CLSTN2

Summary

CLSTN2 (calsyntenin 2, HGNC:17448) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3q23, encoding Calsyntenin-2 (Q9H4D0). Postsynaptic adhesion molecule that binds to presynaptic neurexins to mediate synapse formation, and which is involved in learning and memory.

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of synapse assembly and positive regulation of synaptic transmission. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including Golgi membrane; endoplasmic reticulum membrane; and postsynaptic density. Predicted to be active in cell surface; glutamatergic synapse; and postsynaptic density membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 64084 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 17
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 187 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_022131

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:17448
Approved symbol	CLSTN2
Name	calsyntenin 2
Location	3q23
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CSTN2, CS2, FLJ39113, CDHR13
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000158258
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	611323
Entrez	64084

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 1 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000458420, ENST00000511524

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_022131 NM_022131

CCDS: CCDS3112

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000458420 — 17 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001037980	140562811	140562956
ENSE00001037981	140558640	140558857
ENSE00001037982	140563080	140563203
ENSE00001037986	140562138	140562308
ENSE00001037995	140556513	140556661
ENSE00001323069	140563961	140564145
ENSE00002067943	139935185	139935483
ENSE00002618362	140566053	140577397
ENSE00003460827	140404558	140404766
ENSE00003474379	140459521	140459769
ENSE00003512187	140403629	140403824
ENSE00003520080	140546515	140546681
ENSE00003534288	140175951	140176073
ENSE00003542073	140466610	140466731
ENSE00003627637	140421125	140421274
ENSE00003674166	140448519	140448704
ENSE00003692488	140532324	140532486

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 223 present calls, max score 94.85.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 11.9081 / max 612.0247, expressed in 795 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
38833	11.5170	779
38832	0.3911	177

Top tissues by expression

273 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	94.85	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	94.07	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	92.97	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	91.94	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	91.49	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	90.93	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	90.90	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	90.67	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	90.00	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	89.39	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	88.72	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	88.64	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	88.22	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	86.24	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	84.09	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	84.04	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	83.93	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	83.93	gold quality
mammary gland	UBERON:0001911	83.89	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	83.79	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	83.76	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	83.63	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	83.60	silver quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	83.36	silver quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	83.24	silver quality
connective tissue	UBERON:0002384	82.84	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	82.51	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	81.60	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	81.36	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	81.30	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 6 experiment(s), a significant marker in 6.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-180759	yes	1828.80
E-HCAD-35	yes	938.86
E-HCAD-30	yes	805.17
E-HCAD-25	yes	590.34
E-GEOD-93593	yes	7.26
E-ANND-3	yes	6.30

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

102 targeting CLSTN2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-6851-5P	100.00	65.63	1294
HSA-MIR-3689D	100.00	66.14	1181
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-4534	99.99	66.58	1907
HSA-MIR-513B-5P	99.99	69.96	2150
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-302C-5P	99.97	72.56	3642
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-2110	99.96	66.68	1930
HSA-MIR-8082	99.95	67.27	1170
HSA-MIR-627-3P	99.90	71.42	3316
HSA-MIR-4731-5P	99.89	67.23	2537
HSA-MIR-6124	99.87	69.78	3551
HSA-MIR-5003-3P	99.85	69.29	2517
HSA-MIR-576-5P	99.84	70.46	2582
HSA-MIR-6515-3P	99.82	68.19	1933
HSA-MIR-3913-5P	99.78	67.26	968
HSA-MIR-4719	99.73	72.10	3329
HSA-MIR-494-3P	99.70	71.45	2795
HSA-MIR-10394-5P	99.65	66.83	1852
HSA-MIR-1205	99.65	66.76	1826
HSA-MIR-3158-5P	99.65	67.51	1763
HSA-MIR-7156-5P	99.64	68.81	1369
HSA-MIR-4666B	99.64	68.69	1282
HSA-MIR-298	99.63	67.56	1916
HSA-MIR-425-5P	99.59	67.67	900

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 8)

