CYP26C1

Summary

CYP26C1 (cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily C member 1, HGNC:20577) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 10q23.33, encoding Cytochrome P450 26C1 (Q6V0L0). A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of retinoates (RAs), the active metabolites of vitamin A, and critical signaling molecules in animals.

This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This enzyme is involved in the catabolism of all-trans- and 9-cis-retinoic acid, and thus contributes to the regulation of retinoic acid levels in cells and tissues. This gene is adjacent to a related gene on chromosome 10q23.33.

Source: NCBI Gene 340665 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): focal facial dermal dysplasia type IV (Strong, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 122 total — 1 pathogenic, 3 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 19
• MANE Select transcript: NM_183374

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20577
Approved symbol	CYP26C1
Name	cytochrome P450 family 26 subfamily C member 1
Location	10q23.33
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000187553
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	608428
Entrez	340665

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding

ENST00000624358, ENST00000651965

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_183374 NM_183374

CCDS: CCDS7425

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000651965 — 6 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001092330	93062010	93062234
ENSE00001327579	93062720	93062995
ENSE00001376608	93064381	93064536
ENSE00001803538	93065956	93066285
ENSE00003843667	93068320	93069540
ENSE00003844678	93060798	93061467

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 15 present calls, max score 54.83.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0737 / max 13.2966, expressed in 34 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
106268	0.0737	34

Top tissues by expression

113 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	54.83	silver quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	48.90	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	45.02	silver quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	42.64	silver quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	42.12	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	42.02	silver quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	40.14	silver quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	39.96	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	38.94	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	38.78	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	38.75	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	38.60	silver quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	37.68	silver quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	37.55	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	37.22	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	37.20	silver quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	36.72	silver quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	36.48	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	36.42	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	36.04	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	35.97	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	35.73	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	35.57	silver quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	35.49	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	35.39	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	35.10	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	34.79	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	34.64	silver quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	34.08	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	34.03	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.97

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 9)

• may play a specific role in catabolizing both all-trans and 9-cis isomers of retinoic acid. (PMID:14532297)
• CYP26A1 and CYP26C1 play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of nonsyndromic bilateral and unilateral optic nerve aplasia. (PMID:21850183)
• Focal facial dermal dysplasia, type IV results from the loss of function mutations in CYP26C1. (PMID:23161670)
• Elevated expression of CYP26C1 in primary breast carcinomas (PMID:26009309)
• Together, these findings describe CYP26C1 as the first genetic modifier for SHOX deficiency. (PMID:27861128)
• findings suggest that CYP26C1 is a 4-oxo-atRA hydroxylase and may be important in regulating the concentrations of this active retinoid in human tissues (PMID:29476041)
• CYP26C1 missense variants and one splicing variant were identified in six independent individuals with idiopathic short stature. (PMID:29706635)
• This review highlights the current knowledge of structure-function of CYP26 enzymes and focuses on their role in human retinoid metabolism in different tissues. (PMID:31419517)
• Association of CYP26C1 Promoter Hypomethylation with Small Vessel Occlusion in Korean Subjects. (PMID:34681016)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	cyp26c1	ENSDARG00000056029
mus_musculus	Cyp26c1	ENSMUSG00000062432
rattus_norvegicus	Cyp26c1	ENSRNOG00000030698

Paralogs (2): CYP26B1 (ENSG00000003137), CYP26A1 (ENSG00000095596)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Cytochrome P450 26C1 — Q6V0L0 (reviewed: Q6V0L0)

All UniProt accessions (2): A0A096LNL5, Q6V0L0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of retinoates (RAs), the active metabolites of vitamin A, and critical signaling molecules in animals. RAs exist as at least four different isomers: all-trans-RA (atRA), 9-cis-RA, 13-cis-RA, and 9,13-dicis-RA, where atRA is considered to be the biologically active isomer, although 9-cis-RA and 13-cis-RA also have activity. Catalyzes the oxidation of atRA primarily at C-4. Oxidation of atRA limits its biological activity and initiates a degradative process leading to its eventual elimination, thereby contributes to the regulation of atRA homeostasis and signaling. Able to metabolize other RAs such as 9-cis with high efficiency. Can oxidize all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinoate (DRA) to metabolites which could include all-trans-4-oxo-DRA, all-trans-4-hydroxy-DRA, all-trans-5,8-epoxy-DRA, and all-trans-18-hydroxy-DRA. Shares sequence similarity with other CYP26 family members, but has higher affinity to 9-cis-RA and is much less sensitive to the inhibitory effects of ketoconazole. In cooperation with Cyp26a1, contributes to the CNS patterning and the development of regions of higher visual acuity.

