CSF1

Summary

CSF1 (colony stimulating factor 1, HGNC:2432) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p13.3, encoding Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 (P09603). Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes.

The protein encoded by this gene is a cytokine that controls the production, differentiation, and function of macrophages. The active form of the protein is found extracellularly as a disulfide-linked homodimer, and is thought to be produced by proteolytic cleavage of membrane-bound precursors. The encoded protein may be involved in development of the placenta. Alternate splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 1435 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 25 (top 5% of genes corpus-wide)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 103 total
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 22 tissues, sQTL in 3 (q < 0.05)
• Drug target: yes — 2 curated mechanism-of-action drugs
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 1.00 (loss-of-function intolerant), LOEUF 0.34 (highly constrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000757
• Interaction hub: 3,416 STRING partners (top 2% of genes corpus-wide)
• Notable: 103 clinical variants but no curated precision-oncology (CIViC) evidence yet

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:2432
Approved symbol	CSF1
Name	colony stimulating factor 1
Location	1p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	M-CSF, MCSF, MGC31930
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000184371
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	120420
Entrez	1435

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 21 — 18 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

MANE Select: ENST00000329608

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 3, TSL 3: 2, TSL 4: 3, TSL 5: 1

ENST00000329608, ENST00000357302, ENST00000369801, ENST00000369802, ENST00000420111, ENST00000488198, ENST00000525659, ENST00000526001, ENST00000527192, ENST00000875282, ENST00000875283, ENST00000875284, ENST00000875285, ENST00000875286, ENST00000875287, ENST00000913371, ENST00000958976, ENST00001012642, ENST00001012643, ENST00001012644, ENST00001142243

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_000757 NM_000757, NM_172210, NM_172211, NM_172212

CCDS: CCDS30797, CCDS816, CCDS817

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000329608 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001291595	109924776	109924828
ENSE00001304095	109915634	109915696
ENSE00001310214	109925147	109925202
ENSE00001321883	109923166	109924190
ENSE00001933966	109910849	109911062
ENSE00001937307	109928852	109930992
ENSE00003576195	109917293	109917463
ENSE00003586257	109921847	109921994
ENSE00003669519	109914259	109914381

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 223 present calls, max score 94.58.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 24.5367 / max 1625.0135, expressed in 1560 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): omental fat pad, peritoneum, adipose tissue of abdominal region, gall bladder, subcutaneous adipose tissue.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

CSF1 is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 22 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 3 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

showing 20 of 25 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Artery Tibial	eqtl	3.7e-20	+0.40	1:109928142:G:A
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	sqtl	1.4e-18	+0.58	1:109923716:C:A
Nerve Tibial	eqtl	7.9e-18	+0.37	1:109928142:G:A
Breast Mammary Tissue	eqtl	9.5e-09	+0.28	1:109928142:G:A
Esophagus Muscularis	eqtl	6.6e-07	+0.20	1:109928142:G:A
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	eqtl	2.5e-06	+0.17	1:109928142:G:A
Brain Cerebellar Hemisphere	eqtl	6.5e-06	+0.45	1:109941642:G:T
Muscle Skeletal	eqtl	8.4e-06	+0.20	1:109928142:G:A
Adipose Subcutaneous	eqtl	1.0e-04	+0.23	1:109928142:G:A
Artery Aorta	eqtl	1.5e-04	+0.22	1:109928142:G:A
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	eqtl	1.9e-04	+0.08	1:109821653:T:G
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	6.2e-04	-0.11	1:109960674:T:C
Lung	eqtl	6.2e-04	+0.16	1:109927970:G:A
Thyroid	eqtl	4.0e-03	+0.17	1:109928142:G:A
Heart Left Ventricle	eqtl	5.4e-03	+0.14	1:109927970:G:A
Small Intestine Terminal Ileum	eqtl	6.6e-03	+3.39	1:109929951:G:A
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	6.6e-03	+0.14	1:109928142:G:A
Brain Cortex	eqtl	8.2e-03	-1.05	1:110117816:C:T
Esophagus Gastroesophageal Junction	eqtl	1.2e-02	+0.16	1:109928142:G:A
Brain Hypothalamus	eqtl	1.5e-02	+1.79	1:110234735:T:C

FANTOM5 promoters

9 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
4462	18.9658	1383
4461	1.8499	1002
4460	1.4640	817
4463	1.1077	608
4459	0.5560	309
4469	0.3023	148
4470	0.1475	52
4465	0.0807	20
4464	0.0627	10