• Alcadein and amyloid beta-protein precursor regulates FE65-dependent gene transactivation [alcalpha1, alcbeta, alcgamma] (PMID:15037614)
• calsyntenins play an essential role in learning and this role is modulated both by CLSTN2 genotype and, during adolescent development, by exposure to tobacco smoke. (PMID:19058786)
• This study showed that the KIBRA and CLSTN2 genes interactively modulate episodic memory performance. (PMID:19804789)
• No increased risk of any type of late development, and cognitive impairment was associated with CLSTN2 (rs6439886) (PMID:21643791)
• The results of this study supports the view that effects of KIBRA and CLSTN2 polymorphisms genetic polymorphisms on cognitive functioning may be most easily disclosed at suboptimal levels of cognitive ability, such as in old-age depression. (PMID:25080189)
• Study did not find support for an association of KIBRA either alone or in combination with CLSTN2 with memory performance or hippocampal volume, nor did variation in these genes influence longitudinal memory decline or hippocampal atrophy in older adults (PMID:26415670)
• Calsyntenin-3 interacts with the sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 to regulate vitamin C uptake. (PMID:34673103)
• KLKB1 and CLSTN2 are associated with HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity in a genome-wide association study. (PMID:36812656)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	clstn2a	ENSDARG00000060637
danio_rerio	clstn2b	ENSDARG00000060638
mus_musculus	Clstn2	ENSMUSG00000032452
rattus_norvegicus	Clstn2	ENSRNOG00000043085
drosophila_melanogaster	Cals	FBGN0039928
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000403

Paralogs (2): CLSTN3 (ENSG00000139182), CLSTN1 (ENSG00000171603)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Calsyntenin-2 — Q9H4D0 (reviewed: Q9H4D0)

Alternative names: Alcadein-gamma

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9H4D0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Postsynaptic adhesion molecule that binds to presynaptic neurexins to mediate synapse formation, and which is involved in learning and memory. Promotes synapse development by acting as a cell adhesion molecule at the postsynaptic membrane, which associates with neurexin-alpha at the presynaptic membrane.

Subcellular location. Postsynaptic cell membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Golgi apparatus membrane. Cell projection. Dendrite.

Tissue specificity. Restricted to the brain.

Post-translational modifications. Proteolytically processed under normal cellular conditions. A primary zeta-cleavage generates a large extracellular (soluble) N-terminal domain (sAlc) and a short C-terminal transmembrane fragment (CTF1). A secondary cleavage catalyzed by gamma-secretase within the transmembrane domain releases the beta-Alc-gamma chain in the extracellular milieu and produces an intracellular fragment (AlcICD). This processing is strongly suppressed in the tripartite complex formed with APBA2 and APP, which seems to prevent the association with PSEN1.

Domain organisation. Binds synaptic Ca(2+) with its cytoplasmic domain.

Similarity. Belongs to the calsyntenin family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_071414* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002126	Cadherin-like_dom	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR015919	Cadherin-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR045588	CLSTN_C	Domain

Pfam: PF00028, PF19699

UniProt features (23 total): glycosylation site 6, sequence variant 4, compositionally biased region 3, topological domain 2, sequence conflict 2, domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9H4D0-F1	79.46	0.51

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (6): 56, 98, 342, 374, 716, 729

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 160 (showing top): BEGUM_TARGETS_OF_PAX3_FOXO1_FUSION_UP, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, GOBP_COGNITION, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, GOBP_SYNAPSE_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_ASSOCIATIVE_LEARNING, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_SYNAPSE_ASSEMBLY, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_JUNCTION_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_NERVOUS_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_BIOGENESIS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_NERVOUS_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION

GO Biological Process (6): homophilic cell-cell adhesion (GO:0007156), associative learning (GO:0008306), positive regulation of synaptic transmission (GO:0050806), positive regulation of synapse assembly (GO:0051965), inhibitory synapse assembly (GO:1904862), cell adhesion (GO:0007155)

GO Molecular Function (1): calcium ion binding (GO:0005509)