Subcellular location. Membrane.

Tissue specificity. Detected in most tissues at very low level.

Disease relevance. Focal facial dermal dysplasia 4 (FFDD4) [MIM:614974] A form of focal facial dermal dysplasia, a group of developmental defects characterized by bitemporal or preauricular skin lesions resembling aplasia cutis congenita. Skin defects occur at the sites of facial fusion during embryogenesis, with temporal lesions situated at the junction between the frontonasal and maxillary facial prominences, and preauricular lesions at the meeting point of the maxillary and mandibular prominences. The ectodermal lesions show consistent histologic abnormalities: atrophy and flattening of the epidermis, replacement of the dermis by loose connective tissue, reduced levels of fragmented elastic tissue and absence of the subcutaneous tissues and adnexal structures. FFDD4 is characterized by isolated, preauricular skin lesions. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Induction. By retinoic acid.

Similarity. Belongs to the cytochrome P450 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_899230* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001128	Cyt_P450	Family
IPR002403	Cyt_P450_E_grp-IV	Family
IPR017972	Cyt_P450_CS	Conserved_site
IPR036396	Cyt_P450_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00067

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 7 shown:

• an organic molecule + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = an alcohol + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+) (RHEA:17149)
• all-trans-retinoate + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoate + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+) (RHEA:51984)
• 9-cis-retinoate + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 9-cis-4-hydroxyretinoate + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+) (RHEA:75847)
• all-trans-4-hydroxyretinoate + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = all-trans-4-oxoretinoate + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O + H(+) (RHEA:75851)
• 9-cis-4-hydroxyretinoate + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = 9-cis-4-oxoretinoate + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O + H(+) (RHEA:75855)
• all-trans-4-hydroxy-13,14-dihydroretinoate + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = all-trans-4-oxo-13,14-dihydroretinoate + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + 2 H2O + H(+) (RHEA:75859)
• all-trans-13,14-dihydroretinoate + reduced [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + O2 = all-trans-4-hydroxy-13,14-dihydroretinoate + oxidized [NADPH–hemoprotein reductase] + H2O + H(+) (RHEA:75863)

UniProt features (5 total): chain 1, transmembrane region 1, binding site 1, sequence variant 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q6V0L0-F1	89.34	0.77

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 459 (axial binding residue)

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-211916	Vitamins
R-HSA-5365859	RA biosynthesis pathway
R-HSA-5579004	Defective CYP26C1 causes FFDD4

MSigDB gene sets: 126 (showing top): REACTOME_BIOLOGICAL_OXIDATIONS, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, GOMF_OXIDOREDUCTASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_PAIRED_DONORS_WITH_INCORPORATION_OR_REDUCTION_OF_MOLECULAR_OXYGEN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_RETINOIC_ACID_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HORMONE_LEVELS, GOBP_MONOCARBOXYLIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_HORMONE_MEDIATED_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_RETINOIC_ACID_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_MESENCHYMAL_CELL_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_HORMONE_STIMULUS, GOBP_ANTERIOR_POSTERIOR_PATTERN_SPECIFICATION, GOBP_ORGANIC_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_RETINOIC_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_HORMONE

GO Biological Process (8): vitamin metabolic process (GO:0006766), central nervous system development (GO:0007417), anterior/posterior pattern specification (GO:0009952), neural crest cell development (GO:0014032), retinoic acid catabolic process (GO:0034653), organelle fusion (GO:0048284), negative regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway (GO:0048387), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629)

