DDX1

Summary

DDX1 (DEAD-box helicase 1, HGNC:2734) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2p24.3, encoding ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1 (Q92499). Acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, able to unwind both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA duplexes. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 30.8% of cell lines).

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of this family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene encodes a DEAD box protein that acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that has been found to promote coronaviruses replication.

Source: NCBI Gene 1653 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 22
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 125 total — 4 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• Druggable target: yes — 2 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 30.8% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_004939

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:2734
Approved symbol	DDX1
Name	DEAD-box helicase 1
Location	2p24.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DBP-RB
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000079785
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601257
Entrez	1653

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 32 — 18 protein_coding, 8 retained_intron, 6 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000233084, ENST00000381341, ENST00000434671, ENST00000459706, ENST00000470674, ENST00000478695, ENST00000617198, ENST00000621973, ENST00000676635, ENST00000676759, ENST00000676916, ENST00000676937, ENST00000677302, ENST00000677355, ENST00000677437, ENST00000677552, ENST00000677649, ENST00000678137, ENST00000678391, ENST00000678536, ENST00000678594, ENST00000678755, ENST00000678786, ENST00000679227, ENST00000904578, ENST00000904579, ENST00000904580, ENST00000904581, ENST00000911867, ENST00000955718, ENST00000955719, ENST00000955720

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_004939 NM_004939

CCDS: CCDS1686

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000233084 — 26 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001345863	15591868	15591949
ENSE00003580137	15623436	15623582
ENSE00003587035	15618181	15618270
ENSE00003591812	15620208	15620396
ENSE00003672875	15627054	15627145
ENSE00003848133	15630776	15631101
ENSE00003889490	15628638	15628710
ENSE00003890124	15597375	15597471
ENSE00003890242	15595145	15595196
ENSE00003890421	15629990	15630110
ENSE00003890774	15629602	15629697
ENSE00003891287	15603814	15603890
ENSE00003891328	15602548	15602631
ENSE00003891626	15621065	15621116
ENSE00003891634	15605950	15606026
ENSE00003891985	15599669	15599716
ENSE00003892269	15617244	15617342
ENSE00003892471	15604437	15604509
ENSE00003893157	15596734	15596763
ENSE00003894120	15606150	15606264
ENSE00003894880	15595490	15595553
ENSE00003895125	15603192	15603275
ENSE00003895374	15628445	15628517
ENSE00003895580	15613224	15613284
ENSE00003896211	15628797	15628839
ENSE00003896232	15607175	15607313

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 301 present calls, max score 98.38.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 58.7002 / max 14424.3507, expressed in 1817 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
18974	58.6665	1817
202091	0.0175	6
18973	0.0162	3

Top tissues by expression

302 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	98.38	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	98.25	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	98.16	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	98.13	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	98.12	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	98.11	gold quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	98.06	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	98.03	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	97.84	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	97.67	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	97.49	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	97.44	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	97.40	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	97.38	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	97.38	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	97.38	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	97.36	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	97.33	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	97.31	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	97.29	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	97.25	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	97.24	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	97.23	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	97.08	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	96.98	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	96.97	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	96.93	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	96.79	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	96.77	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	96.77	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	12.26

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): NFKB

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

20 targeting DDX1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-499A-5P	99.98	70.79	1323
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-8087	99.90	69.55	1351
HSA-MIR-6079	99.84	68.54	1170
HSA-MIR-33A-3P	99.70	70.27	3362
HSA-MIR-452-5P	99.65	69.63	1762
HSA-MIR-4676-3P	99.65	69.31	1733
HSA-MIR-892C-3P	99.65	69.38	1745
HSA-MIR-4762-5P	99.57	68.54	1424
HSA-MIR-4696	99.48	67.48	1040
HSA-MIR-6828-5P	99.31	69.21	1433
HSA-MIR-888-5P	99.30	70.15	1855
HSA-MIR-892C-5P	99.16	70.56	2116
HSA-MIR-8060	98.61	66.93	1187
HSA-MIR-506-5P	98.02	67.41	1065
HSA-MIR-4432	97.80	67.87	705
HSA-MIR-6728-5P	97.79	66.33	891

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 30.8% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 36)