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 271 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	94.58	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	94.52	gold quality
adipose tissue of abdominal region	UBERON:0007808	93.68	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	93.05	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	92.98	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	92.82	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	92.67	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	92.60	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	92.54	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	92.54	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	92.43	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	92.42	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	92.40	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	92.27	silver quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	92.07	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	91.77	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	91.58	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	91.26	silver quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	91.24	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	90.82	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	90.73	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	90.47	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	90.41	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	90.37	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	90.18	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	90.14	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	89.98	gold quality
connective tissue	UBERON:0002384	89.92	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	89.31	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	89.15	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	89.04	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	88.96	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	88.96	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	88.90	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	88.67	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	88.64	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	88.58	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	88.48	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	88.44	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	88.43	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	88.37	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	88.08	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	88.07	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	88.06	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	87.70	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	87.63	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	87.59	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	87.27	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	87.14	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	87.12	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	87.01	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	86.81	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	86.80	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	86.76	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	86.73	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	86.70	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	86.69	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	86.65	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	86.63	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	86.61	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	86.61	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	86.52	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	86.43	gold quality
sigmoid colon	UBERON:0001159	86.28	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	86.11	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	86.09	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	86.07	silver quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	85.95	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	85.92	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	85.88	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	85.68	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	85.66	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	85.60	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	85.59	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	85.45	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	85.26	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	85.18	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	85.10	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	85.10	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	85.07	silver quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	85.03	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	85.00	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	84.72	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	84.71	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	84.56	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	84.54	gold quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	84.49	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	84.36	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	84.31	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	84.16	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	84.08	silver quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	84.04	gold quality
pericardium	UBERON:0002407	83.91	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	83.83	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	83.75	silver quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	83.24	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	83.22	silver quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	83.17	gold quality
epithelium of mammary gland	UBERON:0003244	83.16	silver quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	83.12	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-6	yes	46.66
E-CURD-122	yes	8.69
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Low tissue specificity

showing 60 of 76 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM
Adipose tissue	tissue	57.4
Choroid plexus	tissue	50.3
Placenta	tissue	38.8
Spleen	tissue	38.6
Locus coeruleus	tissue	35.0
Spinal cord	tissue	30.8
Vagina	tissue	30.1
Gallbladder	tissue	29.9
Hippocampus	tissue	28.6
Adrenal gland	tissue	28.4
Corpus callosum	tissue	28.0
Lung	tissue	26.7
Lymph node	tissue	26.4
Urinary bladder	tissue	24.9
Nucleus accumbens	tissue	24.6
Appendix	tissue	23.1
Substantia nigra	tissue	19.6
Medulla oblongata	tissue	19.5
Colon	tissue	18.7
Breast	tissue	18.4
Fallopian tube	tissue	17.9
Salivary gland	tissue	17.8
Bone marrow	tissue	17.4
Superior colliculi	tissue	17.0
Small intestine	tissue	16.6
Pancreas	tissue	16.5
Smooth muscle	tissue	16.4
Midbrain	tissue	16.2
Seminal vesicle	tissue	15.7
Cervix	tissue	15.4
Rectum	tissue	15.3
Liver	tissue	15.1
Esophagus	tissue	14.7
Postcentral gyrus	tissue	14.0
Stomach 1	tissue	13.8
Thalamus	tissue	13.7
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	13.7
Heart muscle	tissue	12.8
Thymus	tissue	12.6
Duodenum	tissue	12.5
Endometrium 1	tissue	12.3
Pons	tissue	11.9
Ovary	tissue	11.7
Hypothalamus	tissue	11.7
Tonsil	tissue	11.4
Skin 1	tissue	11.3
Tongue	tissue	10.5
Putamen	tissue	10.2
Prostate	tissue	10.1
Ventral forebrain	tissue	10.1
Septum	tissue	10.0
Parathyroid gland	tissue	9.9
Basal ganglia	tissue	9.7
Hippocampal formation	tissue	9.1
Pituitary gland	tissue	8.8
Frontal cortex	tissue	8.6
Olfactory bulb	tissue	8.0
Caudate putamen	tissue	8.0
Amygdala	tissue	7.4
Kidney	tissue	7.3

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 189; highest nTPM — Parieto-temporal junction (white matter) (75.1), Area postrema (71.0), Corpus callosum, genu (white matter) (68.0), Dorsal funiculus (white matter) (66.4), Nucleus gracilis (63.4).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

