulate the efficiency of pre-mRNA splicing in part through physical bridging of spliceosomal components to H3K4me3. Required for maintaining open chromatin and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the SAGA complex. Interacts with BCLAF1, NCoR, SRP20 and SAFB. Specifically interacts with methylated H3K4me2 and H3K4me3. Interacts with the FACT complex, the PAF complex and the U2 snRNP. Interacts directly with PAF1, SFA3A1, SFA3A2, SFA3A3, SNF2 and SSRP1.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in many tissues including in the brain, where the highest level of expression is found in the cerebellum and basal ganglia.

Disease relevance. Pilarowski-Bjornsson syndrome (PILBOS) [MIM:617682] An autosomal dominant disorder characterized by developmental delay, speech apraxia, intellectual disability, autism, and facial dysmorphic features. Some patients may have seizures. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. The 2 chromodomains are involved in the binding to the histone H3 methyllysine at position 4 (H3K4me3). The CHD1 helical C-terminal domain (CHCT) binds DNA and nucleosomes.

Similarity. Belongs to the SNF2/RAD54 helicase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
O14646-1	1	yes
O14646-2	2

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001261, NP_001351042, NP_001363123 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000330	SNF2_N	Domain
IPR000953	Chromo/chromo_shadow_dom	Domain
IPR001650	Helicase_C-like	Domain
IPR014001	Helicase_ATP-bd	Domain
IPR016197	Chromo-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR023779	Chromodomain_CS	Conserved_site
IPR023780	Chromo_domain	Domain
IPR025260	CHD1-like_C	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR038718	SNF2-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR040793	CDH1_2_SANT_HL1	Domain
IPR049730	SNF2/RAD54-like_C	Domain
IPR056302	CHD1-2/Hrp3_HTH	Domain

Pfam: PF00176, PF00271, PF00385, PF13907, PF18375, PF23588

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:13065)

UniProt features (106 total): modified residue 27, helix 22, compositionally biased region 15, strand 11, region of interest 6, sequence variant 5, domain 4, mutagenesis site 4, turn 4, repeat 3, chain 1, short sequence motif 1, binding site 1, splice variant 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

18 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
9T9F	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.35
9T9H	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.45
9T9I	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.55
5AFW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.6
4B4C	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.62
9T9E	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
9T9G	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
4O42	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.87
4NW2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
2B2Y	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.35
2B2W	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
2B2T	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.45
2B2V	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.65
2B2U	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.95
8UMG	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.1
9EAR	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
9NH8	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
2N39	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O14646-F1	62.63	0.09

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 506–513

Post-translational modifications (27): 1688, 215, 216, 237, 241, 250, 252, 471, 1025, 1040, 1081, 1085, 1096, 1098, 1100, 1102, 1161, 1353, 1355, 1356 …

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (4):

Position	Phenotype
1418–1425	abolishes dna-binding.
1429–1436	abolishes dna-binding.
1491–1495	abolishes dna-binding.
1498–1503	abolishes dna-binding.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-9018519	Estrogen-dependent gene expression
R-HSA-9943411	CHD1 and CHD2 subfamily

MSigDB gene sets: 337 (showing top): YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, MODULE_255, GOBP_HOST_MEDIATED_ACTIVATION_OF_VIRAL_TRANSCRIPTION, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN, MODULE_317, GOBP_MODULATION_OF_PROCESS_OF_ANOTHER_ORGANISM, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_16HR_UP, FOXO1_01, GOBP_HOST_MEDIATED_PERTURBATION_OF_VIRAL_PROCESS, FOSTER_TOLERANT_MACROPHAGE_UP, GENTILE_UV_RESPONSE_CLUSTER_D2, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, HFH8_01, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_6HR_DN, DACOSTA_UV_RESPONSE_VIA_ERCC3_COMMON_DN

GO Biological Process (4): chromatin remodeling (GO:0006338), nucleosome organization (GO:0034728), host-mediated activation of viral transcription (GO:0043923), chromatin organization (GO:0006325)

