CRB3

Summary

CRB3 (crumbs cell polarity complex component 3, HGNC:20237) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19p13.3, encoding Protein crumbs homolog 3 (Q9BUF7). Involved in the establishment of cell polarity in mammalian epithelial cells.

This gene encodes a member of the Crumbs family of proteins. This gene is widely expressed in epithelial tissues where the encoded protein isoforms play various roles such as the control of cytokinesis and ciliogenesis or the formation of tight junctions. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms.

Source: NCBI Gene 92359 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 29 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_139161

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20237
Approved symbol	CRB3
Name	crumbs cell polarity complex component 3
Location	19p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC17303
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000130545
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	609737
Entrez	92359

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 4 protein_coding

ENST00000308243, ENST00000356762, ENST00000598494, ENST00000600229

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_139161 NM_139161, NM_174881, NM_174882

CCDS: CCDS12166, CCDS12167

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000600229 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000895400	6465545	6465618
ENSE00001160058	6464608	6464783
ENSE00001518461	6464271	6464350
ENSE00003053551	6466466	6467221

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 191 present calls, max score 96.46.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 2.9679 / max 73.8577, expressed in 497 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
173479	2.6192	483
173480	0.3487	101

Top tissues by expression

235 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	96.46	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	94.84	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	94.60	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	92.94	silver quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	92.13	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	91.87	silver quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	91.46	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	90.90	silver quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	90.78	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	90.57	silver quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	90.52	silver quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	89.53	silver quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	89.50	silver quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	89.46	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	89.20	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	89.11	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	89.10	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	88.71	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	88.42	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	87.99	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	87.85	silver quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	87.84	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	87.59	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	87.36	silver quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	87.12	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	86.97	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	86.96	gold quality
pericardium	UBERON:0002407	86.81	silver quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	86.74	silver quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	86.54	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8142	yes	124.34
E-ANND-3	yes	14.78
E-MTAB-9388	yes	12.97

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): HNF4A

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

35 targeting CRB3, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-34A-5P	99.99	71.21	1784
HSA-MIR-449A	99.99	71.05	1776
HSA-MIR-34C-5P	99.97	70.45	1577
HSA-MIR-449B-5P	99.97	70.26	1580
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-1343-3P	99.89	66.78	1815
HSA-MIR-6783-3P	99.89	67.92	2059
HSA-MIR-3151-5P	99.86	63.83	1069
HSA-MIR-548AZ-5P	99.83	69.94	3230
HSA-MIR-548T-5P	99.83	69.91	3220
HSA-MIR-4766-5P	99.75	69.23	2662
HSA-MIR-6745	99.74	65.33	1321
HSA-MIR-410-3P	99.27	69.98	2457
HSA-MIR-6852-5P	99.17	66.69	2073
HSA-MIR-4999-3P	99.11	65.55	424
HSA-MIR-939-3P	98.97	65.07	2347
HSA-MIR-1227-5P	98.65	65.32	1549
HSA-MIR-218-1-3P	98.63	67.97	832
HSA-MIR-4722-5P	98.46	66.34	1611
HSA-MIR-6838-3P	98.40	65.88	559
HSA-MIR-6864-5P	98.38	66.59	1079
HSA-MIR-6742-3P	97.95	64.50	1490
HSA-MIR-30C-1-3P	97.80	66.36	1499
HSA-MIR-30C-2-3P	97.80	66.45	1499
HSA-MIR-6788-5P	97.80	66.41	1532
HSA-MIR-4723-3P	97.67	65.91	1017

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 19)

• the Crumbs3-Pals1 complex has a role in development of polarity in mammalian epithelial cells (PMID:12771187)
• CRB3, through its cytoplasmic domain and its interactors, plays a role in apical membrane morphogenesis and tight junction regulation. (PMID:14718572)
• The crumbs3 protein plays an important role in epithelial tight junction formation, and also provide the first known functional role for the mammalian Crumbs FERM binding domain. (PMID:15976445)
• Data show that a novel Crumbs3 isoform regulates cell division and ciliogenesis via importin beta1 interactions. (PMID:17646395)
• overexpression of human CRB1 and related isoforms, CRB2 and CRB3, had no effect on the levels of presenilin complex components, on NCT maturation or on PS endoproteolysis (PMID:17988153)
• Morg1 facilitates Par6-aPKC binding to Crb3 for definition of apical identity of epithelial cells. (PMID:23439680)
• our data demonstrated that CRB3 may be used as a new independent favorable prognostic factor for human ccRCC (PMID:25406012)
• CRB3A recruits p114RhoGEF and its activator Ehm2 to the cell periphery using both functional motifs of its cytoplasmic tail and increases RhoA activation levels. (PMID:26217016)
• Data show different intracellular mobility patterns for crumbs 3 proteins Crb3A and Crb3B. (PMID:26975581)
• we report for the first time that CRB3 acts as an upstream regulator of the Hippo pathway to regulate contact inhibition by recruiting other Hippo molecules, such as Kibra and/or FRMD6, in mammary epithelial cells. (PMID:28079891)
• CRB3 is an important regulator for breast cancer stemness, which is associated with tamoxifen resistance.Association between CRB3 and beta-catenin expression levels correlates with tamoxifen resistance of breast cancer. (PMID:29602199)
• We found that CRB3-induced proliferation is epidermal growth factor (EGF)-independent and occurs through a mechanism that involves secretion of the EGF-family ligand, amphiregulin (AREG)..We identified the FBD-containing protein, EPB41L4B, as an essential mediator of CRB3-driven proliferation and observed that the CRB3-dependent changes in endocytic trafficking were also dependent on EPB41L4B (PMID:30440051)
• CRB3 strongly promotes tumor invasion and metastasis of human colon adenocarcinoma cells. Correlative expression between CRB3 and FGFR1 was consistently detected in primary and metastatic colorectal cancer patient tissues. Taking these together, CRB3 critically accelerates cell migration, namely invasion and metastasis of human colon cancers, through specific interaction to FGFR1 on colon cancer cells. (PMID:30980524)
• Crumbs protein homolog 3 (CRB3) expression is associated with oestrogen and progesterone receptor positivity in breast cancer. (PMID:31087799)
• CRB3 DNA methylation negatively correlated with CRB3 mRNA expression. CRB3 DNA methylation was also related to pathologic stage, T stage, N stage, and M stage of ccRCC. (PMID:31147860)
• Knockout (KO) of apical polarity determinant Crumbs 3 (Crb3) enhances Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) transduction, while overexpression exerts the opposite effect. Crb3 restricts AAV transduction in a serotype- and cell type-specific manner. Increased availability of galactosylated glycans on the surfaces of Crb3 KO cells, but not the universal AAV receptor, leads to increased capsid attachment and enhanced transduction. (PMID:31391273)
• The Crb3 may promote colon cancer cell migration by regulating the expression of GSLs on the cell surface. (PMID:31500807)
• Aberrant epithelial polarity cues drive the development of precancerous airway lesions. (PMID:33903236)
• Fructose-bisphosphatase1 (FBP1) alleviates experimental osteoarthritis by regulating Protein crumbs homolog 3 (CRB3). (PMID:38049890)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Crb3	ENSMUSG00000044279
rattus_norvegicus	Crb3	ENSRNOG00000070099

Paralogs (3): SCARF1 (ENSG00000074660), CRB2 (ENSG00000148204), SCARF2 (ENSG00000244486)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Protein crumbs homolog 3 — Q9BUF7 (reviewed: Q9BUF7)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9BUF7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Involved in the establishment of cell polarity in mammalian epithelial cells. Regulates the morphogenesis of tight junctions. Involved in promoting phosphorylation and cytoplasmic retention of transcriptional coactivators YAP1 and WWTR1/TAZ which leads to suppression of TGFB1-dependent transcription of target genes such as CCN2/CTGF, SERPINE1/PAI1, SNAI1/SNAIL1 and SMAD7.

Subunit / interactions. Component of a complex composed of CRB3, PALS1 and PATJ. Interacts (via C-terminus) with PALS1 (via PDZ domain). Interacts with PARD6A. Interacts (via intracellular domain) with EPB41L5. Interacts with WDR83.

Subcellular location. Apical cell membrane. Cell junction. Tight junction.

Tissue specificity. Preferentially expressed in epithelial tissues. Expressed at high levels in lung, kidney, and colon. Expressed at high levels in retina, colon and mammary glands. Moderately expressed in liver, spleen, pancreas and prostate. Moderately to weakly expressed in the placenta. Weakly expressed in skeletal muscle and small intestine.

Domain organisation. The PDZ-binding motif is involved in the interactions with PARD6A and PALS1.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9BUF7-1	1, A	yes
Q9BUF7-2	2, B

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_631900, NP_777377, NP_777378 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

UniProt features (14 total): mutagenesis site 2, topological domain 2, region of interest 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, splice variant 1, strand 1, transmembrane region 1, short sequence motif 1, compositionally biased region 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
5I7Z	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9BUF7-F1	69.83	0.14

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (1): 36

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

Position	Phenotype
36	abolishes n-glycosylation. no effect on localization to the apical cell membrane.
117–120	loss of interaction with pard6a and pals1. no effect on interaction with epb41l5.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-420029	Tight junction interactions
R-HSA-9705677	SARS-CoV-2 targets PDZ proteins in cell-cell junction

MSigDB gene sets: 120 (showing top): GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OR_MAINTENANCE_OF_CELL_POLARITY, AREB6_03, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, AREB6_01, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_JUNCTION_ASSEMBLY, KEGG_TIGHT_JUNCTION, HNF1_Q6, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_BIOGENESIS, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_CELL_PERIPHERY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_COMPONENT_BIOGENESIS, GOBP_CELL_JUNCTION_ORGANIZATION, WANG_LMO4_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_JUNCTION_ASSEMBLY

GO Biological Process (4): establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity (GO:0045197), protein localization to plasma membrane (GO:0072659), tight junction organization (GO:0120193), positive regulation of cell junction assembly (GO:1901890)

GO Molecular Function (3): SH3 domain binding (GO:0017124), protein domain specific binding (GO:0019904), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (12): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), bicellular tight junction (GO:0005923), apical plasma membrane (GO:0016324), cell junction (GO:0030054), subapical complex (GO:0035003), apical junction complex (GO:0043296), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), tight junction (GO:0070160), membrane (GO:0016020), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), apical part of cell (GO:0045177), anchoring junction (GO:0070161)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Cell-cell junction organization	1
SARS-CoV-2-host interactions	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
apical junction complex	2
cell-cell junction	2
establishment or maintenance of apical/basal cell polarity	1
protein localization to membrane	1
protein localization to cell periphery	1
cell-cell junction organization	1
cell junction assembly	1
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis	1
positive regulation of cellular component organization	1
regulation of cell junction assembly	1
protein domain specific binding	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
tight junction	1
apical part of cell	1
plasma membrane region	1
plasma membrane protein complex	1
extracellular vesicle	1
cellular_component	1
cell junction	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

506 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CRB3	PALS1	Q8N3R9	999
CRB3	PATJ	Q8NI35	998
CRB3	CRB2	Q5IJ48	904
CRB3	EPB41L5	Q9HCM4	825
CRB3	LIN7C	Q9NUP9	797
CRB3	NXN	Q6DKJ4	760
CRB3	EZR	P15311	735
CRB3	LLGL2	Q6P1M3	724
CRB3	TJP1	Q07157	723
CRB3	CNTNAP1	P78357	682
CRB3	PARD3	Q8TEW0	682
CRB3	AMOT	Q4VCS5	658
CRB3	SCRIB	Q14160	656
CRB3	EPB41	P11171	642
CRB3	ZEB1	P37275	638

IntAct

11 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PALS1	E	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
PSMA3	CRB3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PALS1	AMOTL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CRB3	EPB41L5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
EPB41L5	CRB3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.520
PALS1	CRB3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
RAB11FIP5	CRB3	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.270

BioGRID (32): CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Reconstituted Complex), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), CRB3 (Two-hybrid), VAMP1 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1B0GW64, A0A5F4BST2, A0PJX4, A8MVS5, A8MWV9, B0FP48, E5RIL1, E9PGG2, O14836, O60320, O95998, P09564, Q01113, Q01114, Q13477, Q2KI80, Q2T9R2, Q3TS39, Q3UPR0, Q3URD2, Q4V9L6, Q5FVJ4, Q5M869, Q6A044, Q6UWJ8, Q75VT8, Q864V4, Q8BRJ3, Q8BX43, Q8C503, Q8IVY1, Q8K5A9, Q8N112, Q8NC24, Q8NDY8, Q8QZT4, Q8R138, Q969Z4, Q9BUF7, Q9CQM1

Diamond homologs: A0A5F4BST2, Q8QZT4, Q9BUF7, A0A1F4, A4FV93, D3ZHH1, F1RWC3, O60494, P00744, P07225, P10040, P49013, P53813, Q08761, Q0V8T4, Q28520, Q3KN41, Q5IJ48, Q6DCQ6, Q80YA8, Q8VHS2, Q9NYJ7, Q9NYQ8, Q9TU53, O14594, O35474, O75095, O88516, O88671, P16296, P18168, P55066, P55067, Q05793, Q0V8T7, Q5IS41, Q5ZQU0, Q70E20, Q8TER0, Q90953

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
CRB3	up-regulates	AMOT/MPP5/INADL/LIN7C	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

29 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	23
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

407 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
19:6464779:GCAAA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
19:6464782:AA:A	donor_gain	1.0000
19:6464784:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
19:6465541:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6465543:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6465544:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6465544:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6465544:GTAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6465544:GTACA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6465617:TGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
19:6465618:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
19:6466461:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466461:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
19:6466462:GCAGC:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
19:6466464:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466464:AGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466465:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466465:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466465:GCG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466465:GCGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466465:GCGTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6466509:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:6464327:C:G	donor_gain	0.9900
19:6464603:CCCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
19:6464604:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
19:6464605:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
19:6464606:A:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
19:6464607:G:GA	acceptor_loss	0.9900
19:6465534:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:6465535:C:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

742 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
19:6466665:T:A	L119H	0.994
19:6466668:T:A	I120N	0.991
19:6466668:T:C	I120T	0.990
19:6466665:T:C	L119P	0.988
19:6466659:A:T	E117V	0.986
19:6466668:T:G	I120S	0.985
19:6466580:G:T	G91C	0.984
19:6466586:T:C	Y93H	0.983
19:6466580:G:C	G91R	0.982
19:6466658:G:A	E117K	0.974
19:6466660:G:C	E117D	0.974
19:6466660:G:T	E117D	0.974
19:6466586:T:G	Y93D	0.972
19:6466587:A:G	Y93C	0.970
19:6466592:C:T	P95S	0.969
19:6466659:A:C	E117A	0.969
19:6466569:G:C	R87P	0.968
19:6466662:G:C	R118P	0.968
19:6466661:C:G	R118G	0.967
19:6466586:T:A	Y93N	0.966
19:6466593:C:A	P95H	0.966
19:6466647:T:C	L113S	0.963
19:6466581:G:T	G91V	0.960
19:6466532:G:A	G75R	0.957
19:6466532:G:C	G75R	0.957
19:6466581:G:A	G91D	0.956
19:6466659:A:G	E117G	0.955
19:6466595:A:C	S96R	0.954
19:6466597:T:A	S96R	0.954
19:6466597:T:G	S96R	0.954

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000198635 (19:6463272 G>A), RS1000646940 (19:6462581 G>A), RS1001386900 (19:6464650 G>A), RS1001412854 (19:6461876 G>A), RS1001421289 (19:6467408 T>C,G), RS1002317630 (19:6463742 GC>G), RS1002473038 (19:6466266 G>C), RS1003474893 (19:6465066 G>T), RS1004427090 (19:6463633 G>A), RS1004479449 (19:6463899 T>A), RS1004568393 (19:6463373 A>G), RS1004668734 (19:6467441 C>A), RS1004698440 (19:6467101 C>A,T), RS1005156152 (19:6462172 A>G), RS1005433925 (19:6462218 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:609737 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

18 total (human), top 18 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression	4
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
sulforaphane	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Amiodarone	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Lead	increases expression	1
Mustard Gas	increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.