CKMT2

Summary

CKMT2 (creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2, HGNC:1996) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q14.1, encoding Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial (P17540). Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate).

Mitochondrial creatine kinase (MtCK) is responsible for the transfer of high energy phosphate from mitochondria to the cytosolic carrier, creatine. It belongs to the creatine kinase isoenzyme family. It exists as two isoenzymes, sarcomeric MtCK and ubiquitous MtCK, encoded by separate genes. Mitochondrial creatine kinase occurs in two different oligomeric forms: dimers and octamers, in contrast to the exclusively dimeric cytosolic creatine kinase isoenzymes. Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase has 80% homology with the coding exons of ubiquitous mitochondrial creatine kinase. This gene contains sequences homologous to several motifs that are shared among some nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial proteins and thus may be essential for the coordinated activation of these genes during mitochondrial biogenesis. Three transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 1160 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 69 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001099735

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:1996
Approved symbol	CKMT2
Name	creatine kinase, mitochondrial 2
Location	5q14.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	SMTCK
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000131730
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	123295
Entrez	1160

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 32 — 25 protein_coding, 4 retained_intron, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000254035, ENST00000424301, ENST00000437669, ENST00000505060, ENST00000505135, ENST00000505704, ENST00000505850, ENST00000511719, ENST00000513094, ENST00000514086, ENST00000515238, ENST00000515615, ENST00000865071, ENST00000865072, ENST00000865073, ENST00000865074, ENST00000865075, ENST00000865076, ENST00000865077, ENST00000865078, ENST00000865079, ENST00000865080, ENST00000865081, ENST00000865082, ENST00000928885, ENST00000953985, ENST00000953986, ENST00000953987, ENST00000953988, ENST00000953989, ENST00000953990, ENST00000953991

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001099735 NM_001099735, NM_001099736, NM_001825

CCDS: CCDS4053

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000254035 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002084591	81233322	81233377
ENSE00003467440	81256915	81257000
ENSE00003517584	81259120	81259254
ENSE00003566751	81263491	81263616
ENSE00003620308	81257733	81257856
ENSE00003626877	81254396	81254491
ENSE00003685343	81254993	81255214
ENSE00003689398	81252695	81252893
ENSE00003692514	81251113	81251284
ENSE00003843914	81266139	81266398

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 232 present calls, max score 99.77.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 13.4370 / max 1473.3802, expressed in 447 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
57341	13.3283	446
57340	0.1087	41

Top tissues by expression

282 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	99.77	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	99.74	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	99.68	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	99.55	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	99.55	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	99.44	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	99.43	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	99.42	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	99.41	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	99.40	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	99.39	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	99.39	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	99.37	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	99.35	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	99.31	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	99.27	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	99.21	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	99.17	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	99.12	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	99.12	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	99.07	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	99.01	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	98.77	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	98.73	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	98.73	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	98.52	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	98.05	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	97.89	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	97.70	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	94.37	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	6.11

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): MYOD1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

18 targeting CKMT2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-12118	100.00	65.88	1270
HSA-MIR-6891-5P	99.98	66.53	1372
HSA-MIR-3173-3P	99.98	66.49	1217
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-4428	99.73	66.41	1733
HSA-MIR-4530	99.69	66.47	1509
HSA-MIR-7849-3P	99.47	68.17	1224
HSA-MIR-1324	99.46	66.57	1302
HSA-MIR-940	99.37	66.14	2064
HSA-MIR-6808-5P	99.31	66.23	2150
HSA-MIR-6893-5P	99.31	66.25	2119
HSA-MIR-4477B	99.23	70.49	1733
HSA-MIR-4477A	98.83	69.75	2952
HSA-MIR-654-3P	98.38	67.61	905
HSA-MIR-3166	98.24	66.63	1223
HSA-MIR-634	97.74	67.11	818
HSA-MIR-5192	96.89	63.35	879
HSA-MIR-4330	95.44	66.39	993

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• three C-terminal lysines determine high affinity sMtCK/cardiolipin interaction and its effects on MtCK structure, whereas low level binding and some effect on membrane fluidity depend on other structural components (PMID:15044463)
• After the training period, intracellular energetic units had a higher control of mitochondrial respiration by creatine linked to a more efficient functional coupling adenine nucleotide translocase-mitochondrial creatine kinase. (PMID:16020522)
• CK2alpha has a role in progression of acute myeloid leukemia (PMID:17289898)
• These findings support increased CK activity as protection against ischaemia-reperfusion injury, in particular, protection via CKMT2 in a cardiac-relevant cell line, which merits further investigation in vivo. (PMID:28806770)
• Prognostic value of mitochondrial CKMT2 in Pan-cancer and its tumor immune correlation analysis. (PMID:38172162)
• Decreased mitochondrial creatine kinase 2 impairs skeletal muscle mitochondrial function independently of insulin in type 2 diabetes. (PMID:39383244)