GO Molecular Function (11): DNA binding (GO:0003677), chromatin binding (GO:0003682), ATP binding (GO:0005524), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887), histone binding (GO:0042393), histone H3K4me3 reader activity (GO:0140002), ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler activity (GO:0140658), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), helicase activity (GO:0004386), protein binding (GO:0005515), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (5): nuclear chromosome (GO:0000228), chromatin (GO:0000785), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
ESR-mediated signaling	1
CHD chromatin remodelers	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
chromatin remodeling	2
binding	2
ATP-dependent activity	2
chromosome	2
nuclear lumen	2
chromatin organization	1
protein-DNA complex organization	1
host-mediated perturbation of viral transcription	1
host-mediated activation of viral process	1
cellular component organization	1
nucleic acid binding	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
protein binding	1
histone H3 reader activity	1
DNA binding	1
ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
nucleic acid conformation isomerase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid	1
catalytic activity	1
nucleus	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4002 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CHD1	RTF1	Q92541	922
CHD1	H3-3A	P06351	881
CHD1	H3C14	Q71DI3	881
CHD1	H3-5	Q6NXT2	881
CHD1	H3C1	P02295	881
CHD1	H3-4	Q16695	881
CHD1	H3-7	Q5TEC6	881
CHD1	SUPT16H	Q9Y5B9	751
CHD1	SUPT5H	O00267	743
CHD1	SETD2	Q9BYW2	737
CHD1	H2AZ1	P0C0S5	736
CHD1	CHD6	Q8TD26	727
CHD1	BPTF	Q12830	715
CHD1	H2BC21	Q16778	700
CHD1	CHD8	Q9HCK8	696

IntAct

47 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KDM1A	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.700
CHD1	KDM1A	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.700
KDM1A	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.700
CHD1	KDM1A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.700
N	NOP56	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
N	RBM47	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
EPB41L1	AP3B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
FGF11	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
EHMT2	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.500
NS1	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.500
NS1	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.500
CHD1		psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
CHD1		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
	TAF4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KDM1A	KIF2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RRP1B	ZNF785	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Mecom	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ESR1	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LRRK2		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
BMX	SMAP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
DOCK9	CHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
N	RBM47	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (175): CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Protein-peptide), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Co-fractionation), CHD1 (Co-fractionation), CHD1 (Co-fractionation), CHD1 (Co-fractionation), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CHD1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1Z9L3, A2A4P0, A2QIL2, A3KFM7, A3KMI0, B2RR83, B6ZLK2, D3ZA12, D4A2Z8, E9PZM4, F4IJV4, F4ILR7, F4JY24, F4K2E9, O14646, O14647, O18017, O42643, O45244, O60231, P24384, P34498, P40201, P93008, Q05B79, Q09530, Q10752, Q14562, Q17R09, Q38953, Q4TVV3, Q53RK8, Q54F05, Q5R746, Q5RAZ4, Q5ZI74, Q6P158, Q6P5D3, Q6PGC1, Q767K6

Diamond homologs: A0A0P0WGX7, A2A8L1, A2BGR3, A3KFM7, A6QQR4, A7Z019, A9X4T1, B0R0I6, B0XPE7, B3NAN8, B4GS98, B5BT18, B5DE69, B6ZLK2, D3Z9Z9, D3ZA12, D3ZD32, E1B7X9, F1Q8K0, F4I2H2, F4IV45, F4J9M5, F4JY24, F4K128, F4KBP5, F8VPZ5, G5EBZ4, G5EF53, O12944, O13682, O14139, O14646, O14981, O43065, O76460, P0CO16, P0CO17, P28370, P31380, P32333

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
CHD1	“up-regulates activity”	SF3a	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

481 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	3
Likely pathogenic	8
Uncertain significance	357
Likely benign	52
Benign	10

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (11)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
4088180	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.3888dup (p.Pro1297fs)	Pathogenic
438819	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.1853G>A (p.Arg618Gln)	Pathogenic
438821	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.1379G>A (p.Arg460Lys)	Pathogenic
1710449	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.1978A>G (p.Ile660Val)	Likely pathogenic
2429179	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.3133G>A (p.Glu1045Lys)	Likely pathogenic
2442344	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.643dup (p.Ser215fs)	Likely pathogenic
2582374	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.2569-11A>G	Likely pathogenic
3065580	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.490del (p.Ser164fs)	Likely pathogenic
3254730	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.2112dup (p.Ser705fs)	Likely pathogenic
3383426	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.1132_1144del (p.Gln378fs)	Likely pathogenic
4819013	NM_001270.4(CHD1):c.1101del (p.Pro368fs)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