GO Cellular Component (14): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), endoplasmic reticulum membrane (GO:0005789), cell surface (GO:0009986), dendrite (GO:0030425), postsynaptic membrane (GO:0045211), postsynaptic density membrane (GO:0098839), glutamatergic synapse (GO:0098978), endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), postsynaptic density (GO:0014069), membrane (GO:0016020), cell projection (GO:0042995), synapse (GO:0045202)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
synapse assembly	2
cytoplasm	2
endomembrane system	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
cell-cell adhesion	1
learning	1
chemical synaptic transmission	1
positive regulation of cell communication	1
positive regulation of signaling	1
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	1
positive regulation of nervous system development	1
regulation of synapse assembly	1
positive regulation of cell junction assembly	1
cellular process	1
metal ion binding	1
Golgi apparatus	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
organelle membrane	1
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network	1
endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment	1
neuron projection	1
dendritic tree	1
synaptic membrane	1
postsynapse	1
postsynaptic density	1
postsynaptic membrane	1
postsynaptic specialization membrane	1
synapse	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
asymmetric synapse	1
postsynaptic specialization	1
cell junction	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1054 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CLSTN2	A0A2R8YFG2	A0A2R8YFG2	898
CLSTN2	GRIP1	Q9Y3R0	669
CLSTN2	KLC2	Q9H0B6	599
CLSTN2	CDH17	Q12864	593
CLSTN2	KLC4	Q9NSK0	589
CLSTN2	KLC1	Q07866	575
CLSTN2	KLC3	Q6P597	528
CLSTN2	NRXN2	Q9P2S2	525
CLSTN2	SLC12A9	Q9BXP2	477
CLSTN2	ACAN	P16112	447
CLSTN2	CCN2	P29279	445
CLSTN2	WWC1	Q8IX03	445
CLSTN2	FHIT	P49789	436
CLSTN2	FAM227B	Q96M60	421
CLSTN2	VLDLR	P98155	407

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CLSTN2	EXOC3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (25): CLSTN2 (Proximity Label-MS), CLSTN2 (Affinity Capture-MS), MYCBP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SPTB (Affinity Capture-MS), RPL23 (Affinity Capture-MS), CUX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TYK2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NUP37 (Affinity Capture-MS), CLSTN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NUP160 (Affinity Capture-MS), APBA3 (Affinity Capture-MS), BPIFA1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LMAN1 (Affinity Capture-MS), UTP20 (Affinity Capture-MS), NUP43 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0R4IKU3, A0A8M9PFP2, A1A5Y0, A2A863, A2VCU8, A5A6L1, B0S5G3, L7VG99, O00622, O08841, O35118, O42493, O93512, P08163, P08833, P16042, P16144, P17668, P18406, Q07663, Q0VCN6, Q13753, Q501P1, Q53RD9, Q5R9Q9, Q61220, Q61592, Q64632, Q6DDW2, Q7T3Q2, Q7ZV46, Q7ZXL5, Q8R4Y4, Q8R553, Q8VDA1, Q91166, Q91167, Q91713, Q99JH7, Q9BQT9

Diamond homologs: A0A8M9PFP2, B0S5G3, F1R520, O02840, O55111, O88278, O94985, P30944, P33151, P55287, P55288, Q0VCN6, Q14517, Q5DRC8, Q5R9Q9, Q63418, Q6Q0N0, Q6URK6, Q6V1P9, Q86UP0, Q8BNA6, Q8R553, Q8VDA1, Q96JQ0, Q99JH7, Q9BQT9, Q9EPL2, Q9ER65, Q9H4D0, Q9HCU4, Q9NYQ6, Q9R0M0, P55289, Q5DRA8, Q5DRE0, Q6V0I7, Q967F4, Q9UN71, Q9V498, Q9VW71

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

187 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	158
Likely benign	9
Benign	5

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

5262 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:140012538:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
3:140081310:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
3:140175942:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175943:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175946:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:140175948:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:140175949:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175950:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:140175950:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175950:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175950:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175950:GTCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140175950:GTCAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140176069:TGCAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140176070:GCAGG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140176071:CAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140176072:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140176073:GG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140176074:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140176075:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:140403624:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403626:CAGG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:140403627:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403627:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403627:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403627:AGGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403628:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403628:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403628:GGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:140403628:GGGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

