CPNE7

Summary

CPNE7 (copine 7, HGNC:2320) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16q24.3, encoding Copine-7 (Q9UBL6). Calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that may play a role in calcium-mediated intracellular processes. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 14.0% of cell lines).

This gene encodes a member of the copine family, which is composed of calcium-dependent membrane-binding proteins. The gene product contains two N-terminal C2 domains and one von Willebrand factor A domain. The encoded protein may be involved in membrane trafficking. Two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 27132 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 184 total — 1 pathogenic
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 14.0% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_153636

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:2320
Approved symbol	CPNE7
Name	copine 7
Location	16q24.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000178773
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605689
Entrez	27132

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 14 — 9 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000268720, ENST00000319518, ENST00000525982, ENST00000526232, ENST00000529800, ENST00000532500, ENST00000564421, ENST00000566398, ENST00000568977, ENST00000857691, ENST00000936168, ENST00000936169, ENST00000936170, ENST00000954262

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_153636 NM_014427, NM_153636

CCDS: CCDS10980, CCDS10981

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000319518 — 15 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001189454	89588675	89588808
ENSE00001189469	89584774	89584857
ENSE00001189473	89584028	89584102
ENSE00001189483	89583697	89583771
ENSE00001189505	89577539	89577721
ENSE00001301526	89591127	89591260
ENSE00001305527	89589897	89589951
ENSE00001329934	89591007	89591058
ENSE00001563411	89596484	89597246
ENSE00001936455	89575758	89576071
ENSE00003476931	89595367	89595603
ENSE00003554295	89585464	89585553
ENSE00003573796	89586670	89586756
ENSE00003579453	89585687	89585785
ENSE00003683666	89587043	89587102

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 182 present calls, max score 93.84.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 7.2902 / max 151.4336, expressed in 1099 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
155609	5.4936	989
155610	1.6280	661
155611	0.1045	41
155614	0.0326	18
155612	0.0316	8

Top tissues by expression

260 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	93.84	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	93.22	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	93.11	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	90.39	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	90.15	silver quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	89.86	silver quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	89.42	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	89.34	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	89.15	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	89.14	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	89.04	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	88.68	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	88.36	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	87.56	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	86.89	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	86.43	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	86.39	silver quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	86.30	silver quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	86.29	silver quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	86.02	silver quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	85.70	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	85.68	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	85.42	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	85.31	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	85.27	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	84.75	silver quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	84.51	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	84.47	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	84.45	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	84.25	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6678	yes	5.34
E-ANND-3	no	1.68

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

23 targeting CPNE7, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3151-5P	99.86	63.83	1069
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-92A-2-5P	99.75	67.01	2164
HSA-MIR-4472	99.56	66.08	1478
HSA-MIR-4318	99.38	66.94	1505
HSA-MIR-1273H-3P	99.29	67.55	980
HSA-MIR-361-3P	99.19	66.45	1381
HSA-MIR-491-5P	99.13	65.98	1468
HSA-MIR-485-5P	99.10	64.78	1889
HSA-MIR-6884-5P	99.10	64.50	1987
HSA-MIR-6846-5P	98.81	65.86	1121
HSA-MIR-6848-5P	98.81	65.49	1126
HSA-MIR-4755-3P	98.77	65.59	1915
HSA-MIR-6769B-5P	98.73	64.91	1092
HSA-MIR-3192-5P	96.98	65.76	1926
HSA-MIR-711	96.60	65.75	528
HSA-MIR-4652-5P	96.46	64.22	553
HSA-MIR-6742-5P	96.32	64.01	869
HSA-MIR-1237-5P	95.38	62.21	451
HSA-MIR-4488	95.38	62.00	443
HSA-MIR-4697-5P	95.38	61.72	457
HSA-MIR-6796-5P	95.37	66.08	1120
HSA-MIR-6879-3P	93.93	64.00	759

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 14.0% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• These results suggest Cpne7 is a diffusible signaling molecule that is secreted by preameloblasts, and regulates the differentiation of mesenchymal cells of dental or non-dental origin into odontoblasts. (PMID:25453951)
• The Role of CPNE7 (Copine-7) in Colorectal Cancer Prognosis and Metastasis. (PMID:38069026)
• Depletion of CPNE7 sensitizes colorectal cancer to 5-fluorouracil by downregulating ATG9B expression. (PMID:38526029)

Cross-species orthologs

7 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	cpne7	ENSDARG00000102584
mus_musculus	Cpne7	ENSMUSG00000034796
rattus_norvegicus	Cpne7	ENSRNOG00000015397
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00001577
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006441
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00012128
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00015061

Paralogs (8): CPNE3 (ENSG00000085719), CPNE6 (ENSG00000100884), CPNE5 (ENSG00000124772), CPNE8 (ENSG00000139117), CPNE2 (ENSG00000140848), CPNE9 (ENSG00000144550), CPNE4 (ENSG00000196353), CPNE1 (ENSG00000214078)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Copine-7 — Q9UBL6 (reviewed: Q9UBL6)

Alternative names: Copine VII

All UniProt accessions (5): E9PJ31, Q9UBL6, H0YE30, H0YEH8, H3BP03

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein that may play a role in calcium-mediated intracellular processes.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Nucleus. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in the brain, testis, thymus and small intestine.

Domain organisation. The C2 domain 1 is not necessary for calcium-mediated translocation and association to the plasma membrane. The C2 domain 2 is necessary for calcium-mediated translocation and association to the plasma membrane.

Similarity. Belongs to the copine family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9UBL6-1	1	yes
Q9UBL6-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_055242, NP_705900* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000008	C2_dom	Domain
IPR002035	VWF_A	Domain
IPR010734	Copine_C	Domain
IPR035892	C2_domain_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036465	vWFA_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037768	C2B_Copine	Domain
IPR045052	Copine	Family

Pfam: PF00168, PF07002

UniProt features (17 total): binding site 8, sequence variant 4, domain 3, chain 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9UBL6-F1	78.41	0.47

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (8): 309; 315; 245; 245; 251; 307; 307; 309

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1483206	Glycerophospholipid biosynthesis

MSigDB gene sets: 71 (showing top): GOBP_PHOSPHOLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_METAL_ION, GOBP_PHOSPHOLIPID_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_GLYCEROLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, MODULE_331, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_16Q24_AMPLICON, GOBP_GLYCEROLIPID_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_GLYCEROPHOSPHOLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_LIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_LIPID_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_CALCIUM_ION, DOUGLAS_BMI1_TARGETS_UP, CTAWWWATA_RSRFC4_Q2

GO Biological Process (3): lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629), glycerophospholipid biosynthetic process (GO:0046474), cellular response to calcium ion (GO:0071277)

GO Molecular Function (4): phospholipid binding (GO:0005543), calcium-dependent phospholipid binding (GO:0005544), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), synapse (GO:0045202), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Phospholipid metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
primary metabolic process	1
glycerophospholipid metabolic process	1
phospholipid biosynthetic process	1
glycerolipid biosynthetic process	1
response to calcium ion	1
cellular response to metal ion	1
lipid binding	1
phospholipid binding	1
cation binding	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cell junction	1
extracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

640 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CPNE7	ZNF778	Q96MU6	566
CPNE7	NUCLEOLIN	P19338	495
CPNE7	SPG7	Q9UQ90	482
CPNE7	CDH15	P55291	467
CPNE7	SRRM5	B3KS81	453
CPNE7	SLC22A31	A6NKX4	414
CPNE7	DBNDD1	Q9H9R9	408
CPNE7	SPATA2L	Q8IUW3	406
CPNE7	OR1L3	Q8NH93	400
CPNE7	ANKRD11	Q6UB99	387
CPNE7	ZNF276	Q8N554	384
CPNE7	OR1L1	Q8NH94	376
CPNE7	DSPP	Q9NZW4	370
CPNE7	DPEP1	P16444	355
CPNE7	STUM	Q69YW2	355

IntAct

39 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CDCA4	PPP2R1A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.790
DOCK8	LRCH4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.620
ADAMTSL4	CPNE7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CPNE7	ADAMTSL4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF19B	PIK3R2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
WASF3	CYFIP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
BRD1	KAT7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GSTO1	CPNE7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
MS4A7	CPNE7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
MTRES1	CPNE7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
CPNE7	CSNK2B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CALCOCO2	CPNE7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
CAND1	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
COPS5	FBLL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
OTUB1	STAMBP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
USP53	ANXA2P2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CSAG2	CAMK2D	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
UVRAG	TUBAL3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GEMIN8	GEMIN2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
METTL2A	NDUFS6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CPNE4	CPNE6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CPNE7	UBTF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CHMP4A	HSPA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SURF6	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
FOXF2	POTEF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PLEKHG7	MROH6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KLHL14	ARHGAP32	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
OPALIN	FAM171A2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (90): ADAMTSL4 (Two-hybrid), CPNE7 (Two-hybrid), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), BAHCC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBTF (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), EBF3 (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), RPS27A (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS), SETD2 (Affinity Capture-MS), CPNE7 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A8I3NFE2, A0FGR8, A0FGR9, A2AP18, A4IJ05, O08625, O08874, O15357, O75038, P51432, P70218, P70268, Q01970, Q12851, Q3TZZ7, Q3U7R1, Q4VX76, Q5DTI8, Q5FWL4, Q5M7N9, Q5R8Q5, Q5RAG2, Q5RCK6, Q5RJH2, Q61161, Q62807, Q63433, Q6DN12, Q6XYQ8, Q7ZWU7, Q812E4, Q86SS6, Q8K394, Q8TDW5, Q920M7, Q925C0, Q92918, Q99JE6, Q99N48, Q9BSJ8

Diamond homologs: A8WMY4, D4A1R8, H1UBN0, H2KYS8, O75131, O95741, P59108, Q08DB4, Q0VE82, Q1RLL3, Q1ZXB3, Q2KHY1, Q54FY7, Q54P51, Q55GG1, Q5BJS7, Q5R4W6, Q5RAE1, Q5S1W2, Q5XQC7, Q7YXU4, Q86K21, Q86YQ8, Q8BLR2, Q8BT60, Q8C166, Q8IYJ1, Q8JZW4, Q941L3, Q96A23, Q96FN4, Q99829, Q9DC53, Q9HCH3, Q9UBL6, Q9XUB9, Q9Z140, A0JJX5, Q09219, Q12466

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

184 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	155
Likely benign	7
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
267483	Single allele	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

3394 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:89577680:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89584103:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89584103:G:T	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89584769:CCCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89584770:CCAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89584773:GGAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89584851:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89584854:GGAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89584855:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89584855:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89584856:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89584857:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89584858:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89585460:ACAGG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89585461:CAGGT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
16:89585462:AGGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89585463:GGTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89585544:GCCTC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89585685:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89585686:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89585686:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
16:89585783:CAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89585784:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89585785:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89585786:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89585787:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89588798:GAC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
16:89588807:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89588809:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
16:89588810:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3656 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:89588684:G:C	D388H	1.000
16:89588685:A:C	D388A	1.000
16:89588685:A:T	D388V	1.000
16:89588686:C:A	D388E	1.000
16:89588686:C:G	D388E	1.000
16:89588691:C:T	T390I	1.000
16:89588701:T:A	N393K	1.000
16:89588701:T:G	N393K	1.000
16:89588759:T:C	Y413H	1.000
16:89588760:A:G	Y413C	1.000
16:89589922:T:C	F438L	1.000
16:89589924:T:A	F438L	1.000
16:89589924:T:G	F438L	1.000
16:89595395:A:T	D519V	1.000
16:89595396:C:A	D519E	1.000
16:89595396:C:G	D519E	1.000
16:89595397:G:C	G520R	1.000
16:89595398:G:A	G520D	1.000
16:89595398:G:T	G520V	1.000
16:89595493:T:C	F552L	1.000
16:89595494:T:C	F552S	1.000
16:89595495:C:A	F552L	1.000
16:89595495:C:G	F552L	1.000
16:89595577:T:C	F580L	1.000
16:89595579:C:A	F580L	1.000
16:89595579:C:G	F580L	1.000
16:89585491:T:A	W282R	0.999
16:89585491:T:C	W282R	0.999
16:89588682:T:A	I387N	0.999
16:89588685:A:G	D388G	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000031435 (16:89575514 C>T), RS1000079252 (16:89594557 C>T), RS1000186637 (16:89579483 C>T), RS1000243934 (16:89597519 C>T), RS1000326963 (16:89579303 A>T), RS1000384012 (16:89597690 T>A), RS1000411641 (16:89574953 G>A), RS1000605299 (16:89591611 G>A), RS1000702090 (16:89584244 G>A), RS1000738376 (16:89591569 G>A,T), RS1000751449 (16:89594332 C>G), RS1000867284 (16:89575245 C>T), RS1000931027 (16:89588496 G>A,C), RS1001115867 (16:89584420 C>T), RS1001116209 (16:89586507 T>A,G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605689 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): 16q24.3 microdeletion syndrome (MONDO:0016838)

Orphanet (1): 16q24.3 microdeletion syndrome (Orphanet:261250)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST007335_29	Age at first sexual intercourse	7.000000e-10
GCST008129_27	Body mass index	3.000000e-08
GCST008803_14	Smoking behaviour (cigarette pack-years)	3.000000e-09
GCST010703_280	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	2.000000e-15

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009749	age at first sexual intercourse measurement
EFO:0004340	body mass index
EFO:0009115	tobacco smoke exposure measurement
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

26 total (human), top 26 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, increases methylation, decreases expression	2
Smoke	increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	decreases expression	1
o,p’-DDT	increases expression	1
aflatoxin B2	increases methylation	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	1
jinfukang	increases expression	1
3-hydroxy-4-prenyl-5-methoxystilbene-2-carboxylic acid	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, increases methylation	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation, increases methylation, affects methylation	1
Dexamethasone	increases expression	1
Diazinon	increases methylation	1
Drugs, Chinese Herbal	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	increases expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	increases expression	1
Lead	affects expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Thiram	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases methylation	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.