DAZ4

Summary

DAZ4 (deleted in azoospermia 4, HGNC:15966) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Yq11.23, encoding Deleted in azoospermia protein 4 (Q86SG3). RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in spermatogenesis.

This gene is a member of the DAZ gene family and is a candidate for the human Y-chromosomal azoospermia factor (AZF). Its expression is restricted to premeiotic germ cells, particularly in spermatogonia. It encodes an RNA-binding protein that is important for spermatogenesis. Four copies of this gene are found on chromosome Y within palindromic duplications; one pair of genes is part of the P2 palindrome and the second pair is part of the P1 palindrome. Each gene contains a 2.4 kb repeat including a 72-bp exon, called the DAZ repeat; the number of DAZ repeats is variable and there are several variations in the sequence of the DAZ repeat. Each copy of the gene also contains a 10.8 kb region that may be amplified; this region includes five exons that encode an RNA recognition motif (RRM) domain. This gene contains two copies of the 10.8 kb repeat. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been described.

Source: NCBI Gene 57135 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 2 total — 2 pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 6
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001388484

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:15966
Approved symbol	DAZ4
Name	deleted in azoospermia 4
Location	Yq11.23
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000205916
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	400048
Entrez	57135

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 8 protein_coding

ENST00000382296, ENST00000382314, ENST00000382432, ENST00000415508, ENST00000440066, ENST00000449750, ENST00000634662, ENST00000682740

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001388484 NM_001005375, NM_001388484, NM_020420

CCDS: CCDS55557, CCDS94720

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000682740 — 29 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001607094	24841804	24841855
ENSE00001609022	24853293	24853432
ENSE00001610089	24852652	24852703
ENSE00001610738	24859666	24859737
ENSE00001612288	24841152	24841243
ENSE00001628323	24864446	24864517
ENSE00001632077	24866842	24866913
ENSE00001639000	24853140	24853203
ENSE00001643133	24857276	24857347
ENSE00001671603	24852000	24852091
ENSE00001694635	24862062	24862133
ENSE00001709278	24842445	24842584
ENSE00001741374	24842292	24842355
ENSE00001759079	24871599	24871670
ENSE00001761380	24851579	24851725
ENSE00001784722	24840731	24840877
ENSE00001790708	24833919	24834129
ENSE00001796227	24854833	24854904
ENSE00002242041	24890918	24890989
ENSE00002310973	24905184	24907040
ENSE00003646399	24869219	24869290
ENSE00003713241	24901112	24901210
ENSE00003715125	24896505	24896539
ENSE00003715662	24893303	24893374
ENSE00003724163	24895688	24895759
ENSE00003724888	24886149	24886220
ENSE00003735270	24873976	24874047
ENSE00003742565	24888534	24888605
ENSE00003752781	24883764	24883835

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 16 present calls, max score 83.23.

Top tissues by expression

120 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	83.23	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	82.55	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	69.64	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	69.11	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	66.98	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	41.71	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	41.69	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	40.95	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	38.30	silver quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	37.21	silver quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	37.20	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	37.17	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	36.48	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	36.47	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	36.16	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	35.34	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	35.21	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	34.61	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	34.41	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	33.74	silver quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	33.38	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	33.17	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	32.18	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	32.15	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	31.96	silver quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	31.74	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	31.06	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	30.93	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	30.37	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	29.87	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.06

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

111 targeting DAZ4, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-196A-5P	100.00	68.16	684
HSA-MIR-196B-5P	100.00	68.16	681
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-1252-5P	100.00	69.80	2774
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-3185	99.99	68.12	1959
HSA-MIR-4531	99.99	69.70	3181
HSA-MIR-3617-3P	99.98	67.86	918
HSA-LET-7F-2-3P	99.98	70.98	2588
HSA-MIR-1185-1-3P	99.98	71.04	2593
HSA-MIR-1185-2-3P	99.98	71.04	2593
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-545-3P	99.95	70.74	2783
HSA-MIR-548J-3P	99.94	72.61	4881
HSA-MIR-548AE-3P	99.93	72.66	4867
HSA-MIR-548AH-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AM-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AQ-3P	99.93	72.66	4867
HSA-MIR-4778-3P	99.93	70.40	1818
HSA-MIR-450B-5P	99.92	71.48	3175
HSA-MIR-3686	99.90	70.53	2432
HSA-MIR-8087	99.90	69.55	1351
HSA-MIR-4302	99.89	67.94	1187
HSA-MIR-7162-3P	99.89	68.16	1682
HSA-MIR-548E-5P	99.89	72.73	4486