GO Molecular Function (9): retinoic acid binding (GO:0001972), monooxygenase activity (GO:0004497), iron ion binding (GO:0005506), retinoic acid 4-hydroxylase activity (GO:0008401), oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen (GO:0016712), heme binding (GO:0020037), oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen (GO:0016705), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (2): endoplasmic reticulum membrane (GO:0005789), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type	1
Signaling by Retinoic Acid	1
Metabolic disorders of biological oxidation enzymes	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
oxidoreductase activity	2
monooxygenase activity	2
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen	2
small molecule metabolic process	1
nervous system development	1
system development	1
regionalization	1
neural crest cell differentiation	1
stem cell development	1
diterpenoid catabolic process	1
fat-soluble vitamin catabolic process	1
retinoic acid metabolic process	1
monocarboxylic acid catabolic process	1
organelle organization	1
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	1
regulation of retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	1
negative regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
primary metabolic process	1
retinoid binding	1
monocarboxylic acid binding	1
transition metal ion binding	1
tetrapyrrole binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
organelle membrane	1
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network	1
endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1196 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
CYP26C1	ALDH1A2	O94788	825
CYP26C1	STRA8	Q7Z7C7	823
CYP26C1	CRABP2	P29373	722
CYP26C1	CRABP1	P29762	701
CYP26C1	ALDH1A3	P47895	640
CYP26C1	RDH10	Q8IZV5	637
CYP26C1	RBP2	P50120	634
CYP26C1	RARS1	P54136	608
CYP26C1	RARB	P10826	531
CYP26C1	RARG	P13631	519
CYP26C1	HOXB1	P14653	501
CYP26C1	STRA6	Q9BX79	500
CYP26C1	LRRC30	A6NM36	497
CYP26C1	SDR9C7	Q8NEX9	495
CYP26C1	ALDH1A1	P00352	490

IntAct

3 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
M		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GPC3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (1): CYP26C1 (Protein-peptide)

ESM2 similar proteins: B2RXA7, E1BHJ4, F1RE08, G3V7X8, I1GQE7, O02766, O15528, O35084, O35132, O43174, O55127, O88962, O93323, P00191, P03940, P08686, P0DOX0, P12394, P15540, P30437, P51871, P70085, P98187, Q07973, Q08D50, Q09128, Q16678, Q2LA59, Q2LA60, Q2LCM1, Q3MID2, Q4G0S4, Q5VRM7, Q60991, Q64429, Q64441, Q64562, Q64678, Q6EIG3, Q6V0L0

Diamond homologs: A0A087X1C5, A0A098CZ12, A0A0B5KYT4, A0A179HLW2, A0A1B4XBH1, A0A1L7VEQ8, A0A1L9URA0, A0A1U8QFC3, A0A1W5T1Y6, A0A2L0P0J8, A0A2Z5D854, A0A2Z6FZ19, A0A343URW7, A0A384JQH2, A0A3Q9FEJ4, A0A3Q9R4N5, A0A411KZZ4, A0A481WNM6, A0A517FNC7, A7VMU4, A8CDR5, B2RXA7, B3FWR7, B4FVP3, C9K202, F4JW83, G1XU01, G3JUI6, G3XSI3, K0E684, M2V0Z8, O18992, O22307, O23066, O46658, O55071, P04167, P05185, P10635, P11715

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

122 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	3
Uncertain significance	91
Likely benign	15
Benign	5

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (4)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
2081971	NM_183374.3(CYP26C1):c.457_481del (p.Ala153fs)	Pathogenic
3065284	NM_183374.3(CYP26C1):c.1191+1G>A	Likely pathogenic
4685469	NM_183374.3(CYP26C1):c.1238_1260del (p.Asp413fs)	Likely pathogenic
4845661	NM_183374.3(CYP26C1):c.1056C>A (p.Cys352Ter)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

749 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
10:93064532:TGAAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:93064537:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
10:93066283:GAC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
10:93066286:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
10:93061466:AG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93061467:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93061469:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062008:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93062009:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93062231:CAAG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062232:AAGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062233:AGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062236:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062992:CAAGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062993:AAGGT:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062994:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062996:GTAC:G	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93062997:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93064371:T:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93064376:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93064376:ATCAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93064377:T:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93065955:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
10:93066282:CGAC:C	donor_gain	0.9900
10:93066283:GACG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
10:93066284:AC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
10:93066284:ACGT:A	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93066285:CGTA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93066286:GTA:G	donor_loss	0.9900
10:93066287:TAAG:T	donor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

