DCST1

Summary

DCST1 (DC-STAMP domain containing 1, HGNC:26539) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q21.3, encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DCST1 (Q5T197). E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ‘Lys-48’-linked ubiquitination of STAT2 and induces its proteasomal degradation thereby negatively regulating type-I-interferon signaling.

This gene encodes a protein with a domain similar to one found in dendritic cells (PMID:11169400) which play a key role in antigen processing and display for immune responses. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 149095 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): schizophrenia (No Known Disease Relationship, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 17
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 138 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_152494

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:26539
Approved symbol	DCST1
Name	DC-STAMP domain containing 1
Location	1q21.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ32785
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000163357
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	619860
Entrez	149095

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 3 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000295542, ENST00000368419, ENST00000368420, ENST00000423025, ENST00000525273

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_152494 NM_001143687, NM_152494

CCDS: CCDS1083, CCDS44235

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000295542 — 17 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001073711	155043352	155043509
ENSE00001073716	155045893	155045992
ENSE00001073718	155047196	155047312
ENSE00001073720	155048057	155048170
ENSE00001073722	155046125	155046220
ENSE00001073723	155034653	155034727
ENSE00001073724	155046360	155046486
ENSE00001073727	155042735	155042856
ENSE00001073729	155039403	155039531
ENSE00001073731	155041397	155041613
ENSE00001073735	155047787	155047929
ENSE00001073737	155041714	155041857
ENSE00001175399	155040485	155040624
ENSE00003482076	155034435	155034560
ENSE00003570102	155033972	155034097
ENSE00003899471	155050617	155050930
ENSE00003900772	155033824	155033854

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 149 present calls, max score 75.34.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0112 / max 9.0454, expressed in 4 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
5560	0.0112	4

Top tissues by expression

247 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	75.34	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	74.16	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	73.83	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	73.09	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	72.58	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	70.04	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	69.96	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	64.77	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	64.68	gold quality
nerve	UBERON:0001021	64.11	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	64.11	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	62.99	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	62.14	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	61.83	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	61.69	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	61.56	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	61.52	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	61.42	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	61.27	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	60.91	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	60.80	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	60.56	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	60.12	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	59.65	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	59.18	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	58.91	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	58.65	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	58.59	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	58.18	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	57.86	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	2.72

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

• DCST1 regulated Type I interferon signaling by interacting with and promoting ubiquitination-mediated degradation of STAT2, an essential component of antiviral gene induction. (PMID:27782195)
• LncRNA DCST1-AS1 downregulates miR-29b through methylation in glioblastoma (GBM) to promote cancer cell proliferation. (PMID:32418155)
• TACE and DC-STAMP protein levels are elevated in patients with periodontitis, favoring progression of bone resorption. (PMID:32556010)
• LncRNA DCST1-AS1 inhibits PDLCs’ proliferation in periodontitis and may bind with miR-21 precursor to upregulate PLAP-1. (PMID:33533513)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	dcst1	ENSDARG00000056077
mus_musculus	Dcst1	ENSMUSG00000042672
rattus_norvegicus	Dcst1	ENSRNOG00000020621
drosophila_melanogaster	snky	FBGN0086916
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00007117
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00019667

Paralogs (3): OCSTAMP (ENSG00000149635), DCST2 (ENSG00000163354), DCSTAMP (ENSG00000164935)

Protein

Protein identifiers

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase DCST1 — Q5T197 (reviewed: Q5T197)

Alternative names: DC-STAMP domain-containing protein 1, RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase

All UniProt accessions (2): E9PJX3, Q5T197

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase which mediates ‘Lys-48’-linked ubiquitination of STAT2 and induces its proteasomal degradation thereby negatively regulating type-I-interferon signaling. Essential sperm cell-surface protein required for sperm-egg fusion and fertilization.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with STAT2; the interaction results in STAT2 ‘Lys-48’-linked ubiquitination leading to its proteasomal degradation. Interacts with DCST2.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Cytoplasmic vesicle. Secretory vesicle. Acrosome membrane.

Domain organisation. The RING-type zinc finger domain is responsible for E3 ubiquitin ligase activity.

Induction. Induced by IFNB1.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q5T197-1	1	yes
Q5T197-2	2
Q5T197-3	3

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001137159, NP_689707* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001841	Znf_RING	Domain
IPR012858	DC_STAMP-like	Domain
IPR051856	CSR-E3_Ligase_Protein	Family
IPR058842	DCST1_C	Domain

Pfam: PF07782, PF26037

UniProt features (29 total): topological domain 7, transmembrane region 6, glycosylation site 5, splice variant 3, region of interest 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1, zinc finger region 1, compositionally biased region 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q5T197-F1	80.35	0.22

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (5): 156, 189, 321, 349, 525

