CHDH

Summary

CHDH (choline dehydrogenase, HGNC:24288) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3p21.1, encoding Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial (Q8NE62).

The protein encoded by this gene is a choline dehydrogenase that localizes to the mitochondrion. Variations in this gene can affect susceptibility to choline deficiency. A few transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of only one has been characterized to date.

Source: NCBI Gene 55349 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 6
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 121 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_018397

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:24288
Approved symbol	CHDH
Name	choline dehydrogenase
Location	3p21.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000016391
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
Entrez	55349

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 36 — 36 protein_coding

ENST00000315251, ENST00000467802, ENST00000481668, ENST00000875878, ENST00000875879, ENST00000875880, ENST00000875881, ENST00000875882, ENST00000875883, ENST00000875884, ENST00000875885, ENST00000875886, ENST00000875887, ENST00000875888, ENST00000875889, ENST00000875890, ENST00000875891, ENST00000875892, ENST00000875893, ENST00000875894, ENST00000875895, ENST00000911850, ENST00000911851, ENST00000959581, ENST00000959582, ENST00000959583, ENST00000959584, ENST00000959585, ENST00000959586, ENST00000959587, ENST00000959588, ENST00000959589, ENST00000959590, ENST00000959591, ENST00000959592, ENST00000959593

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_018397 NM_018397

CCDS: CCDS2873

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000315251 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000771820	53822491	53822642
ENSE00000771821	53821647	53821776
ENSE00000771822	53820474	53820608
ENSE00000771823	53819532	53819674
ENSE00000771824	53818938	53819040
ENSE00001079877	53812335	53818195
ENSE00001215234	53823306	53824067
ENSE00001343824	53840929	53840999
ENSE00001343837	53846083	53846419

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 236 present calls, max score 98.41.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.9550 / max 50.8453, expressed in 648 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
42518	1.3193	553
42517	0.4416	210
42519	0.1544	75
42515	0.0341	12
42516	0.0055	3

Top tissues by expression

252 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	98.41	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	93.94	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	90.80	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	90.37	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	90.23	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	89.40	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	88.94	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	88.19	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	88.11	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	87.56	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	87.47	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	87.17	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	86.76	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	86.34	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	86.03	silver quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	85.46	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	85.32	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	85.22	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	85.03	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	85.01	gold quality
epithelium of mammary gland	UBERON:0003244	84.99	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	84.88	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	84.71	silver quality
subthalamic nucleus	UBERON:0001906	84.39	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	83.92	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	83.52	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	83.40	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	83.34	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	83.00	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	82.78	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	9.09

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

40 targeting CHDH, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4731-5P	99.89	67.23	2537
HSA-MIR-6124	99.87	69.78	3551
HSA-MIR-1276	99.36	68.18	1642
HSA-MIR-520A-5P	99.35	66.72	1632
HSA-MIR-525-5P	99.35	66.85	1615
HSA-MIR-6808-5P	99.31	66.23	2150
HSA-MIR-504-3P	99.30	67.18	1745
HSA-MIR-324-3P	99.26	66.31	1034
HSA-MIR-7974	99.24	65.48	1137
HSA-MIR-6734-3P	99.15	66.27	1627
HSA-MIR-939-3P	98.97	65.07	2347
HSA-MIR-4801	98.96	69.42	2096
HSA-MIR-6756-3P	98.94	66.79	1104
HSA-MIR-3127-3P	98.94	67.34	1055
HSA-MIR-181A-2-3P	98.91	67.60	1168
HSA-MIR-29B-1-5P	98.86	68.35	1364
HSA-MIR-648	98.64	66.13	553
HSA-MIR-4731-3P	98.56	68.60	1860
HSA-MIR-4722-5P	98.46	66.34	1611
HSA-MIR-4691-5P	98.41	66.77	1343
HSA-MIR-6792-3P	98.41	66.86	1359
HSA-MIR-4691-3P	98.11	66.83	1204
HSA-MIR-6742-3P	97.95	64.50	1490
HSA-MIR-6765-3P	97.83	64.59	1165
HSA-MIR-3921	97.81	67.45	1431
HSA-MIR-4660	97.79	67.44	1328
HSA-MIR-6747-3P	97.73	64.84	1596
HSA-MIR-4667-5P	97.61	66.67	1683
HSA-MIR-4653-5P	97.22	67.72	1429
HSA-MIR-1233-3P	96.81	65.44	573

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• HOXB13, IL17BR, and CHDH are regulated by estrogen in breast cancer (PMID:17975144)
• single nucleotide polymorphisms of choline-metabolizing genes, PEMT -774G>C (rs12325817) and CHDH +432G>T (rs12676), were found be related to breast cancer risk (PMID:18230680)
• CHDH A119C and MTHFR C677T play an important role in modulating the homocysteine levels in Indian population. (PMID:20031640)
• CHDH and PLD2 as novel candidate genes, the nucleotide variants of which could be associated with the risk of tooth agenesis. (PMID:21308979)
• the PEMT -774G>C and CHDH +432G>T polymorphisms were associated with sperm concentration. This finding suggests a possible influence of these genes on sperm quality (PMID:22387881)
• The rs12676 single nucleotide polymorphism is associated with altered sperm motility patterns and dysmorphic mitochondrial structure in sperm. (PMID:22558321)
• CHDH is not a substrate of PARK2 but interacts with SQSTM1 independently of PARK2 to recruit SQSTM1 into depolarized mitochondria (PMID:25483962)
• CHDH gene is located at chromosome 3p21.1, a risk region implicated in previous brains of bipolar disorder genome-wide association studies (PMID:27562178)
• In genotypic combination analysis considering PEMT -744GG/CHDH +432GG/BHMT +742GG as the reference combination, PEMT -744GC/CHDH +432GG/BHMT +742GG genotypic combination was significantly higher in mothers of a down syndrome child compared with that in control mothers with an odds ratio of 2.061 (95% CI: 1.10-3.86, P=0.0342). (PMID:27677362)
• There is no correlation between single CHDH rs893363 and CHDH rs2289205 polymorphisms and the incidence of intrauterine fetal death. (PMID:28509322)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	chdh	ENSDARG00000100304
mus_musculus	Chdh	ENSMUSG00000015970
rattus_norvegicus	Chdh	ENSRNOG00000015859
drosophila_melanogaster	ninaG	FBGN0037896
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00007917

Protein

Protein identifiers

Choline dehydrogenase, mitochondrial — Q8NE62 (reviewed: Q8NE62)

All UniProt accessions (3): Q8NE62, C9J7D8, C9JYW4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion inner membrane.

Pathway. Amine and polyamine biosynthesis; betaine biosynthesis via choline pathway; betaine aldehyde from choline (cytochrome c reductase route): step 1/1.

Similarity. Belongs to the GMC oxidoreductase family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_060867* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000172	GMC_OxRdtase_N	Domain
IPR007867	GMC_OxRtase_C	Domain
IPR012132	GMC_OxRdtase	Family
IPR036188	FAD/NAD-bd_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00732, PF05199

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 1.1.99.1 — choline dehydrogenase (BRENDA: 9 organisms, 61 substrates, 27 inhibitors, 10 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

5 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 5. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
CHOLINE	1.7–7	4
PHENAZINE METHOSULFATE	0.14–1.1	3
2,6-DICHLOROPHENOLINDOPHENOL	1	1
BETAINE ALDEHYDE	3.1	1
P-BENZOQUINONE	0.83	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• choline + A = betaine aldehyde + AH2 (RHEA:17433)

UniProt features (14 total): modified residue 6, sequence variant 3, transit peptide 1, chain 1, sequence conflict 1, active site 1, binding site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8NE62-F1	92.84	0.90

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 511 (proton acceptor)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 42–71