2 targets:

Target	Regulation
CCL2	Activation
ITGAX	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ABL1, AP1, ATF3, BCL6, CCL2, CEBPA, EGR1, ETS2, FOS, FOXC1, GFI1, HLX, JUN, MITF, MYC, NCOA1, NFIA, NFIC, NFKB1, NFKB, NOTCH1, PHF5A, PPARG, RBPJ, REL, RELA, RUNX1, SMAD1, SMAD4, SMAD5, SMARCB1, SP1, SP3, SPI1, STAT1, TBP, TBX3, TFAP2A, TP63, TXK

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting CSF1 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

showing 30 of 138 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-4283	100.00	66.42	2097
HSA-MIR-4673	100.00	66.64	1490
HSA-MIR-7110-3P	100.00	73.18	2486
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-4692	100.00	67.32	2066
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-4514	99.99	67.10	1870
HSA-MIR-3667-3P	99.99	67.17	1636
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-4645-5P	99.98	65.81	1284
HSA-MIR-4267	99.96	66.53	2368
HSA-MIR-128-3P	99.95	71.17	2484
HSA-MIR-216A-3P	99.95	71.19	2505
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-454-3P	99.91	74.01	1925
HSA-MIR-4295	99.90	73.11	1838
HSA-MIR-130A-3P	99.90	73.31	1861
HSA-MIR-130B-3P	99.90	73.27	1850
HSA-MIR-301A-3P	99.90	73.15	1839
HSA-MIR-301B-3P	99.90	73.19	1836
HSA-MIR-3666	99.90	73.24	1833
HSA-MIR-15A-5P	99.90	72.80	2787
HSA-MIR-15B-5P	99.90	72.78	2798
HSA-MIR-16-5P	99.90	72.80	2780
HSA-MIR-195-5P	99.90	72.81	2805

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 1, LOEUF 0.338, missense Z 0.493 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD)

ENST00000329608 splits into 3 regions with different missense tolerance; 0 are missense-constrained. Missense variants in a constrained region (low observed/expected) are more likely to be pathogenic. gnomAD

Region (GRCh38)	Missense obs / exp	o/e	Constrained
1:109,911,024–109,914,327	53 / 45.5	1.17	no
1:109,914,328–109,917,323	28 / 58.8	0.48	no
1:109,917,324–109,925,186	591 / 593.6	1.00	no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Macrophage colony-stimulating factor and receptor activator NF-kappaB ligand fail to rescue osteoclast-poor human malignant infantile osteopetrosis in vitro. (PMID:11792569)
• High M-CSF levels may correlate with cellular or organ damage in patients treated with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for hematologic diseases. (PMID:11843897)
• Opposite effects of different doses of MCSF on ERK phosphorylation and cell proliferation in macrophages. (PMID:12032835)
• CSF-1 and its receptor are regulated by 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and its analogue tacalcitol in human monocytes which parallels the inhibition of differentiation into dendritic cells without altering survival (PMID:12372416)
• IFN-gamma shifts monocyte differentiation to macrophages rather than DCs through autocrine M-CSF and IL-6 production. (PMID:12393446)
• in human tumor cells, HGF and M-CSF stimulate osteopontin production (which is subsequently used as a substrate for cell adhesion) (PMID:12456016)
• Time-dependent folding events reveal that recombinant MCSF beta molecules pass through both monomeric and dimeric intermediate states, suggesting that the denatured and dimeric bond-reduced protein folds via multiple pathways. (PMID:12501178)
• macrophage colony-stimulating factor increased platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase secretion by decidual macrophages (PMID:12548211)
• Results suggest that macrophage colony-stimulating factor may autoregulate functional cellular subpopulations of human endometrial stromal cells in an autocrine or a paracrine manner. (PMID:12684699)
• findings directly support the conclusion that membrane-bound colony stimulating factor-1 is functionally active in bone in vivo (PMID:12865350)
• Serum VEGF concentration was increased in arteriosclerosis obliterans (ASO) and thromboangitis obliterans, but increased concentration of M-CSF was seen only in ASO. (PMID:12890905)
• CSF1 has a role in regulating macrophage activation [review] (PMID:12894871)
• Monocytes promote angiogenesis via M-CSF-induced vascular endothelial growth factor production. (PMID:12928417)
• sCSF-1 is a key determinant of bone cell activity in the corticoendosteal envelope (PMID:12929928)
• increased levels of serum macrophage colony stimulating factor markedly precede the development of clinical manifestations of preeclampsia (PMID:14605992)
• Increase in serum M-CSF levels precedes development of preeclampsia. Elevation of serum M-CSF supports M-CSF elevation in placenta. This elevation at 18 weeks of gestation may be related to placental hypoxia, considered cause of preeclampsia. (PMID:14634568)
• findings of co-expression of KIT and/or FMS with their respective ligands implies these receptors might contribute to leukemogenesis in some patients with AML through autocrine, paracrine, or intracrine interactive stimulation. (PMID:14654075)
• The serum M-CSF concentration could be of interest as a tumor marker in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. (PMID:15001836)
• red blood cells from diabetic patients induced an increase in MCSF and VCAM1 expression in HUVEC cells, mediated by AGE-RAGE interaction (PMID:15116247)
• Expreeeion of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in human osteoblast-like cells is suppressed by arginine-vasopressin. (PMID:15256272)
• results suggest that nuclear actin plays a role in regulating CSF-1 gene transcription, and this role does not depend on actin polymerization (PMID:15261158)
• In vitro human osteoclastogenesis is dependent on M-CSF and the stimulatory effects of GM-CSF are mediated by M-CSF. (PMID:15358207)
• Crystal structures of HLA-B*3501 in complex with 14-mer macrophage-colony stimulating factor peptide reveal that the antigenic peptide follows the general rules of major histocompatibility complex binding. (PMID:15494511)
• The MGFS mRNA expression in these cell lines and recent studies have demonstrated that HCs can stimulate tumor progression. (PMID:15576295)
• Interferon-gamma stimulates transcription of the CSF-1 gene through this sequence, which binds STAT1 (PMID:15624698)
• A significant serum tumor marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. (PMID:15640942)
• Serum M-CSF levels are markedly increased in Langerhans cell histiocytosis patients who, in addition to bone disease, also show skin or lymph node involvement. (PMID:15728521)
• indicate novel roles of M-CSF in articular cartilage metabolism in collaboration with CTGF/CCN2, particularly during an inflammatory response (PMID:15820145)
• The M-CSF gene was cloned into baculovirus transfer vector pVL1392 under the control of polyhedrin promoter and expressed in the Sf9 cells (Spodoptera frugiperda). (PMID:15866728)
• Uncreased macrophage colony stimulating factor is associated with the process of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients (PMID:15919699)
• M-CSF enhances tumor growth in mice by increasing endothelial progenitor cells and activating angiogenesis; the effects of M-CSF are largely based on the induction of systemic VEGF from skeletal muscles. (PMID:15944252)
• catalase has a critical role in CSF-independent survival of human macrophages via regulation of the expression of BCL-2 and BCL-XL (PMID:16204228)
• INI1/hSNF5/BAF47 functions in activation of the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) promoter in HeLa cells. (PMID:16267391)
• MCP-1 and M-CSF, critical for monocyte recruitment, activation, and differentiation, differentially regulate VEGF-A expression and may play an important role in monocyte/macrophage- mediated tumor angiogenesis (PMID:16318581)
• Nurse-like cells are involved in rheumatoid arthritis-induced bone destruction by maintaining osteoclast precursors via production of M-CSF. (PMID:16320327)
• Fusion with COL6A3 overexpresses CSF1, found in some but not all cells in tenosynovial giant-cell tumor and pigmented villonodular synovitis. (PMID:16407111)
• at 35 and 38 weeks, the Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) levels were significantly higher in twin pregnancy than in singleton pregnancy (PMID:16673212)
• three polymorphisms located in the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) gene showed a positive association with aggressive periodontitis (PMID:16844084)
• IL-10 may contribute to the inflammatory process by facilitating monocyte differentiation into TNF-alpha-responsive macrophages in the presence of M-CSF in rheumatoid arthritis. (PMID:16859503)
• Different individual CSF-1 isoforms regulate the frequency of activated macrophages in the kidney during experimental unilateral ureteral obstruction. (PMID:16951369)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	csf1b	ENSDARG00000068263
danio_rerio	csf1a	ENSDARG00000075343
mus_musculus	Csf1	ENSMUSG00000014599
rattus_norvegicus	Csf1	ENSRNOG00000018659

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:1339753) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 133 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
decreased macrophage cell number	6
decreased body weight	4
abnormal bone marrow morphology	4
decreased osteoclast cell number	4
abnormal bone marrow cavity morphology	3
domed cranium	3
abnormal osteoclast differentiation	3
increased bone trabecula number	3
osteopetrosis	2
abnormal trabecular bone morphology	2
abnormal microglial cell morphology	2
decreased monocyte cell number	2
decreased bone marrow cell number	2
postnatal growth retardation	2
abnormal ovulation	2
abnormal spleen red pulp morphology	2
abnormal bone remodeling	2
abnormal bone structure	2
abnormal osteoclast morphology	2
abnormal Kupffer cell morphology	2
abnormal visual evoked potential	2
absent teeth	2
fragile skeleton	1
osteoporosis	1
abnormal parietal bone morphology	1

+108 more (showing top 25).