• determination as a homopolymeric poly(A) RNA-binding protein (PMID:12183465)
• These findings indicate that DDX1 is a critical cellular co-factor for Rev function, which maintains the proper subcellular distribution of this lentiviral regulatory protein. (PMID:15567440)
• DEAD box proteins and other RNA-binding proteins may play roles in active HIV replication and in the control of viral latency. (PMID:15588285)
• There may be a subset of NB in which enhanced DDX1 and low-NAG expression consequent to DDX1 co-amplification without NAG amplification contributes to susceptibility to intensive therapy. (PMID:17028906)
• Biotinylated DNA affinity precipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed that DDX1 binds specifically to JCV-TCR. (PMID:17380053)
• DDX1 regulates proliferation of JCV in vitro through transcriptional activation. (PMID:17380054)
• Concomitant DDX1 and MYCN gain is associated with neuroblastoma (PMID:17611020)
• DDX1 plays an RNA clearance role at DNA double-strand breaks sites, thereby facilitating the template-guided repair of transcriptionally active regions of the genome. (PMID:18710941)
• DDX1 mRNA was produced in both seminoma and nonseminoma types of human testicular germ cell tumor samples (PMID:19398953)
• elevated levels of DDX1 RNA or the presence of DDX1 in the cytoplasm could serve as an effective prognostic biomarker for early recurrence in primary breast cancer. (PMID:20499159)
• DDX1 interacts with coronavirus nonstructural protein 14 and enhances viral replication. (PMID:20573827)
• DDX1 acts as a cellular cofactor by promoting oligomerization of Rev on the Rev response element. (PMID:21763499)
• DDX1 was shown to be an RNA-activated ATPase, wherein Rev-bound RNA was equally effective at stimulating ATPase activity as protein-free RNA. (PMID:22051512)
• DDX1 depletion causes accumulation of DNA damage in response to cisplatin and defects in DNA repair of double-stranded breaks. (PMID:23797032)
• subcellular localization of KSRP is regulated by competing interactions with DDX1 or 14-3-3 (PMID:24023901)
• hCLE/C14orf166 associates with DDX1, HSPC117, and FAM98B in a novel transcription-dependent shuttling RNA-transporting complex. (PMID:24608264)
• archease (also called ZBTB8OS), a protein of unknown function, is required for full activity of the human tRNA ligase complex and, in cooperation with DDX1, facilitates the formation of an RTCB-guanylate intermediate central to mammalian RNA ligation (PMID:24870230)
• HIV-1 wild type Tat co-immunoprecipitated with DDX1. (PMID:25496916)
• Data indicate a tight binding of DEAD-box protein DDX1 to adenosine diphosphate (ADP), one of the strongest affinities observed for DEAD-box helicases. (PMID:25690890)
• crystal structure of the SPRY domain of human DDX1 (hDSPRY) is reported at 2.0 A resolution (PMID:26323305)
• data have demonstrated that Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV)-nsP3 associates with DDX1 and DDX3 in infected cells to facilitate viral multiplication; determined that VEEV-nsP3 interacts with a pre-formed translational complex, comprising of DX3:eIF4A:eIF4G:PABP to potentially aid in translation of viral proteins. (PMID:27105836)
• Data provide evidence for a role for DDX1 in resolving RNA-DNA structures that accumulate at DNA double-strand breaks located at sites of active transcription thereby facilitating repair by homologous recombination. (PMID:27550810)
• the two structural homologs FAM98A and FAM98B included in a novel complex with DDX1 and C14orf166 are required for PRMT1 expression in colorectal cancer cell lines (PMID:28040436)
• DDX1 binds HIV-1 rev response element to promote virus assembly. (PMID:28379444)
• DDX1, a RNA helicase also implicated in DSB repair, interacts with RIF1. Recruitment of DDX1 to DSBs is dependent on RIF1. DDX1 is also required for chromatin loading of BLM to ionizing radiation-induced DSBs. DDX1 and RIF1 have different nucleic acid requirements for accumulation at DSBs, with RNA-DNA hybrids required for DDX1 accrual at DSBs, and single-strand RNA required for accumulation of RIF1 at these sites. (PMID:28544931)
• These results reveal an important role for DDX1 in the regulation of gene alternative splicing and insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells. (PMID:29679569)
• LGR5 is a critical effector of DDX1 in colorectal cancer cells. (PMID:29869821)
• CircLONP2 enhances colorectal carcinoma invasion and metastasis through modulating the maturation and exosomal dissemination of microRNA-17. (PMID:32188489)
• Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of Gle1 impacts DDX1 at transcription termination sites. (PMID:32755435)
• MYC-associated protein X binding with the variant rs72780850 in RNA helicase DEAD box 1 for susceptibility to neuroblastoma. (PMID:32915406)
• Depleting DDX1 sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to chemotherapy by attenuating cancer stem cell traits. (PMID:36934972)
• Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein and Human RNA Helicases DDX1 and DDX3X Modulates Their Activities on Double-Stranded RNA. (PMID:36982856)
• The RNA-Splicing Ligase RTCB Promotes Influenza A Virus Replication by Suppressing Innate Immunity via Interaction with RNA Helicase DDX1. (PMID:37556111)
• Phosphorylation impacts GLE1 nuclear localization and association with DDX1. (PMID:37801910)
• Role of DDX1 in the oxidative response of ataxia telangiectasia patient-derived fibroblasts. (PMID:38096740)
• DEAD-box helicase 1 inhibited CD8[+] T cell antitumor activity by inducing PD-L1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:38243657)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ddx1	ENSDARG00000032117
mus_musculus	Ddx1	ENSMUSG00000037149
rattus_norvegicus	Ddx1	ENSRNOG00000006652
drosophila_melanogaster	Ddx1	FBGN0015075
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00021938