3314 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
10:93068482:T:C	F452L	0.998
10:93068484:C:A	F452L	0.998
10:93068484:C:G	F452L	0.998
10:93062019:T:C	F72L	0.997
10:93062021:C:A	F72L	0.997
10:93062021:C:G	F72L	0.997
10:93062055:T:C	F84L	0.997
10:93062057:C:A	F84L	0.997
10:93062057:C:G	F84L	0.997
10:93066257:G:C	R388P	0.997
10:93066256:C:A	R388S	0.996
10:93068356:A:C	S410R	0.996
10:93068358:C:A	S410R	0.996
10:93068358:C:G	S410R	0.996
10:93066001:A:C	S303R	0.995
10:93066003:T:A	S303R	0.995
10:93066003:T:G	S303R	0.995
10:93068482:T:A	F452I	0.994
10:93062089:G:C	R95P	0.992
10:93066007:A:C	S305R	0.992
10:93066009:C:A	S305R	0.992
10:93066009:C:G	S305R	0.992
10:93066217:G:A	E375K	0.992
10:93066218:A:T	E375V	0.992
10:93066226:C:A	R378S	0.992
10:93068341:T:A	W405R	0.992
10:93068341:T:C	W405R	0.992
10:93068572:T:A	W482R	0.992
10:93068572:T:C	W482R	0.992
10:93062020:T:C	F72S	0.991

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000279251 (10:93059535 G>A), RS1000323921 (10:93065038 T>C), RS1000435806 (10:93065352 A>G), RS1000488109 (10:93065139 C>A), RS1000661834 (10:93063788 G>T), RS1000820102 (10:93066454 GCTGA>G), RS1000956189 (10:93060501 G>T), RS1001292721 (10:93069401 A>G), RS1001830774 (10:93065732 TC>T), RS1001946936 (10:93066050 T>C), RS1002140565 (10:93059421 G>A), RS1002451601 (10:93063887 T>C), RS1002454116 (10:93063356 T>C), RS1002718943 (10:93060859 C>G), RS1002775906 (10:93069388 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:608428 | disease phenotypes: MIM:614974

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
focal facial dermal dysplasia type IV	Strong	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (1): focal facial dermal dysplasia type IV (MONDO:0013997)

Orphanet (3): Microphthalmia-anophthalmia-coloboma (Orphanet:98555), Focal facial dermal dysplasia (Orphanet:398166), Focal facial dermal dysplasia type IV (Orphanet:398189)

HPO phenotypes

19 total (19 of 19 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000175	Cleft palate
HP:0000204	Cleft upper lip
HP:0000238	Hydrocephalus
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000331	Short chin
HP:0001028	Hemangioma
HP:0001269	Hemiparesis
HP:0002170	Intracranial hemorrhage
HP:0003764	Nevus
HP:0004426	Abnormal cheek morphology
HP:0007359	Focal-onset seizure
HP:0008066	Abnormal blistering of the skin
HP:0011124	Abnormal epidermal morphology
HP:0011336	Bitemporal forceps marks
HP:0025167	Fragmented elastic fibers in the dermis
HP:0100494	Abnormal mast cell morphology
HP:0100699	Scarring
HP:3000019	Abnormal buccal mucosa morphology

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST005407_1	Glaucoma (primary open-angle)	2.000000e-06
GCST006003_19	Triglyceride levels	4.000000e-16
GCST007876_115	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	1.000000e-09
GCST010002_297	Refractive error	3.000000e-23
GCST010241_431	Apolipoprotein A1 levels	6.000000e-12
GCST010796_3318	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	3.000000e-08
GCST011345_14	Triglyceride levels	5.000000e-18

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0004614	apolipoprotein A 1 measurement
EFO:0004327	electrocardiography

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — CYP24, CYP26 and CYP27 families

CTD chemical–gene interactions

14 total (human), top 14 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Alitretinoin	affects binding, decreases reaction, increases metabolic processing, increases expression	2
Tretinoin	affects binding, decreases reaction, increases metabolic processing, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	increases methylation	1
potassium perchlorate	decreases expression	1
aflatoxin B2	decreases methylation	1
Air Pollutants	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Biological Factors	decreases expression	1
Ketoconazole	decreases reaction, increases metabolic processing	1
Lead	affects expression	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Asbestos, Serpentine	decreases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.