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
LINC01768	ncRNA	107985167
GSTM3	protein-coding	2947
EPS8L3	protein-coding	79574
LINC01397	ncRNA	104355139
AHCYL1	protein-coding	10768
ALX3	protein-coding	257
STRIP1	protein-coding	85369

Protein

Protein identifiers

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 — P09603 (reviewed: P09603)

Alternative names: Lanimostim, Proteoglycan macrophage colony-stimulating factor

All UniProt accessions (5): E9PJA2, E9PKP4, E9PQ08, P09603, H7BY18

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cytokine that plays an essential role in the regulation of survival, proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic precursor cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, such as macrophages and monocytes. Promotes the release of pro-inflammatory chemokines, and thereby plays an important role in innate immunity and in inflammatory processes. Plays an important role in the regulation of osteoclast proliferation and differentiation, the regulation of bone resorption, and is required for normal bone development. Required for normal male and female fertility. Promotes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, regulates formation of membrane ruffles, cell adhesion and cell migration. Plays a role in lipoprotein clearance.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer or heterodimer; disulfide-linked. Likely to exist in multiple forms: homodimer consisting of 2 identical 150-200 kDa proteoglycan subunits, heterodimer consisting of a 150-200 kDa proteoglycan subunit and a truncated 43 kDa subunit, and homodimer consisting of 2 identical 43 kDa subunits. Interacts with CSF1R.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane Secreted. Extracellular space.

Post-translational modifications. N-glycosylated. N-glycosylated. N-glycosylated. O-glycosylated; contains chondroitin sulfate. O-glycosylated with core 1 or possibly core 8 glycans. O-glycosylated.

Disease relevance. Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R can promote cancer cell proliferation, invasion and formation of metastases. Overexpression of CSF1 or CSF1R is observed in a significant percentage of breast, ovarian, prostate, and endometrial cancers. Aberrant expression of CSF1 or CSF1R may play a role in inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, atherosclerosis, and allograft rejection.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P09603-1	1	yes
P09603-2	2
P09603-3	3

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_000748, NP_757349, NP_757350, NP_757351 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR008001	MCSF-1	Family
IPR009079	4_helix_cytokine-like_core	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF05337

UniProt features (59 total): sequence conflict 9, helix 9, disulfide bond 6, sequence variant 6, glycosylation site 5, compositionally biased region 4, mutagenesis site 4, chain 3, region of interest 3, splice variant 2, topological domain 2, strand 2, signal peptide 1, modified residue 1, transmembrane region 1, turn 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

8 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
5LXF	Crystal structure of the human Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor M- CSF_C31S variant	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
4FA8	Multi-pronged modulation of cytokine signaling	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
1HMC	THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF DIMERIC HUMAN RECOMBINANT MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
3UF2	Crystal structure of the human Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (hCSF-1) cytokine	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.75
4WRL	Structure of the human CSF-1:CSF-1R complex	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8
3UEZ	Crystal structure of the human Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (hCSF-1) cytokine in complex …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.41
4ADF	CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR 1 (hCSF-1) CYTOKINE IN COMPLEX …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	4.4
4WRM	Structure of the human CSF-1:CSF-1R complex	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	6.85

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P09603-F1	58.62	0.26

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Predicted membrane proteins, Predicted secreted proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Plasma proteins, RAS pathway related proteins, Cancer-related genes, Candidate cancer biomarkers, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes, Disease related genes

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Subcellular location (HPA, imaging): plasma membrane; nuclear bodies

Antibody reliability (HPA): IF supported

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1)

Type	Positions
Phosphothreonine	266

Disulfide bonds (6)

Type	Positions
Disulfide bond	39–122, 80–171, 134–178
Interchain	63, 189, 191

Glycosylation sites (5)

Type	Positions
N-linked (glcnac…) asparagine	154, 172
O-linked (xyl…) (chondroitin sulfate) serine	309
O-linked (galnac…) threonine	363, 365

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (4)

Position	Phenotype
252	loss of 43 kda subunit.
309	loss of chondroitin sulfate attachment.
444	does not affect production of 150-200 kda subunit.
489–554	produces biologically active protein which is secreted.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

6 curated (TAS) of 14; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

14 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-9968734	Differentiation of Circulating Monocytes	curated
R-HSA-6783783	Interleukin-10 signaling	curated
R-HSA-449836	Other interleukin signaling	curated
R-HSA-8957275	Post-translational protein phosphorylation	curated
R-HSA-381426	Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)	curated
R-HSA-9856649	Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of MITF-M expression and activity	curated
R-HSA-1280215	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	—
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology	—
R-HSA-168256	Immune System	—
R-HSA-9730414	MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development	—
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins	—
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification	—
R-HSA-9680350	Signaling by CSF1 (M-CSF) in myeloid cells	electronic
R-HSA-449147	Signaling by Interleukins	—

MSigDB gene sets: 582 (showing top): GOBP_MYELOID_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, TONKS_TARGETS_OF_RUNX1_RUNX1T1_FUSION_MONOCYTE_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_PROLIFERATION, BERENJENO_ROCK_SIGNALING_NOT_VIA_RHOA_DN, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_MAMMARY_GLAND_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_OSTEOCLAST_DIFFERENTIATION, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, GOBP_GLAND_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_HEMOPOIESIS, GOBP_MYELOID_LEUKOCYTE_MIGRATION, GOBP_CELL_CHEMOTAXIS, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, MODULE_255

GO Biological Process (28): positive regulation of cell-matrix adhesion (GO:0001954), response to ischemia (GO:0002931), developmental process involved in reproduction (GO:0003006), inflammatory response (GO:0006954), cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway (GO:0007169), positive regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0008284), positive regulation of gene expression (GO:0010628), regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation (GO:0010743), positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation (GO:0010744), positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis (GO:0010759), macrophage differentiation (GO:0030225), osteoclast differentiation (GO:0030316), positive regulation of cell migration (GO:0030335), positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation (GO:0032946), macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway (GO:0038145), monocyte activation (GO:0042117), innate immune response (GO:0045087), positive regulation of macrophage differentiation (GO:0045651), positive regulation of monocyte differentiation (GO:0045657), positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation (GO:0045672), positive regulation of protein metabolic process (GO:0051247), microglial cell proliferation (GO:0061518), positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway (GO:1902228), positive regulation of microglial cell migration (GO:1904141), positive regulation of macrophage migration (GO:1905523), immune system process (GO:0002376), positive regulation of leukocyte migration (GO:0002687), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (6): cytokine activity (GO:0005125), macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor binding (GO:0005157), growth factor activity (GO:0008083), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein homodimerization activity (GO:0042803), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (6): extracellular region (GO:0005576), endoplasmic reticulum lumen (GO:0005788), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471), CSF1-CSF1R complex (GO:1990682)

Reactome top-level categories

8 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of proteins	2
Signaling by Interleukins	2
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	2
Post-translational protein modification	1
MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development	1
Developmental Cell Lineages	1
Immune System	1
Developmental Biology	1

GO top-level categories

56 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte differentiation	3
cellular anatomical structure	3
macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	2
myeloid leukocyte differentiation	2
receptor ligand activity	2
regulation of cell-matrix adhesion	1
cell-matrix adhesion	1
positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion	1
response to stress	1
reproductive process	1
developmental process	1
defense response	1
enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway	1
cell population proliferation	1
regulation of cell population proliferation	1
positive regulation of cellular process	1
gene expression	1
regulation of gene expression	1
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
regulation of cell differentiation	1
regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	1
positive regulation of cell differentiation	1
positive regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis	1
regulation of macrophage chemotaxis	1
macrophage chemotaxis	1
regulation of granulocyte chemotaxis	1
positive regulation of macrophage migration	1
mononuclear cell differentiation	1
cell migration	1
regulation of cell migration	1
positive regulation of cell motility	1
mononuclear cell proliferation	1
regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation	1
positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation	1
cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	1
cellular response to macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulus	1
myeloid leukocyte activation	1
immune response	1
defense response to symbiont	1
macrophage differentiation	1
regulation of macrophage differentiation	1
monocyte differentiation	1
regulation of monocyte differentiation	1
osteoclast differentiation	1
regulation of osteoclast differentiation	1
cytokine receptor binding	1
protein binding	1
identical protein binding	1
protein dimerization activity	1
binding	1
endoplasmic reticulum	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cytoplasm	1
protein-containing complex	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 20 of 41 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

20 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	BP	direct assay
osteoclast differentiation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of gene expression	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of macrophage chemotaxis	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling pathway	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of macrophage differentiation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of macrophage migration	BP	mutant phenotype
positive regulation of microglial cell migration	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of osteoclast differentiation	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of protein metabolic process	BP	direct assay
response to ischemia	BP	direct assay
perinuclear region of cytoplasm	CC	direct assay
plasma membrane	CC	direct assay
cytokine activity	MF	direct assay
growth factor activity	MF	direct assay
identical protein binding	MF	physical interaction
protein homodimerization activity	MF	direct assay

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 3,416 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CSF1	CSF1R	P07333	967
CSF1	CSF2	P04141	944
CSF1	IL34	Q6ZMJ4	907
CSF1	TNFSF11	O14788	881
CSF1	IL3	P08700	856
CSF1	CSF3	P09919	852
CSF1	IL6	P05231	794
CSF1	IL10	P22301	790
CSF1	IL1B	P01584	787
CSF1	IFNG	P01579	785
CSF1	IL4	P05112	785
CSF1	CCL2	P13500	779
CSF1	TNF	P01375	779
CSF1	OSCAR	Q8IYS5	758
CSF1	ITGAM	P11215	751

IntAct

Human interaction partners of CSF1 in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

10 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
CSF1R	direct interaction	0.920	14
SGTA	physical association	0.720	6
BARF1	direct interaction	0.620	3
CYSRT1	physical association	0.560	3
FHL3	physical association	0.560	3
KRTAP1-1	physical association	0.560	3
KRTAP10-8	physical association	0.560	3
MTUS2	physical association	0.560	3
NOTCH2NLA	physical association	0.560	3
AMIGO1	physical association	0.400	1

BioGRID (16 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): SGTA (Two-hybrid; 2 records), AMIGO1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CBL (Affinity Capture-Western), CSF1R (Reconstituted Complex), CYSRT1 (Two-hybrid), FHL3 (Two-hybrid), KIAA1429 (Affinity Capture-RNA), KRTAP1-1 (Two-hybrid), KRTAP10-8 (Two-hybrid), MTUS2 (Two-hybrid), NOTCH2NL (Two-hybrid), SLA2 (Reconstituted Complex), SOCS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TRIM25 (Affinity Capture-RNA)

SIGNOR signaling

showing 5 of 6 signaling interactions:

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
SMARCB1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	CSF1	“transcriptional regulation”
CSF1	up-regulates	CSF3R	binding
CSF1	“up-regulates activity”	CSF1R	binding
CSF1	up-regulates	M2_polarization
CSF1	up-regulates	CSF2RA	binding

Protein complexes (CORUM) (1)

Experimentally-characterized complexes this protein is a subunit of (★ = the complex contains a known drug target).

1 complexes by size:

Complex	Subunits	Members
★ CSF1-CSF1R complex	2	CSF1, CSF1R

Ligand–receptor pairs (CellPhoneDB) (1)

Curated ligand–receptor partners (cell-cell communication), distinct from the protein–protein interactions above.

1 ligand–receptor pairs:

Partner	This gene’s role	Signaling class
CSF1R	ligand	Signaling by Colony-Stimulating factor

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for CSF1: 103 ClinVar records (0 pathogenic / likely pathogenic); 25 GWAS associations.

ClinVar

103 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	80
Likely benign	7
Benign	3

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 40 predictions of 766):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
1:109917291–109917292	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6
1:109917464–109917465	donor_loss	1.0000	4
1:109921995	donor_loss	1.0000	2
1:109924191–109924192	donor_loss	1.0000	5
1:109911064	donor_loss	0.9900	2
1:109914382–109914383	donor_loss	0.9900	5
1:109917464	donor_loss	0.9900
1:109924774–109924775	acceptor_loss	0.9900	6
1:109924829–109924830	donor_loss	0.9900	5
1:109928850–109928851	acceptor_loss	0.9900	4

AlphaMissense

449 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 3,625 scored), across 135 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
F99	8	0.937	0.995
F167	8	0.924	0.989
F153	8	0.910	0.982
H47	8	0.814	0.912
C80	7	0.984	0.992
C171	7	0.984	0.994
C134	7	0.979	0.990
C122	7	0.969	0.980
F69	7	0.965	0.992
C178	7	0.961	0.986
C63	7	0.958	0.975
C39	7	0.946	0.966
C189	7	0.926	0.956
C191	7	0.916	0.950
M59	7	0.908	0.958
F67	7	0.908	0.988
F138	7	0.871	0.982
F175	7	0.869	0.978
D56	7	0.865	0.906
F123	7	0.847	0.964

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Low cancer specificity

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

1 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	2.14e-05

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:120420 | disease phenotypes:

GWAS associations

25 associations:

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST90011899_28	Aspartate aminotransferase levels	2e-64
GCST006014_1	Creatine kinase levels	1e-40
GCST001086_6	Paget’s disease	7e-35
GCST90002393_576	Monocyte count	1e-33
GCST011351_1	Aspartate aminotransferase levels	3e-26
GCST005999_1	Aspartate aminotransferase levels	1e-25
GCST000672_4	Paget’s disease	5e-24
GCST006013_6	Lactate dehydrogenase levels	3e-23
GCST004625_137	Monocyte count	9e-17
GCST90002402_506	Platelet count	5e-16
GCST90002400_425	Plateletcrit	1e-15
GCST90002388_453	Lymphocyte count	3e-14
GCST90002394_442	Monocyte percentage of white cells	6e-14
GCST90002407_16	White blood cell count	1e-13
GCST005989_1	Serum total protein levels	5e-13
GCST009731_66	Blood protein levels in cardiovascular risk	1e-12
GCST008839_337	Height	1e-10
GCST005348_120	Total body bone mineral density	2e-10
GCST004610_105	White blood cell count	3e-9
GCST011348_25	High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels	6e-9
GCST010175_1	Adult onset Still’s disease	1e-8
GCST010726_4	Periventricular white matter hyperintensities	1e-7
GCST001762_466	Obesity-related traits	2e-7
GCST011681_1	Cryptococcosis in HIV infection	3e-7
GCST002090_3	Sensory disturbances after bilateral sagittal split ramus osteotomy	3e-6

EFO canonical traits (from GWAS)

12 canonical traits:

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004471	insulin sensitivity measurement
EFO:0005324	post-operative sensory disturbance
EFO:0005091	monocyte count
EFO:0004736	aspartate aminotransferase measurement
EFO:0004808	L lactate dehydrogenase measurement
EFO:0004534	creatine kinase measurement
EFO:0005665	white matter hyperintensity measurement
EFO:0004612	high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0004587	lymphocyte count
EFO:0007989	monocyte percentage of leukocytes
EFO:0007985	platelet crit
EFO:0004309	platelet count

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3989382 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Drugs by curated mechanism of action (ChEMBL)

Drugs whose curated ChEMBL mechanism of action targets the CSF1 protein itself — single-protein targets only (drugs acting on a protein family or complex that merely includes it are excluded). Includes antibodies and oligonucleotides that bioactivity screening does not capture.

2 curated-mechanism drugs:

Drug	Modality	Max phase
MCS-110	Unknown	2
PD-360324	Unknown	2

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

118 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Lipopolysaccharides	increases reaction, increases expression, decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases chemical synthesis (+3 more)	4
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Cyclosporine	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	3
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects expression	3
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases expression	2
Zoledronic Acid	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Fulvestrant	increases methylation, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Acetaminophen	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Air Pollutants	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Arsenic	affects methylation, affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	2
Asbestos	increases expression	2
Benzene	increases chemical synthesis, increases reaction, decreases expression, increases response to substance, affects cotreatment	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, affects methylation	2
Calcitriol	decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Chenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Deoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Glycocholic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Glycodeoxycholic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Ozone	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	2
Triclosan	increases expression	2
Gold Compounds	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
pexidartinib	decreases secretion	1
bisphenol F	decreases methylation	1
2-anisidine	increases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

15 cell lines: 12 cancer cell line, 3 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_6358	5/9 m a3-18	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_A9YZ	NCC-TGCT1-C1	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_B8E4	Abcam HCT 116 CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_B9GC	Abcam A-549 CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D1S0	Abcam U-87MG CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D2EL	Abcam MCF-7 CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_D7MW	Ubigene A-549 CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D8JD	Ubigene HCT 116 CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D9CE	Ubigene HEK293 CSF1 KO	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_E0B2	Ubigene HeLa CSF1 KO	Cancer cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.