6353 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
3:140175966:C:A	P42Q	1.000
3:140175983:T:G	Y48D	1.000
3:140175990:G:A	G50E	1.000
3:140176017:T:A	V59D	1.000
3:140176041:C:A	A67D	1.000
3:140403644:T:C	F83S	1.000
3:140403644:T:G	F83C	1.000
3:140403767:T:A	I124N	1.000
3:140404566:T:A	V146D	1.000
3:140404572:T:A	I148K	1.000
3:140421125:G:A	G213D	1.000
3:140421125:G:T	G213V	1.000
3:140459753:C:G	C402W	1.000
3:140466717:T:A	W444R	1.000
3:140466717:T:C	W444R	1.000
3:140532341:G:C	W454C	1.000
3:140532341:G:T	W454C	1.000
3:140175965:C:T	P42S	0.999
3:140175970:G:C	W43C	0.999
3:140175970:G:T	W43C	0.999
3:140175983:T:C	Y48H	0.999
3:140175989:G:A	G50R	0.999
3:140175989:G:C	G50R	0.999
3:140176023:T:C	L61S	0.999
3:140176035:T:A	L65Q	0.999
3:140176035:T:C	L65P	0.999
3:140176046:G:C	D69H	0.999
3:140176047:A:C	D69A	0.999
3:140176047:A:T	D69V	0.999
3:140176052:G:C	D71H	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000001013 (3:140004114 G>A), RS1000015825 (3:140520684 A>G), RS1000021689 (3:140440683 C>T), RS1000024043 (3:140316765 G>A), RS1000027679 (3:140027126 A>G,T), RS1000029026 (3:140271321 T>A), RS1000030162 (3:140199873 A>G), RS1000039650 (3:140130426 C>T), RS1000041169 (3:140036543 A>G), RS1000053491 (3:140003910 G>C), RS1000054250 (3:140247499 C>A), RS1000056927 (3:139976701 C>T), RS1000058431 (3:139936148 T>C), RS1000060430 (3:139958776 G>C,T), RS1000065710 (3:140045687 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:611323 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

17 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001104_4	Sudden cardiac arrest	2.000000e-06
GCST001523_21	Visceral adipose tissue adjusted for BMI	7.000000e-06
GCST001712_42	Myopia (pathological)	4.000000e-07
GCST001891_1	Multiple sclerosis (OCB status)	8.000000e-07
GCST002248_5	Fasting insulin (dietary factor interaction)	3.000000e-06
GCST002253_7	Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (dietary factor interaction)	4.000000e-06
GCST002480_1	Hodgkin’s lymphoma	8.000000e-07
GCST002592_16	Neuritic plaque	6.000000e-06
GCST002685_7	Refractive astigmatism	5.000000e-06
GCST003262_626	Post bronchodilator FEV1	1.000000e-06
GCST003264_772	Post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio	3.000000e-07
GCST003831_27	Asthma	2.000000e-06
GCST004748_36	Lung cancer	7.000000e-06
GCST007741_25	Iris color (b* coordinate)	3.000000e-06
GCST008755_7	Phenylephrine infusion rate during anesthesia	2.000000e-06
GCST009311_6	Letter-number span reordering	6.000000e-06
GCST010292_5	Response to lamotrigine and valproic acid in genetic generalized epilepsy	4.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (10, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004278	sudden cardiac arrest
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0004207	pathological myopia
EFO:0008111	diet measurement
EFO:0004501	HOMA-IR
EFO:0006798	neuritic plaque measurement
EFO:0004314	forced expiratory volume
EFO:0004713	FEV/FVC ratio
EFO:0009764	eye colour measurement
EFO:0004874	memory performance

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

37 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression	6
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
sodium arsenite	increases expression, affects methylation	2
Panobinostat	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases methylation	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
2,2’,4,4’,5-brominated diphenyl ether	increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
incobotulinumtoxinA	decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1
Formaldehyde	increases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Lead	affects expression	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Parathion	increases methylation	1
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.