Post-translational modifications (6): 436, 484, 484, 496, 496, 580

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6798163	Choline catabolism

MSigDB gene sets: 119 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8A_DC_MCMV_INFECTION_UP, GSE45365_CTRL_VS_MCMV_INFECTION_NK_CELL_UP, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_48HR_DN, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_ENVELOPE, GOBP_AMINO_ACID_BETAINE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, LASTOWSKA_NEUROBLASTOMA_COPY_NUMBER_DN, WONG_MITOCHONDRIA_GENE_MODULE, GOMF_OXIDOREDUCTASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_CH_OH_GROUP_OF_DONORS, GOBP_MODIFIED_AMINO_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, MARIADASON_RESPONSE_TO_BUTYRATE_SULINDAC_6, TGGAAA_NFAT_Q4_01, GOCC_ORGANELLE_INNER_MEMBRANE, GAVIN_FOXP3_TARGETS_CLUSTER_P6, LINDGREN_BLADDER_CANCER_CLUSTER_1_DN

GO Biological Process (2): obsolete glycine betaine biosynthetic process from choline (GO:0019285), choline catabolic process (GO:0042426)

GO Molecular Function (5): choline dehydrogenase activity (GO:0008812), flavin adenine dinucleotide binding (GO:0050660), protein binding (GO:0005515), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors (GO:0016614)

GO Cellular Component (3): mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial inner membrane (GO:0005743), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
choline metabolic process	1
biogenic amine catabolic process	1
oxidoreductase activity, acting on CH-OH group of donors	1
nucleotide binding	1
anion binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
oxidoreductase activity	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
organelle inner membrane	1
mitochondrial membrane	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2634 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CHDH	BHMT	Q93088	744
CHDH	SQSTM1	Q13501	699
CHDH	PEMT	Q9UBM1	636
CHDH	MTR	Q99707	623
CHDH	SARDH	Q9UL12	623
CHDH	DMGDH	Q9UI17	580
CHDH	MTHFR	P42898	565
CHDH	ALDH7A1	P49419	556
CHDH	MTHFD1	P11586	555
CHDH	CHKA	P35790	544
CHDH	DHODH	Q02127	540
CHDH	AHCY	P23526	528
CHDH	SQOR	Q9Y6N5	521
CHDH	MTRR	Q9UBK8	519
CHDH	H7C2H4	H7C2H4	513

IntAct

40 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
COQ8A	COQ9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.670
NDUFS7	NDUFS8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NOTCH2NLA	CHDH	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CHDH	NOTCH2NLA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CHDH	KLK6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
BPNT1	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
YBEY	NME4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CHDH	RPL8	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CHDH	SEZ6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
YBEY	NUDT19	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NDUFS7		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TRMT1	HDAC3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TMEM70	FDXR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
COQ9	NDUFS8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NMES1	COX7A2L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
COQ9	ACOT7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FAM136A	ALDH1L1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NDUFA4	NDUFS8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
COQ8B	COQ9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NMES1	TIMM44	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MAIP1	COQ9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NDUFA4	COX7A2L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (30): NOTCH2NL (Two-hybrid), SQSTM1 (Affinity Capture-Western), CHDH (Affinity Capture-Western), MAP1LC3A (Affinity Capture-Western), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS), CHDH (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A142PTM2, A0A161CEV4, A0A1L9WN49, A0A248QE08, A0A2V5GRB0, A0A3B1EFP9, A0A5C1RDA6, A4UHS8, A4XPI5, A5WA97, A6VEI3, A8GBX9, A8JHB7, B0KN19, B0RNU9, B2JS89, B3PTE0, B5ZUG2, B7V5R3, C3K3D3, C6DKY4, C8VDT4, M2Y151, M5EAX2, P18172, P18173, P9WEH2, Q02DZ0, Q0B711, Q12062, Q1IG70, Q1MJU4, Q2KB43, Q3K5H3, Q48CM7, Q4K4K7, Q4UYN5, Q4ZM63, Q5GMY3, Q5HL11

Diamond homologs: A0A075TRK9, A0A142PTM2, A0A161CEV4, A0A1U8QYA8, A0A2V5GRB0, A0A5C1RDA6, A0B2F7, A1CFL2, A4JJG6, A4TNP2, A4UHS8, A4XPI5, A5IW37, A5VPA6, A5WA97, A6QK99, A6U4Z2, A6U6Y8, A6VEI3, A6X2G7, A7FKL6, A7MFA8, A7X6Z3, A8AJN0, A8GBX9, A8Z5A4, A9AMZ9, A9M9H8, B0CKN4, B0KN19, B1JSR0, B1K707, B1Z034, B2FQ89, B2JS89, B2K8U4, B2TCJ8, B3PTE0, B4EHJ2, B4SHV9

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

121 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	97
Likely benign	9
Benign	4

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2168 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:53817749:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
3:53818933:AGTAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53818934:GTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53818935:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53818936:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53820470:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53820471:CAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53820472:A:AT	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53820604:AACCC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820605:ACCC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820606:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820606:CCCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820607:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820607:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820608:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820609:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820609:C:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820612:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53820612:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53821640:GACT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53821641:ACTC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53821642:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53821643:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53821644:C:CG	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53821645:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:53821645:ACCA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:53821646:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:53821772:TAAGC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:53821776:CCTGG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:53821777:C:CA	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3853 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
3:53817897:G:C	N555K	0.997
3:53817897:G:T	N555K	0.997
3:53818031:G:C	H511D	0.997
3:53820588:C:G	D336H	0.996
3:53818038:G:C	S508R	0.995
3:53818038:G:T	S508R	0.995
3:53818040:T:G	S508R	0.995
3:53819637:G:C	F386L	0.995
3:53819637:G:T	F386L	0.995
3:53819639:A:G	F386L	0.995
3:53823561:A:G	W150R	0.995
3:53823561:A:T	W150R	0.995
3:53823604:A:C	N135K	0.995
3:53823604:A:T	N135K	0.995
3:53817925:G:A	S546F	0.994
3:53817925:G:T	S546Y	0.994
3:53818014:A:C	C516W	0.994
3:53820587:T:A	D336V	0.994
3:53820587:T:G	D336A	0.994
3:53823573:C:G	D146H	0.994
3:53817932:C:G	D544H	0.993
3:53817937:A:T	V542D	0.993
3:53819641:C:T	G385E	0.993
3:53823535:C:A	W158C	0.993
3:53823535:C:G	W158C	0.993
3:53823537:A:G	W158R	0.993
3:53823537:A:T	W158R	0.993
3:53817931:T:A	D544V	0.992
3:53818031:G:T	H511N	0.992
3:53822629:G:C	S239R	0.992

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000090787 (3:53815509 T>C), RS1000124129 (3:53833551 TG>T), RS1000177999 (3:53830334 T>C), RS1000234981 (3:53839936 G>A), RS1000283119 (3:53833956 T>C), RS1000335796 (3:53834212 C>T), RS1000412172 (3:53823229 C>G), RS1000425843 (3:53841999 AG>A), RS1000443254 (3:53815198 A>G), RS1000583248 (3:53827782 G>A), RS1000648905 (3:53846022 C>A,G,T), RS1000701076 (3:53846188 C>T), RS1000709185 (3:53829484 G>C), RS1000799028 (3:53836396 C>G,T), RS1000855623 (3:53826811 T>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene `` | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

6 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST002115_6	Axial length	8.000000e-06
GCST005951_50	Body mass index	5.000000e-11
GCST007327_68	Smoking status (ever vs never smokers)	4.000000e-08
GCST007929_91	Medication use (calcium channel blockers)	1.000000e-08
GCST009569_1	interleukin 17 receptor B levels	2.000000e-18
GCST010002_424	Refractive error	9.000000e-24

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005318	axial length measurement
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0004318	smoking behavior
EFO:0009930	Calcium channel blocker use measurement
EFO:0008176	interleukin 17 receptor B measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs6801605	CHDH		0.00	0

CTD chemical–gene interactions

45 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects expression, affects cotreatment, increases methylation	2
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	2
Leflunomide	decreases expression	2
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	2
Estradiol	increases expression	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
teriflunomide	decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	decreases methylation	1
NSC 689534	decreases expression, affects binding	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Arsenic	affects metabolic processing	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Calcitriol	increases expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Choline	affects response to substance	1
Cisplatin	decreases expression	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Diclofenac	affects expression	1
Dimethyl Sulfoxide	increases expression	1
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.