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 77 (showing top): GOBP_SINGLE_FERTILIZATION, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, GOBP_MEMBRANE_FUSION, GOBP_PLASMA_MEMBRANE_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_TYPE_I_INTERFERON, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_INNATE_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_BIOTIC_STIMULUS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_OTHER_ORGANISM, GOBP_SPERM_EGG_RECOGNITION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_STRESS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_DEFENSE_RESPONSE, GOBP_CELLULAR_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION_IN_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISM

GO Biological Process (7): ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0006511), fusion of sperm to egg plasma membrane involved in single fertilization (GO:0007342), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), sperm-egg recognition (GO:0035036), innate immune response (GO:0045087), negative regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway (GO:0060339), immune system process (GO:0002376)

GO Molecular Function (5): zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), ubiquitin protein ligase activity (GO:0061630), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (4): acrosomal membrane (GO:0002080), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), cytoplasmic vesicle (GO:0031410)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
single fertilization	2
protein ubiquitination	1
modification-dependent protein catabolic process	1
cellular process involved in reproduction in multicellular organism	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
cell-cell recognition	1
immune response	1
defense response to symbiont	1
negative regulation of cytokine-mediated signaling pathway	1
negative regulation of innate immune response	1
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	1
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	1
biological_process	1
transition metal ion binding	1
ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
acrosomal vesicle	1
secretory granule membrane	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

368 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
DCST1	TMEM95	Q3KNT9	729
DCST1	SPACA6	W5XKT8	692
DCST1	PTGDR	Q13258	600
DCST1	IZUMO1	Q8IYV9	546
DCST1	OCSTAMP	Q9BR26	485
DCST1	GRAMD2A	Q8IUY3	469
DCST1	UNC93A	Q86WB7	460
DCST1	SPACA4	Q8TDM5	460
DCST1	ZBTB7B	O15156	423
DCST1	FAIM2	Q9BWQ8	418
DCST1	ZNF839	A8K0R7	414
DCST1	CLGN	O14967	370
DCST1	AGO2	Q9UKV8	357
DCST1	NUP210L	Q5VU65	346
DCST1	MEX3A	A1L020	330

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
STAT2	DCST1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
CUL4A	HAX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
DCST1	ADCY3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (22): DCST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DCST1 (Affinity Capture-Western), DCST1 (Co-localization), DCST1 (Affinity Capture-RNA), PPP1R15B (Affinity Capture-MS), MOSPD2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SARAF (Affinity Capture-MS), ARL10 (Affinity Capture-MS), BTN2A2 (Affinity Capture-MS), KCNT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ABCB9 (Affinity Capture-MS), PIGQ (Affinity Capture-MS), HERC3 (Affinity Capture-MS), KCNG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SNX14 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A140LIJ0, A1L3G9, A4IFL1, B9X187, O18968, O70491, P08033, P08034, P28230, P35212, P36380, P51915, P60572, Q02738, Q059Y8, Q0V8E7, Q1LXZ7, Q28FG4, Q29559, Q4QR83, Q5E9Z5, Q5FVF4, Q5FWS4, Q5JW98, Q5R7B4, Q5T197, Q5T1A1, Q60HF7, Q640M6, Q6GMB1, Q6WGK6, Q7SY10, Q7TNJ0, Q8BXV2, Q8C2L6, Q8C9E8, Q8CE93, Q8CEG0, Q8N5C1, Q8NDZ6

Diamond homologs: Q059Y8, Q5T197

SIGNOR signaling

3 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
Ub:E2	“up-regulates activity”	DCST1	ubiquitination
DCST1	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	STAT2	ubiquitination
DCST1	“down-regulates activity”	STAT2	ubiquitination

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

138 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	114
Likely benign	9
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2745 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:155034098:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155034797:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155034798:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155040575:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155040616:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155040630:GAA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155040631:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155040653:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155040690:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155041389:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155041395:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155041396:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155041396:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155041396:GAGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155041396:GAGTA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155041579:GAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155041601:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155041826:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155041856:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155041857:GGTC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155043508:GC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155043510:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155045983:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155045989:GCTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155045990:CTGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
1:155045991:TGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
1:155045993:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155046115:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:155046121:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:155046122:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4586 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:155045941:C:A	N407K	0.986
1:155045941:C:G	N407K	0.986
1:155045933:T:C	F405L	0.984
1:155045935:T:A	F405L	0.984
1:155045935:T:G	F405L	0.984
1:155039450:A:C	S104R	0.982
1:155039452:C:A	S104R	0.982
1:155039452:C:G	S104R	0.982
1:155041843:G:A	C293Y	0.982
1:155041842:T:A	C293S	0.981
1:155041843:G:C	C293S	0.981
1:155042749:T:A	C303S	0.978
1:155042750:G:C	C303S	0.978
1:155045983:G:C	R421S	0.976
1:155045983:G:T	R421S	0.976
1:155039420:T:A	W94R	0.975
1:155039420:T:C	W94R	0.975
1:155041607:T:A	C248S	0.975
1:155041608:G:C	C248S	0.975
1:155041815:T:A	C284S	0.974
1:155041816:G:C	C284S	0.974
1:155045979:G:C	R420P	0.974
1:155048070:G:C	R590P	0.974
1:155048078:T:C	F593L	0.973
1:155048080:C:A	F593L	0.973
1:155048080:C:G	F593L	0.973
1:155041607:T:C	C248R	0.970
1:155041843:G:T	C293F	0.969
1:155041842:T:C	C293R	0.968
1:155045951:A:C	S411R	0.968