Cross-species orthologs

13 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ckmt2b	ENSDARG00000039929
danio_rerio	ckmt2a	ENSDARG00000069615
mus_musculus	Ckmt2	ENSMUSG00000021622
rattus_norvegicus	Ckmt2	ENSRNOG00000055450
drosophila_melanogaster	Argk1	FBGN0000116
drosophila_melanogaster	Argk2	FBGN0035957
drosophila_melanogaster	CG4546	FBGN0038373
drosophila_melanogaster	CG30274	FBGN0050274
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00009706
caenorhabditis_elegans	ZC434.8	WBGENE00013894
caenorhabditis_elegans	F32B5.1	WBGENE00017975
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018519
caenorhabditis_elegans	W10C8.5	WBGENE00021128

Paralogs (4): CKM (ENSG00000104879), CKB (ENSG00000166165), CKMT1A (ENSG00000223572), CKMT1B (ENSG00000237289)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Creatine kinase S-type, mitochondrial — P17540 (reviewed: P17540)

Alternative names: Basic-type mitochondrial creatine kinase, Sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase

All UniProt accessions (3): D6R998, D6RHV3, P17540

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Reversibly catalyzes the transfer of phosphate between ATP and various phosphogens (e.g. creatine phosphate). Creatine kinase isoenzymes play a central role in energy transduction in tissues with large, fluctuating energy demands, such as skeletal muscle, heart, brain and spermatozoa.

Subunit / interactions. Exists as an octamer composed of four CKMT2 homodimers.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion inner membrane.

Tissue specificity. Sarcomere-specific. Found only in heart and skeletal muscles.

Miscellaneous. Mitochondrial creatine kinase binds cardiolipin.

Similarity. Belongs to the ATP:guanido phosphotransferase family.

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001093205, NP_001093206, NP_001816 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000749	ATP-guanido_PTrfase	Family
IPR014746	Gln_synth/guanido_kin_cat_dom	Homologous_superfamily
IPR022413	ATP-guanido_PTrfase_N	Domain
IPR022414	ATP-guanido_PTrfase_cat	Domain
IPR022415	ATP-guanido_PTrfase_AS	Active_site
IPR036802	ATP-guanido_PTrfase_N_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00217, PF02807

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• creatine + ATP = N-phosphocreatine + ADP + H(+) (RHEA:17157)

UniProt features (47 total): helix 18, strand 9, binding site 6, turn 6, modified residue 2, domain 2, transit peptide 1, chain 1, sequence conflict 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4Z9M	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P17540-F1	89.80	0.78

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (6): 369; 162–166; 225; 270; 326; 354–359

Post-translational modifications (2): 255, 356

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-71288	Creatine metabolism
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-71291	Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives

MSigDB gene sets: 132 (showing top): MODULE_493, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, MEF2_02, MODULE_329, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GNF2_MYL3, GOBP_MUSCLE_CONTRACTION, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM4, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_ENVELOPE, GARCIA_TARGETS_OF_FLI1_AND_DAX1_DN, MODULE_284, LEE_LIVER_CANCER_ACOX1_DN, GOBP_MUSCLE_SYSTEM_PROCESS, VECCHI_GASTRIC_CANCER_EARLY_DN, MODULE_387

GO Biological Process (2): muscle contraction (GO:0006936), phosphocreatine biosynthetic process (GO:0046314)

GO Molecular Function (8): creatine kinase activity (GO:0004111), ATP binding (GO:0005524), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), catalytic activity (GO:0003824), protein binding (GO:0005515), kinase activity (GO:0016301), transferase activity (GO:0016740), transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups (GO:0016772)

GO Cellular Component (3): mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial inner membrane (GO:0005743), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	1
Metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
muscle system process	1
phosphocreatine metabolic process	1
phosphagen biosynthetic process	1
kinase activity	1
phosphotransferase activity, nitrogenous group as acceptor	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
molecular_function	1
binding	1
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups	1
catalytic activity	1
transferase activity	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
organelle inner membrane	1
mitochondrial membrane	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1216 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CKMT2	LDHAL6A	Q6ZMR3	733
CKMT2	LDHAL6B	Q9BYZ2	732
CKMT2	LDHC	P07864	686
CKMT2	GOT1L1	Q8NHS2	618
CKMT2	LDHA	P00338	565
CKMT2	GAMT	Q14353	530
CKMT2	GOT1	P17174	528
CKMT2	SLC6A8	P48029	511
CKMT2	GATM	P50440	471
CKMT2	AK1	P00568	463
CKMT2	GGT6	Q6P531	447
CKMT2	GOT2	P00505	435
CKMT2	ALPG	P10696	435
CKMT2	TNNI1	P19237	426
CKMT2	SDHA	P31040	424