Paralogs (38): DDX20 (ENSG00000064703), DDX3Y (ENSG00000067048), DDX43 (ENSG00000080007), DDX18 (ENSG00000088205), DDX24 (ENSG00000089737), DDX17 (ENSG00000100201), DDX49 (ENSG00000105671), DDX50 (ENSG00000107625), DDX5 (ENSG00000108654), DDX25 (ENSG00000109832), DDX6 (ENSG00000110367), DDX55 (ENSG00000111364), DDX59 (ENSG00000118197), DDX54 (ENSG00000123064), DDX39A (ENSG00000123136), DDX27 (ENSG00000124228), DDX31 (ENSG00000125485), DDX56 (ENSG00000136271), EIF4A3 (ENSG00000141543), DDX46 (ENSG00000145833), DDX4 (ENSG00000152670), EIF4A2 (ENSG00000156976), DDX19B (ENSG00000157349), EIF4A1 (ENSG00000161960), DDX21 (ENSG00000165732), DDX19A (ENSG00000168872), TDRD12 (ENSG00000173809), DDX23 (ENSG00000174243), DDX10 (ENSG00000178105), DDX28 (ENSG00000182810), DDX41 (ENSG00000183258), DDX53 (ENSG00000184735), DDX51 (ENSG00000185163), DDX42 (ENSG00000198231), DDX39B (ENSG00000198563), DDX47 (ENSG00000213782), DDX3X (ENSG00000215301), DDX52 (ENSG00000278053)

Protein

Protein identifiers

ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX1 — Q92499 (reviewed: Q92499)

Alternative names: DEAD box protein 1, DEAD box protein retinoblastoma

All UniProt accessions (14): Q92499, A0A087WZ71, A0A087X2G1, A0A7I2V2M5, A0A7I2V421, A0A7I2V430, A0A7I2V4F0, A0A7I2V4J3, A0A7I2V4Q0, A0A7I2V5X8, A0A7I2YQ77, A0A7I2YQD0, A3RJH1, C9JLP0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Acts as an ATP-dependent RNA helicase, able to unwind both RNA-RNA and RNA-DNA duplexes. Possesses 5’ single-stranded RNA overhang nuclease activity. Possesses ATPase activity on various RNA, but not DNA polynucleotides. May play a role in RNA clearance at DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), thereby facilitating the template-guided repair of transcriptionally active regions of the genome. Together with RELA, acts as a coactivator to enhance NF-kappa-B-mediated transcriptional activation. Acts as a positive transcriptional regulator of cyclin CCND2 expression. Binds to the cyclin CCND2 promoter region. Associates with chromatin at the NF-kappa-B promoter region via association with RELA. Binds to poly(A) RNA. May be involved in 3’-end cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. It is also an accessory subunit of the tRNA-splicing ligase complex that acts by directly joining spliced tRNA halves to mature-sized tRNAs by incorporating the precursor-derived splice junction phosphate into the mature tRNA as a canonical 3’,5’-phosphodiester. Cooperates with ZBTB8OS (also known as archease) for the guanylylation of RTCB, a key intermediate step in activation of the tRNA ligase. Component of a multi-helicase-TICAM1 complex that acts as a cytoplasmic sensor of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and plays a role in the activation of a cascade of antiviral responses including the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines via the adapter molecule TICAM1. Specifically binds (via helicase ATP-binding domain) on both short and long poly(I:C) dsRNA. (Microbial infection) Required for HIV-1 Rev function as well as for HIV-1 and coronavirus IBV replication. