CST1

Summary

CST1 (cystatin SN, HGNC:2473) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 20p11.21, encoding Cystatin-SN (P01037). Human saliva appears to contain several cysteine proteinase inhibitors that are immunologically related to cystatin S but that differ in their specificity due to amino acid sequence differences.

The cystatin superfamily encompasses proteins that contain multiple cystatin-like sequences. Some of the members are active cysteine protease inhibitors, while others have lost or perhaps never acquired this inhibitory activity. There are three inhibitory families in the superfamily, including the type 1 cystatins (stefins), type 2 cystatins and the kininogens. The type 2 cystatin proteins are a class of cysteine proteinase inhibitors found in a variety of human fluids and secretions, where they appear to provide protective functions. The cystatin locus on chromosome 20 contains the majority of the type 2 cystatin genes and pseudogenes. This gene is located in the cystatin locus and encodes a cysteine proteinase inhibitor found in saliva, tears, urine, and seminal fluid.

Source: NCBI Gene 1469 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 49 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001898

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:2473
Approved symbol	CST1
Name	cystatin SN
Location	20p11.21
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000170373
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	123855
Entrez	1469

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000304749, ENST00000398402

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_001898 NM_001898

CCDS: CCDS13160

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000304749 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001604936	23749016	23749129
ENSE00001694243	23750639	23750935
ENSE00001834068	23747562	23747899

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 106 present calls, max score 97.33.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 1.1758 / max 1873.1436, expressed in 36 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
186738	1.1486	36
186739	0.0272	1

Top tissues by expression

257 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	97.33	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	83.81	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	80.41	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	63.52	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	63.31	silver quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	62.96	silver quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	62.11	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	61.81	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	61.74	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	61.72	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	59.93	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	58.20	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	58.17	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	56.23	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	55.85	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	54.99	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	53.99	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	53.71	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	53.30	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	52.89	silver quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	52.43	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	52.06	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	51.71	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	51.47	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	51.02	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	50.93	silver quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	50.90	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	50.20	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	49.63	silver quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	49.60	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-7008	yes	9938.22
E-ANND-3	yes	6.42

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

14 targeting CST1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6888-3P	99.97	65.95	1170
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-4739	99.84	65.25	1832
HSA-MIR-6756-5P	99.82	67.97	2466
HSA-MIR-6766-5P	99.68	67.70	2325
HSA-MIR-452-5P	99.65	69.63	1762
HSA-MIR-4676-3P	99.65	69.31	1733
HSA-MIR-892C-3P	99.65	69.38	1745
HSA-MIR-4663	99.62	65.33	957
HSA-MIR-4685-5P	99.25	65.99	1563
HSA-MIR-6837-5P	99.25	65.47	1632
HSA-MIR-4722-5P	98.46	66.34	1611
HSA-MIR-302F	98.44	69.02	1776
HSA-MIR-6753-5P	94.70	64.08	470

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 28)

• Murine monoclonal antibodies were made which can distinguish between CST1 and CST2. (PMID:15829315)
• CST1 might be highly involved in gastric tumorigenesis and regulate the proteolytic activity of cysteine proteases. (PMID:19463800)
• Identification of Cystatin SN as a novel tumor marker for colorectal cancer. (PMID:19513549)
• CST1 expression at both the messenger RNA and protein levels was barely detected in control cells, which included early passage proliferating, quiescent, or immortal human fibroblasts (PMID:21636832)
• CST1 may contribute to inactivation of protease allergens and help re-establish homeostasis of the nasal membranes. (PMID:23950865)
• In conclusion, our data suggest that CST1 might contribute to the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells and could be a potential biomarker for the early detection of pancreatic cancer. (PMID:25577248)
• high expression of Cystatin SN is a significant prognostic indicator of a higher rate of recurrence, metastatic risk, and poor survival in patients with surgically resected NSCLCs. (PMID:25648368)
• interactions of human family 1 & 2 cystatins with cathepsin L1 (PMID:27764212)
• These results indicate that CST1-mediated extracellular CatB activity enhances tumor development by preventing cellular senescence. (PMID:28383558)
• High CST1 expression is negatively correlated with survival of breast cancer patients. CST1 promotes cell proliferation, clone formation, and metastasis in breast cancer cells. CST1 is a novel potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. (PMID:28523467)
• this results identified cystatin 1 as a biomarker in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis (PMID:28633877)
• CST1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of Eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS), and may contribute to the severity and recurrence of CRS with nasal polyps after endoscopic sinus surgery. (PMID:29698614)
• Results revealed that CST1 expression was upregulated in colon cancer (CC) compared with normal tissues and contributed to CC cell proliferation. (PMID:29845224)
• Human cystatin SN suppresses allergic rhinitis (AR) symptoms through inhibiting allergen protease activities and protecting the nasal TJ barrier in an allergen-specific manner. We propose that upregulation of nasal endogenous protease inhibitors, including cystatin SN, is a novel therapeutic strategy for protease allergen-induced AR. (PMID:30012514)
• CST1 enhanced eosinophil activation and recruitment through induction of IL-5. (PMID:30974106)
• The CST complex (CTC1-STN1-TEN1) maintains genome integrity through resolution of G4 structures both ahead of the replication fork and on the lagging strand template (PMID:30976812)
• The role of CST1 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and its potential as a latent target for HCC treatment is reported. (PMID:31106426)
• CST1 was identified as one of the target genes regulated by HOXC10 in gastric cancer. CST1 knockdown represses tumorigenicity of gastric cancer cells. (PMID:31115563)
• Prognostic and pharmacologic value of cystatin SN for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. (PMID:33675819)
• Cystatin C and cystatin SN as possible soluble tumor markers in malignant uveal melanoma. (PMID:34957724)
• Cystatin SN promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition and serves as a prognostic biomarker in lung adenocarcinoma. (PMID:35637432)
• MicroRNA-375 inhibits laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma progression via targeting CST1. (PMID:35953439)
• MiR-942-5p inhibits tumor migration and invasion through targeting CST1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. (PMID:36848349)
• Cystatin SN in type 2 inflammatory airway diseases. (PMID:36958985)
• Epithelium-derived cystatin SN inhibits house dust mite protease activity in allergic asthma. (PMID:37026502)
• Meibomian Gland Dysfunction Is Associated with Low Levels of Immunoglobulin Chains and Cystatin-SN. (PMID:37894795)
• Combination of serum CST1 and HE4 for early diagnosis of endometrial cancer. (PMID:38077439)
• The functional role of CST1 and CCL26 in asthma development. (PMID:38270326)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	si:busm1-57f23.1	ENSDARG00000074425
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000534
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000535
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00023486

Paralogs (11): CST7 (ENSG00000077984), CST9L (ENSG00000101435), CST3 (ENSG00000101439), CST4 (ENSG00000101441), CST8 (ENSG00000125815), CSTL1 (ENSG00000125823), CST11 (ENSG00000125831), CST5 (ENSG00000170367), CST2 (ENSG00000170369), CST9 (ENSG00000173335), CST6 (ENSG00000175315)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Cystatin-SN — P01037 (reviewed: P01037)

Alternative names: Cystain-SA-I, Cystatin-1, Salivary cystatin-SA-1

All UniProt accessions (1): P01037

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Human saliva appears to contain several cysteine proteinase inhibitors that are immunologically related to cystatin S but that differ in their specificity due to amino acid sequence differences. Cystatin SN, with a pI of 7.5, is a much better inhibitor of papain and dipeptidyl peptidase I than is cystatin S, although both inhibit ficin equally well.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in submandibular and sublingual saliva but not in parotid saliva (at protein level). Expressed in saliva, tears, urine and seminal fluid.

Similarity. Belongs to the cystatin family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_001889* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000010	Cystatin_dom	Domain
IPR018073	Prot_inh_cystat_CS	Conserved_site
IPR046350	Cystatin_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00031

UniProt features (11 total): sequence variant 5, disulfide bond 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, short sequence motif 1, site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P01037-F1	92.69	0.75

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 32 (reactive site)

Disulfide bonds (2): 94–104, 118–138

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 67 (showing top): MODULE_255, MODULE_317, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS, MAHADEVAN_IMATINIB_RESISTANCE_DN, VETTER_TARGETS_OF_PRKCA_AND_ETS1_DN, GOBP_DETECTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS_INVOLVED_IN_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, MODULE_88, GOBP_DETECTION_OF_STIMULUS, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION, CHIANG_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_CTNNB1_UP, MODULE_69, MODULE_55, GOMF_PEPTIDASE_REGULATOR_ACTIVITY, chr20p11

GO Biological Process (1): detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste (GO:0001580)

GO Molecular Function (3): cysteine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0004869), protein binding (GO:0005515), peptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0030414)

GO Cellular Component (4): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), vesicle (GO:0031982), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste	1
sensory perception of bitter taste	1
cysteine-type endopeptidase activity	1
endopeptidase inhibitor activity	1
binding	1
enzyme inhibitor activity	1
peptidase activity	1
peptidase regulator activity	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

633 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CST1	CPPED1	Q9BRF8	938
CST1	PIP	P12273	696
CST1	CSTA	P01040	629
CST1	AZGP1	P25311	618
CST1	STATH	P02808	580
CST1	CSTB	P04080	565
CST1	S100A9	P06702	520
CST1	CA6	P23280	517
CST1	LCN1	P31025	485
CST1	BPIFA2	Q96DR5	475
CST1	LYZL1	Q6UWQ5	469
CST1	DCD	P58461	451
CST1	CTSS	P25774	447
CST1	GZF1	Q9H116	438
CST1	AMY1B	P04745	434

IntAct

98 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TADA3	TADA2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.740
COMMD1	VPS26C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
TAX1BP3	ARVCF	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.690
NDUFA13	NDUFS8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
UQCRQ	COX7A2L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ACTR3	ARPC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
C1D	ZFC3H1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
DNAJC8	SF3B1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SGTA	CST1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CSNK2B	CST1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
	CST1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CST1	UBQLN2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CST1	IER3IP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CST1	CSNK2B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CST1	ASPH	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FTH1	A2ML1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
FRMD1	A2ML1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
DDX31	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CST1	CTSV	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
HBM	SCGB2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
B3GALNT1	DUSP14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RHOBTB1	CST4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GTF2B	CST4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PLEKHG6	CST4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
UBTD2	CST4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (167): SGTA (Two-hybrid), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST4 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CTSH (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CST1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0K0IP23, A0A224AHH8, A0A3S6I186, A0A5C1J0Z8, A0A6B9KZ52, B1P1J3, B2Z450, B7PKZ1, B7PKZ2, E3P6N3, E3P6N4, E3P6N5, E3P6N6, E3P6N7, E3P6N8, E3P6N9, E3P6P0, E3P6P1, E3P6P2, E3P6P3, E3P6P4, G5EDZ9, J3RYX9, J3SE80, O60676, O88969, P01037, P01048, P08935, P0DXA0, P19313, P22085, P28325, P32766, P35481, P81714, P90698, Q15828, Q2XXN5, Q331K1

Diamond homologs: A0A0K0IP23, B1P1J3, G5ECM9, G5EDZ9, O19092, P01034, P01037, P22085, Q6QZV5, Q91195, Q9JM84, B2Z450, E3P6N3, E3P6N4, E3P6N5, E3P6N6, E3P6N7, E3P6N8, E3P6N9, E3P6P0, E3P6P1, E3P6P2, E3P6P3, E3P6P4, J3RYX9, J3SE80, O19093, O97862, P01035, P01038, P08935, P0DXA0, P14841, P19313, P21460, P31726, P35481, P81061, P81714, P90698

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

49 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	39
Likely benign	8
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

219 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
20:23747898:TTC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:23747900:C:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:23747900:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23747902:G:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749011:CGTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
20:23749012:GTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:23749013:TACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
20:23749014:ACCT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
20:23749015:CCTT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
20:23749125:ACGGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749126:CGGT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749126:CGGTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749128:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749128:GTC:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:23749129:TC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:23749130:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749131:T:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:23749133:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749135:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749137:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23749138:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:23750636:TAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
20:23750637:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
20:23750638:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
20:23750638:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
20:23747895:TGTTT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
20:23747896:GTTT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
20:23747897:TTT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
20:23747898:TT:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
20:23747902:G:GC	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

918 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
20:23747861:C:A	W127C	0.971
20:23747861:C:G	W127C	0.971
20:23747882:G:C	F120L	0.960
20:23747882:G:T	F120L	0.960
20:23747884:A:G	F120L	0.960
20:23747889:C:G	C118S	0.959
20:23747890:A:T	C118S	0.959
20:23747883:A:C	F120C	0.957
20:23750717:G:C	F50L	0.949
20:23750717:G:T	F50L	0.949
20:23750719:A:G	F50L	0.949
20:23749077:C:G	C94S	0.946
20:23749078:A:T	C94S	0.946
20:23749083:G:A	T92I	0.925
20:23747829:C:G	C138S	0.924
20:23747830:A:T	C138S	0.924
20:23750715:G:T	A51D	0.923
20:23749041:A:C	F106C	0.921
20:23750640:T:G	Q76P	0.920
20:23749047:C:G	C104S	0.916
20:23749048:A:T	C104S	0.916
20:23749078:A:G	C94R	0.914
20:23747890:A:G	C118R	0.912
20:23750699:G:C	N56K	0.908
20:23750699:G:T	N56K	0.908
20:23749077:C:T	C94Y	0.904
20:23750639:C:A	Q76H	0.904
20:23750639:C:G	Q76H	0.904
20:23749048:A:G	C104R	0.903
20:23750718:A:C	F50C	0.898

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000382148 (20:23747093 T>C,G), RS1001074339 (20:23752920 G>A,C,T), RS1002872823 (20:23748065 G>A,C), RS1003078365 (20:23751268 G>A,T), RS1004075527 (20:23752561 C>G,T), RS1004447204 (20:23748757 T>A,C), RS1004898817 (20:23748298 C>G,T), RS1005113982 (20:23751481 T>C), RS1005901630 (20:23747587 A>T), RS1005928673 (20:23747481 G>C), RS1007523440 (20:23749857 G>A,C), RS1008117728 (20:23749070 C>T), RS1009581787 (20:23752900 C>T), RS1009616220 (20:23752758 G>A,T), RS1011424035 (20:23752648 C>A,G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:123855 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation	Limited	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (1): (MONDO:0018393)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006585_1273	Blood protein levels	1.000000e-115

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

26 total (human), top 26 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Air Pollutants	increases expression, increases abundance	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	affects expression, increases methylation	2
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
mercuric bromide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	increases abundance, increases expression	1
corosolic acid	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	increases expression	1
Endosulfan	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	affects expression, increases reaction	1
Etoposide	affects response to substance	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects expression, affects response to substance	1
Lucanthone	increases expression	1
Methotrexate	affects response to substance	1
Phosphorus	increases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Smoke	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Tretinoin	increases expression	1
Nanotubes, Carbon	increases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.