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000109470 (1:155042975 G>A,C), RS1000133826 (1:155038399 C>G), RS1000343525 (1:155041453 C>A), RS1000396168 (1:155041217 C>T), RS1000459606 (1:155035634 AAG>A), RS1000511302 (1:155035228 TCTCAG>T), RS1000552011 (1:155046301 G>A), RS1000779022 (1:155048397 T>A), RS1001189438 (1:155039784 A>G), RS1001507802 (1:155042181 C>T), RS1001794559 (1:155035169 T>C), RS1001815376 (1:155046679 C>T), RS1002120630 (1:155040156 A>T), RS1002176668 (1:155045026 G>T), RS1002795375 (1:155046633 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:619860 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
schizophrenia	No Known Disease Relationship	Unknown

Mondo (1): schizophrenia (MONDO:0005090)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

17 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001942_19	Prostate cancer	2.000000e-08
GCST005908_24	Height	3.000000e-16
GCST007294_124	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	8.000000e-35
GCST007294_3	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	6.000000e-21
GCST007294_50	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	1.000000e-15
GCST007295_17	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	3.000000e-13
GCST007295_37	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	7.000000e-17
GCST007295_72	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	1.000000e-28
GCST008103_81	Bipolar disorder	1.000000e-06
GCST010696_19	Cortical thickness (min-P)	2.000000e-10
GCST010697_10	Cortical surface area (min-P)	3.000000e-10
GCST010698_59	Subcortical volume (min-P)	9.000000e-10
GCST010699_20	Brain morphology (min-P)	7.000000e-10
GCST010700_5	Cortical thickness (MOSTest)	8.000000e-17
GCST010701_66	Cortical surface area (MOSTest)	1.000000e-09
GCST010702_43	Subcortical volume (MOSTest)	3.000000e-10
GCST010703_253	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	4.000000e-14

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004341	body fat distribution
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0004840	cortical thickness

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

8 total (human), top 8 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
tobacco tar	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
diallyl disulfide	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00001656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Clozapine vs Olanzapine in Childhood-Onset Psychotic Disorders
NCT00007774	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Determine if Olanzapine is More Cost Effective Than Haloperidol for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00014001	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CATIE- Schizophrenia Trial
NCT00018668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
NCT00034801	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00034905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Seroquel vs. Risperidone in Schizophrenia
NCT00036088	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus An Active Comparator in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00044187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Assessment of a Weight-Gain Agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-Obesity Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder
NCT00044655	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Switching Medication to Treat Schizophrenia
NCT00048828	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Drug-Resistant Childhood Schizophrenia
NCT00053703	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS)
NCT00056498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients Who Are Currently Taking Clozapine
NCT00061802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00080327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Three Doses of Aripiprazole in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia
NCT00088049	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Olanzapine vs. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00090012	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Continuing Olanzapine to Switching to Quetiapine in Overweight or Obese Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00100776	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of High Dose Olanzapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00103571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00108368	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Thinking
NCT00114595	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Tardive Dyskinesia
NCT00130923	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Long-acting Versus Oral Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00137020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Effect Of Cross Titration Of Antipsychotics With Ziprasidone In Schizophrenia Or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00140166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia With Vitamin Therapy
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Energy Homeostasis Under Treatment With Atypical Antipsychotics
NCT00156715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
NCT00158223	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Pimozide in Augmenting the Effects of Clozapine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00159081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	One Year Drug Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159120	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Maintenance Treatment vs. Stepwise Drug Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159133	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prodrome-Based Early Intervention With Antipsychotics vs. Benzodiazepines in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159757	PHASE4	TERMINATED	12 Week Open, Non-Comparative Switch Study Of Oral Ziprazidone In Previously Treated Schizophrenic Patients
NCT00167817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Switch to Aripiprazole on Health and Smoking Parameters in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
NCT00169026	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Effects of Clozapine
NCT00169039	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Chlorpromazine for Treatment-Unresponsive Schizophrenia
NCT00169065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia
NCT00169091	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Haloperidol for Treating the First Episode of Schizophrenia
NCT00176423	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Galantamine for Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
NCT00176436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine for Treatment of Weight Gain in Olanzapine or Clozapine Patients
NCT00177008	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Co-Morbid Social Anxiety