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• a common variant of the human Y chromosome lacks the DAZ3/DAZ4 and BPY2.2/BPY2.3 doublets in distal AZFc and thus these genes cannot be required for male fertility (PMID:14639527)
• AZFc subdeletions do not seem to cause severe impairment of spermatogenesis in Chilean men. (PMID:17416365)
• All four DAZ genes are expressed in the human testis, and their products are highly polymorphic among men (PMID:19223287)
• Oligospermia seems to be promoted by removing DAZ4 copy. Deletion of DAZ2 and DAZ4 gene copies is associated with male infertility. (PMID:24878370)
• Studies indicate that partial RNA-binding proteins DAZ1/2 deletion was associated wih male infertility, but partial RNA-binding proteins DAZ3/4 deletion was not associated with male infertility. (PMID:26232607)
• study reported a new type of AZFc deletion (gr/gr-DAZ2-DAZ4-CDY1b) and hypothesis that this new deletion is the result of 2 successive events favored by the unstable structure of AZFc region; also demonstrated that this deletion constitutes a relative high-risk factor for male infertility in Tunisian population (PMID:27457284)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	dazl	ENSDARG00000036214
drosophila_melanogaster	bol	FBGN0011206
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000935

Paralogs (5): DAZL (ENSG00000092345), BOLL (ENSG00000152430), DAZ3 (ENSG00000187191), DAZ1 (ENSG00000188120), DAZ2 (ENSG00000205944)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Deleted in azoospermia protein 4 — Q86SG3 (reviewed: Q86SG3)

All UniProt accessions (7): A0A0A0MSS9, A0A140T8Y1, A0A804HKV4, E7ENA5, E7EU38, E7EU39, Q86SG3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. RNA-binding protein that plays an essential role in spermatogenesis. May act by binding to the 3’-UTR of mRNAs and regulating their translation.

Subunit / interactions. Forms a heterodimer with BOLL and DAZL. Interacts with PUM2, DAZAP1, DAZAP2, DZIP1 and DZIP3.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Testis-specific. Expression restricted to premeiotic germ cells, particularly in spermatogonia (at protein level).

Disease relevance. Spermatogenic failure Y-linked 2 (SPGFY2) [MIM:415000] A disorder resulting in the absence (azoospermia) or reduction (oligozoospermia) of sperm in the semen, leading to male infertility. The disease may be caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. AZFc deletions in the Yq11.23 region including the DAZ genes are the most common known genetic cause of human male infertility.

Domain organisation. The DAZ domains are essential and mediate the interaction with DAZAP1 and DAZAP2.

Polymorphism. The number as well as the precise structure of the DAZ proteins probably differs within the population.

Miscellaneous. DAZ genes are prone to deletions but also to duplications. In a population of infertile men, DAZ genes deletions are associated with oligozoospermia but an increased number of DAZ genes is not a significant risk factor for spermatogenic failure. The DAZ proteins (DAZ, DAZ2, DAZ4 and DAZ4) are all encoded by a strongly repeated region of the Y chromosome, in two clusters each comprising an inverted pair of DAZ genes. They are very similar, which gives their indidual characterization difficult. Thus, most experiments do not discriminate between the different members. One can therefore suppose that reported interactions with a DAZ protein involve all the 4 proteins.

Similarity. Belongs to the RRM DAZ family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q86SG3-1	1	yes
Q86SG3-2	2

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001005375, NP_001375413, NP_065153 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000504	RRM_dom	Domain
IPR012677	Nucleotide-bd_a/b_plait_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR035979	RBD_domain_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037551	DAZ_RRM_vert	Domain
IPR043628	DAZ_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00076, PF18872

UniProt features (22 total): domain 11, compositionally biased region 4, splice variant 3, region of interest 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q86SG3-F1	57.51	0.05

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 84 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MRNA_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_3_UTR_MEDIATED_MRNA_STABILIZATION, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_TRANSLATIONAL_INITIATION, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_TRANSLATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_TRANSLATIONAL_INITIATION, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, GOMF_TRANSLATION_REGULATOR_ACTIVITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION, CTCAAGA_MIR526B, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_TRANSLATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_TRANSLATION

GO Biological Process (4): spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), cell differentiation (GO:0030154), positive regulation of translational initiation (GO:0045948), 3’-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization (GO:0070935)

GO Molecular Function (5): mRNA 3’-UTR binding (GO:0003730), translation activator activity (GO:0008494), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), RNA binding (GO:0003723), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
positive regulation of translation	2
binding	2
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
cellular developmental process	1
translational initiation	1
regulation of translational initiation	1
mRNA stabilization	1
mRNA binding	1
translation regulator activity	1
nucleic acid binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
cellular_component	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
DAZ4	CFTR	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370

BioGRID (1): DAZ4 (PCA)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A087WUL8, A0A0J9YWL9, A0A0U1RQI7, A0A1D9BZF0, A6NJU9, A6NKU9, A6NNC1, A6QL64, A8MRT5, B2SU53, B4DH59, B5DUH6, C9JG80, E5RHQ5, F8W0I5, P01068, P02895, P06916, P07907, P0DKL2, P0DPF3, P0DRJ4, P13208, P14417, P32072, P83060, Q26755, Q3BBV0, Q3BBV2, Q4ZJY7, Q4ZJZ0, Q4ZJZ1, Q4ZJZ3, Q5TAG4, Q5TI25, Q6P3W6, Q6RY98, Q7T3L1, Q86SG3, Q86T75

Diamond homologs: A0A2R8Y4L2, A2A5N3, A3LXL0, A5A6H4, A6NDE4, A6NEQ0, A7VJC2, D3Z4I3, F4HT49, M0R7T6, O43347, O57437, O88569, P04256, P07909, P09651, P09867, P0C7P1, P0CB38, P0DJD3, P0DJD4, P11940, P17130, P20965, P21187, P21522, P22626, P29341, P42731, P48809, P49312, P51989, P51990, P51992, P60047, P61286, Q00916, Q02926, Q10422, Q13117

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

2 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	2
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	0
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (2)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
564963	GRCh37/hg19 Yq11.223-11.23(chrY:24663585-28799937)x0	Pathogenic
870526	GRCh37/hg19 Yq11.222-11.23(chrY:21719615-28799937)x0	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

4631 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
Y:24840729:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24840730:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24840813:GC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24840832:C:T	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24840876:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24840877:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841147:CATAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
Y:24841148:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841149:TAGA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
Y:24841150:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841150:AGAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841150:AGATG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841151:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841151:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841151:GAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841151:GATG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841151:GATGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841239:AAAGG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841240:AAGG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841241:AGG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841242:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841242:GGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841243:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841244:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841802:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841803:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841803:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841853:GGA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841854:GA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
Y:24841854:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4627 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
Y:24841811:T:C	F84L	0.999
Y:24841813:T:A	F84L	0.999
Y:24841813:T:G	F84L	0.999
Y:24851702:T:C	F208L	0.999
Y:24851704:T:A	F208L	0.999
Y:24851704:T:G	F208L	0.999
Y:24852659:T:C	F249L	0.999
Y:24852661:T:A	F249L	0.999
Y:24852661:T:G	F249L	0.999
Y:24852663:T:A	V250D	0.999
Y:24840854:T:C	F43L	0.998
Y:24840856:T:A	F43L	0.998
Y:24840856:T:G	F43L	0.998
Y:24852657:G:A	G248E	0.998
Y:24852660:T:C	F249S	0.998
Y:24852668:T:C	F252L	0.998
Y:24852669:T:C	F252S	0.998
Y:24852670:T:A	F252L	0.998
Y:24852670:T:G	F252L	0.998
Y:24841815:T:A	V85D	0.997
Y:24851700:T:A	V207D	0.997
Y:24851706:T:A	V209D	0.997
Y:24840852:T:A	V42D	0.995
Y:24841809:G:A	G83E	0.995
Y:24841812:T:C	F84S	0.995
Y:24841820:T:C	F87L	0.995
Y:24841822:T:A	F87L	0.995
Y:24841822:T:G	F87L	0.995
Y:24851703:T:C	F208S	0.995
Y:24852669:T:G	F252C	0.995

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS111254284 (Y:24882359 C>T), RS111704199 (Y:24881934 C>G), RS111759156 (Y:24876160 G>A), RS111794896 (Y:24877569 G>T), RS111909097 (Y:24859389 G>T), RS111962220 (Y:24901911 T>C), RS111976811 (Y:24876292 C>A), RS111987016 (Y:24895456 A>G), RS112019264 (Y:24850186 T>G), RS112030643 (Y:24875891 A>T), RS112046504 (Y:24838360 A>G), RS112086834 (Y:24895919 G>T), RS112126351 (Y:24879098 C>T), RS112200460 (Y:24878696 T>A), RS112272026 (Y:24878699 G>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:400048 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): male infertility (MONDO:0005372)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

6 total (6 of 6 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000028	Cryptorchidism
HP:0000798	Oligozoospermia
HP:0003251	Male infertility
HP:0008669	Abnormal spermatogenesis
HP:0008734	Decreased testicular size
HP:0011961	Non-obstructive azoospermia

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D007248	Infertility, Male	C12.100.500.430; C12.100.750.700; C12.200.294.430

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

5 total (human), top 5 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Arsenic Trioxide	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

125 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02202382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Male Infertility
NCT02204826	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Semen Parameters in Male Infertility Patients: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Study
NCT03802864	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-operative Pain Control of Testicular Sperm Extraction Using Liposomal Bupivacaine
NCT06100432	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia (DLBS5055) and Multivitamins (Vitamin C+Vitamin E+ β-carotene) for Infertile Males
NCT07523022	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Comparison of the Effect of Gonadotropin and Clomiphene Citrate Treatment on Sperm Parameters and the Outcome of Assisted Reproductive Procedures in Subfertile Men Based on the APHRODITE Groups
NCT00975117	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Spermotrend in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT01407432	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Impact of Folates in the Care of the Male Infertility
NCT01895816	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Herbal Tonic Fertile Supplement(ZO2C5)
NCT02605070	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Pilot Study on the Effects of FSH Treatment on the Epigenetic Characteristics of Spermatozoa in Infertile Patients With Severe Oligozoospermia
NCT07402759	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of tdrd9 Gene Mutations in the Therapeutic Response to L-carnitine in Oligoasthenozoospermic Men
NCT01880086	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Low Testosterone Associated With Chronic Opioid Pain Medication Administration
NCT02061384	PHASE2	COMPLETED	RA-2 13-cis Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin)
NCT02421887	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility Trial
NCT05200663	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Efficacy Comparison of Tamoxifen and Tamoxifen With Antioxidants on Semen Quality of Male With Idiopathic Infertility
NCT05290558	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Therapeutic Effects of Bu Shen Yi Jing Pill on Semen Quality in Sub Fertile Males: a Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT06091969	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Supplementation for Male Subfertility
NCT01595308	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Semen Parameters in Healthy Male Volunteers
NCT02122211	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Choline Dehydrogenase and Sperm Function: Effects of Betaine
NCT02575924	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Influence of Culture Media on Clinical Outcomes in Poor Responders or Severe Male Infertility
NCT01304927	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Vitamin D Supplementation and Male Infertility: The CBG-study a Randomized Clinical Trial
NCT02349945	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	FSH Receptor Polymorphism p.N680S and Efficacy of FSH Therapy
NCT05222841	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Effectiveness of Spermotrend Food Supplement in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT05616598	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of New Oral Treatment for Hepatitis C Virus on Seminal Parameters
NCT02025270	PHASE1/PHASE2	COMPLETED	MSCs For Treatment of Azoospermic Patients
NCT04541459	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Validation of New Devices Against Ambient Electromagnetic Radiation
NCT05792813	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Safety of Linggui Yangyuan Paste in Patients With Male Infertility
NCT06188936	EARLY_PHASE1	COMPLETED	Home Semen Analysis Tests As a Screening Tool for Fertility Patients
NCT00012480	Not specified	COMPLETED	Effect of Environmental Exposures on the Egg Fertilizing Ability of Human Sperm
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