5020 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
5:98858388:CAT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98858960:ATAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98858961:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98858962:ACCTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98860069:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98860079:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98863406:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98863407:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98863407:CTTT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98863585:CA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98863588:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98868489:GCTTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98868490:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98868491:TTACA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98868492:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98868493:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98868493:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98868494:C:CA	donor_loss	1.0000
5:98868494:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98868494:CA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98868494:CAA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98868494:CAAT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98868494:CAATG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:98868631:CTCAA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98868632:TCAA:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98868633:CAA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98868633:CAAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98868634:AA:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:98868634:AACT:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:98868635:ACTAA:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

11382 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:98859997:G:T	A1500D	1.000
5:98859998:C:G	A1500P	1.000
5:98860002:C:A	K1498N	1.000
5:98860002:C:G	K1498N	1.000
5:98860004:T:C	K1498E	1.000
5:98860007:A:C	Y1497D	1.000
5:98860007:A:T	Y1497N	1.000
5:98860009:A:G	L1496S	1.000
5:98860016:G:C	H1494D	1.000
5:98860017:T:A	L1493F	1.000
5:98860017:T:G	L1493F	1.000
5:98860018:A:G	L1493S	1.000
5:98860032:A:C	F1488L	1.000
5:98860032:A:T	F1488L	1.000
5:98860033:A:G	F1488S	1.000
5:98860034:A:G	F1488L	1.000
5:98860039:G:A	T1486I	1.000
5:98860041:A:C	F1485L	1.000
5:98860041:A:T	F1485L	1.000
5:98860042:A:C	F1485C	1.000
5:98860042:A:G	F1485S	1.000
5:98860043:A:C	F1485V	1.000
5:98860043:A:G	F1485L	1.000
5:98860043:A:T	F1485I	1.000
5:98860048:G:A	S1483F	1.000
5:98860049:A:G	S1483P	1.000
5:98860051:A:T	V1482E	1.000
5:98860053:A:C	F1481L	1.000
5:98860053:A:T	F1481L	1.000
5:98860054:A:C	F1481C	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000040891 (5:98904357 T>A,C), RS1000048149 (5:98892234 T>C), RS1000062578 (5:98910352 G>A), RS1000140444 (5:98913486 A>T), RS1000178679 (5:98910162 T>C), RS1000242887 (5:98866901 G>C), RS1000248631 (5:98855261 A>G), RS1000294089 (5:98854321 A>T), RS1000326016 (5:98905137 T>A,C), RS1000357799 (5:98861894 A>C,G), RS1000393804 (5:98885302 G>C), RS1000394655 (5:98872873 A>G), RS1000409709 (5:98921429 G>A), RS1000459011 (5:98879781 A>C,G,T), RS1000461968 (5:98921667 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602118 | disease phenotypes: MIM:617682, MIM:617862

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
Pilarowski-Bjornsson syndrome	Strong	Autosomal dominant
complex neurodevelopmental disorder	Limited	Autosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
complex neurodevelopmental disorder	Limited	AD

Mondo (4): Pilarowski-Bjornsson syndrome (MONDO:0060568), neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), complex neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0100038), neurodevelopmental disorder with microcephaly, epilepsy, and brain atrophy (MONDO:0060640)

Orphanet (2): Intellectual disability-autism-speech apraxia-craniofacial dysmorphism syndrome (Orphanet:529965), Non-specific syndromic intellectual disability (Orphanet:528084)

HPO phenotypes

27 total (27 of 27 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000256	Macrocephaly
HP:0000307	Pointed chin
HP:0000494	Downslanted palpebral fissures
HP:0000527	Long eyelashes
HP:0000574	Thick eyebrow
HP:0000629	Periorbital fullness
HP:0000717	Autism
HP:0000729	Autistic behavior
HP:0000733	Motor stereotypy
HP:0001211	Abnormal fingertip morphology
HP:0001212	Prominent fingertip pads
HP:0001249	Intellectual disability
HP:0001250	Seizure
HP:0001252	Hypotonia
HP:0001263	Global developmental delay
HP:0001290	Generalized hypotonia
HP:0002007	Frontal bossing
HP:0002721	Immunodeficiency
HP:0003593	Infantile onset
HP:0007874	Almond-shaped palpebral fissure
HP:0008897	Postnatal growth retardation
HP:0010648	Dermal translucency
HP:0011098	Speech apraxia
HP:0011229	Broad eyebrow
HP:0011800	Midface retrusion
HP:0012393	Allergy

GWAS associations

9 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001304_1	Renal sinus fat	7.000000e-06
GCST002127_15	Periodontitis (Mean PAL)	9.000000e-06
GCST004600_155	Eosinophil percentage of white cells	2.000000e-13
GCST004606_120	Eosinophil count	1.000000e-10
GCST004617_100	Eosinophil percentage of granulocytes	2.000000e-13
GCST004623_5	Neutrophil percentage of granulocytes	3.000000e-12
GCST004631_30	Basophil percentage of white cells	6.000000e-10
GCST90002382_111	Eosinophil percentage of white cells	3.000000e-18
GCST90002396_307	Mean reticulocyte volume	7.000000e-13

EFO canonical traits (7, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004864	renal sinus adipose tissue measurement
EFO:0007991	eosinophil percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0004842	eosinophil count
EFO:0007996	eosinophil percentage of granulocytes
EFO:0007994	neutrophil percentage of granulocytes
EFO:0007992	basophil percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0010701	mean reticulocyte volume

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D065886	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	F03.625

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4523123 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

32 potent at pChembl≥5 of 57 total, top 32 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.40	IC50	400	nM	CHEMBL6162155
6.21	IC50	620	nM	CHEMBL6167419
6.12	IC50	760	nM	CHEMBL6166574
6.10	IC50	800	nM	CHEMBL6147437
6.10	IC50	800	nM	CHEMBL6170691
6.00	Kd	1000	nM	CHEMBL6151379
6.00	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL6165658
5.89	IC50	1300	nM	CHEMBL6161222
5.85	IC50	1400	nM	CHEMBL6159947
5.80	IC50	1600	nM	CHEMBL6171654
5.80	IC50	1600	nM	CHEMBL6146090
5.77	IC50	1700	nM	CHEMBL6164059
5.77	IC50	1700	nM	CHEMBL6170209
5.75	IC50	1800	nM	CHEMBL6163641
5.72	IC50	1920	nM	CHEMBL6163845
5.62	IC50	2400	nM	CHEMBL6146760
5.57	IC50	2700	nM	CHEMBL6160342
5.40	IC50	4000	nM	CHEMBL6150008
5.39	IC50	4100	nM	CHEMBL6169498
5.37	Kd	4300	nM	CHEMBL6170209
5.31	IC50	4900	nM	CHEMBL1829307
5.30	IC50	5000	nM	CHEMBL6165257
5.30	IC50	5000	nM	CHEMBL6170545
5.30	IC50	5000	nM	CHEMBL6163786
5.23	IC50	5900	nM	CHEMBL6174769
5.23	IC50	5900	nM	CHEMBL6152866
5.22	IC50	6000	nM	CHEMBL6173559
5.19	IC50	6400	nM	CHEMBL6151379
5.19	IC50	6400	nM	CHEMBL6169721
5.16	IC50	7000	nM	CHEMBL6165999
5.05	IC50	9000	nM	CHEMBL6161724
5.00	IC50	1e+04	nM	CHEMBL6170241

CTD chemical–gene interactions

47 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, increases expression, increases methylation	4
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	decreases expression	3
bisphenol A	increases methylation, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	2
Indomethacin	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	2
Cyclosporine	increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
3-((6-(2-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)methane sulfonamide	decreases expression	1
GSK-J4	increases expression	1
FR900359	affects phosphorylation	1
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
TAK-243	decreases sumoylation	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases reaction, affects binding	1
cobaltous chloride	increases expression	1
coumarin	affects phosphorylation	1
beta-methylcholine	affects expression	1
pinosylvin	increases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
K 7174	increases expression	1
bisphenol S	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
jinfukang	decreases expression	1
Irinotecan	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, decreases expression	1
Caffeine	affects phosphorylation	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

5 unique, capped per target: 5 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4377349	Binding	Binding affinity to CHD1 (unknown origin) assessed as induction of thermal shifts at 20 uM measured for 25 mins by SYPRO orange dye thermal shift assay	Discovery of a Potent and Selective Fragment-like Inhibitor of Methyllysine Reader Protein Spindlin 1 (SPIN1). — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

7 cell lines: 3 embryonic stem cell, 3 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_A0Q8	SEES3-1V human CHD1, clone1	Embryonic stem cell	Male
CVCL_A0Q9	SEES3-1V human CHD1, clone2	Embryonic stem cell	Male
CVCL_A0R0	SEES3-1V human CHD1, clone3	Embryonic stem cell	Male
CVCL_B2UB	Abcam HEK293T CHD1 KO	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_C0UV	KUCaP13	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SI85	HAP1 CHD1 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_SI86	HAP1 CHD1 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

204 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04586348	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Prenatal Iodine Supplementation and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment
NCT04873115	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Sialanar Plus orAl rehabiLitation Against Placebo Plus Oral Rehabilitation for chIldren and Adolescents With seVere Sialorrhoea and Neurodisabilties,
NCT02559102	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Dexmedetomidine Sedation Versus General Anaesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Infants
NCT02757079	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of the Efficacy and Safety of NPC-15 for Sleep Disorders of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT06915480	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Reducing Missed Appointments
NCT07377032	PHASE3	RECRUITING	TAP-GRIN: Interventional Study on Patients With GRIN-related Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT02909959	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Sulforaphane for the Treatment of Young Men With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06081348	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Sertraline vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Anxiety in Children and AdoLescents With NeurodevelopMental Disorders
NCT06352372	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of tPBM for Epileptiform Activity in Autism
NCT00503191	PHASE1	COMPLETED	NeuroModulation Technique Treatment of Autism
NCT04475848	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Food Effect of RO6953958 in Healthy Participants
NCT06300398	PHASE1	COMPLETED	IAMA-6 Oral Dose Study in Healthy Adults
NCT06310681	Not specified	COMPLETED	Pilot Testing of a Co-adapted Group Programme for Parents/Carers of Children With Complex Neurodisability
NCT07303049	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Cognitive Benefit of Intensive Rehabilitation Using Rhythmic Music Training in Children With Complex Neurodevelopmental Disorder
NCT01783041	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Early L-Carnitine Supplementation on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants
NCT05767385	PHASE2/PHASE3	RECRUITING	Fetal Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Congenital Heart Disease and Association With Neonatal Neurobehavior
NCT05675098	EARLY_PHASE1	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Central Nervous System Stimulants and Physical Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy
NCT00783783	Not specified	COMPLETED	CYP2D6 Pharmacogenetics in Risperidone-Treated Children
NCT01778504	Not specified	RECRUITING	Studying Childhood-onset Behavioral, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders
NCT01850784	Not specified	UNKNOWN	High Energy Formula Feeding in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease
NCT01922791	Not specified	COMPLETED	Nutrition and Pregnancy Intervention Study
NCT01942525	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Influence of Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Amplitude-integrated EEG in Preterm Infants
NCT02003170	Not specified	COMPLETED	Etiology and Early Diagnosis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT02118649	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Enhancing Behavior and Brain Response to Visual Targets Using a Computer Game
NCT02557191	Not specified	TERMINATED	Biomarkers, Neurodevelopment and Preterm Infants
NCT02690675	Not specified	COMPLETED	Iron Supplement Effect on Child Development
NCT02694003	Not specified	COMPLETED	Better Nights, Better Days for Children With Neurodevelopment Disorders
NCT02792894	Not specified	COMPLETED	Family Networks (FaNs) for Children With Developmental Disorders and Delays
NCT02871674	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Good Night Project: Behavioural Sleep Interventions for Children With ADHD: A Randomised Controlled Trial
NCT02887157	Not specified	COMPLETED	Analyzing Retinal Microanatomy in ROP
NCT02898298	Not specified	COMPLETED	Positive Emotion Regulation Training in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Developmental Disorder
NCT02912780	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Introduction of Microsystems in a Level 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
NCT03023293	Not specified	COMPLETED	n-3 PUFAs, Irisin and Maternal Glucose Metabolism From Pregnancy to Postpartum
NCT03023644	Not specified	COMPLETED	Improving Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: An Intervention Study
NCT03032991	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Early Biomarkers of Neurodevelopment in Offspring of Diabetic Mothers
NCT03088189	Not specified	TERMINATED	Effect of Parental Peri-conceptional Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Infant Neurocognitive Development in Offspring
NCT03096028	Not specified	COMPLETED	Developmental Origins of Mental Health Disorders
NCT03148782	Not specified	COMPLETED	Brain Plasticity Underlying Acquisition of New Organizational Skills in Children-R61 Phase
NCT03172104	Not specified	COMPLETED	Neurobehavioural Development of Infants Born <30 Weeks Gestational Age Between Birth and Five Years of Age
NCT03222375	Not specified	RECRUITING	SQUED™ Series 28.1 Home-use and Treatment of Autowave Reverberator of Autism