IntAct

34 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RCAN1	PPP3CB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.660
CETN3	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CKMT2	NRF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CKMT2	P4HA3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CKMT2	KLHL42	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CKMT2	NME2P1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
AKR1D1	DIRAS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CKMT1A	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.500
CKMT2	CKMT1A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.500
FER1L6	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
CKMT1A	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
ELN	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CKMT2	TMED9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ABHD6	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
HSCB	RBP5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IKZF5	PEX14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LATS1	ATP2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TSPAN33	ATP2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
AP5M1	HSPA12A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ASB9	A2ML1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MRPS23	MYH7B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CETN3	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
NRF1	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
P4HA3	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
KLHL42	CKMT2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (58): CKMT2 (Co-fractionation), CKMT2 (Co-fractionation), HSPE1 (Co-fractionation), CKMT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), CKM (Affinity Capture-MS), NME2P1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CKMT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), CKMT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), OLFML3 (Two-hybrid), CKMT2 (Two-hybrid), LRIF1 (Two-hybrid), UNC119 (Two-hybrid), CKMT2 (Two-hybrid), P4HA3 (Two-hybrid), CETN3 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A286R7K5, A0A976YI25, A1W3F2, B0FRF9, B1PVZ9, B8I2Z6, B9MCM3, C7E3T4, C9EIP1, G1ESZ9, H6VGI2, H6VGI3, O15989, O15990, O15991, O15992, O61367, O77814, O96507, P00564, P00566, P04414, P05123, P07310, P09605, P11009, P14208, P17540, P18294, P24722, P51541, P51544, P51545, P70079, P91798, Q004B5, Q10454, Q27535, Q39230, Q3ZBP1

Diamond homologs: A0A286R7K5, A0A976YI25, A4J0X5, A5D5K7, A8F953, B0FRF9, B1PVZ9, C1KYG4, C7E3T4, C9EIP1, G1ESZ9, H6VGI2, H6VGI3, O15989, O15990, O15991, O15992, O61367, O77814, O96507, P00563, P00564, P00565, P00566, P00567, P04414, P05122, P05123, P05124, P06732, P07310, P07335, P09605, P11009, P12277, P12532, P14208, P16641, P17540, P18294

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
creatine	“up-regulates activity”	CKMT2	“chemical activation”
CKMT2	“up-regulates quantity”	N-phosphocreatine	“chemical modification”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

69 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	67
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1540 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
5:81251111:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81251112:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81251112:GAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81251281:CAAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81251282:AAGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81251283:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81251284:GGTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81251285:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81252689:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252690:C:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252690:CACA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:81252691:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252691:ACAGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252692:C:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252693:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252693:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:81252693:AGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252694:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252694:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252694:GCG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252694:GCGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252694:GCGCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81252891:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
5:81252894:GTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81252895:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81254393:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
5:81254395:GGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:81254487:CAAAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81254488:AAAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:81254489:AAGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2733 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:81252823:G:A	G94E	1.000
5:81252861:G:C	G107R	1.000
5:81252862:G:A	G107D	1.000
5:81252871:C:A	A110D	1.000
5:81255048:G:A	G168D	1.000
5:81255050:C:A	R169S	1.000
5:81255053:A:C	S170R	1.000
5:81255055:C:A	S170R	1.000
5:81255055:C:G	S170R	1.000
5:81255099:G:C	R185P	1.000
5:81256927:T:C	F228L	1.000
5:81256928:T:G	F228C	1.000
5:81256929:T:A	F228L	1.000
5:81256929:T:G	F228L	1.000
5:81256978:T:A	W245R	1.000
5:81256978:T:C	W245R	1.000
5:81256980:G:C	W245C	1.000
5:81256980:G:T	W245C	1.000
5:81256991:G:C	R249T	1.000
5:81256991:G:T	R249M	1.000
5:81256992:G:C	R249S	1.000
5:81256992:G:T	R249S	1.000
5:81256993:G:A	G250R	1.000
5:81256993:G:C	G250R	1.000
5:81256994:G:A	G250E	1.000
5:81257761:T:A	W262R	1.000
5:81257761:T:C	W262R	1.000
5:81257769:T:A	N264K	1.000
5:81257769:T:G	N264K	1.000
5:81257771:A:T	E265V	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000056836 (5:81233483 C>A,T), RS1000191461 (5:81235354 G>A), RS1000196565 (5:81237511 A>C), RS1000351430 (5:81253721 A>C), RS1000525897 (5:81236778 G>A,C), RS1000641679 (5:81236373 A>G), RS1000663812 (5:81243683 A>C), RS1000709745 (5:81242183 T>C), RS1000757882 (5:81231751 G>A), RS1000906862 (5:81259319 G>A), RS1000973339 (5:81265481 G>A,C), RS1001026198 (5:81248624 A>C,G), RS1001255950 (5:81266533 C>T), RS1001267230 (5:81242008 C>A,T), RS1001419805 (5:81236681 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:123295 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation, increases expression, decreases expression	4
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	2
Doxorubicin	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	increases methylation, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression	1
Cadmium	increases expression, increases abundance	1
Dexamethasone	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Nicotine	decreases expression	1
Parathion	increases methylation	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases expression	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate	decreases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	increases abundance, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.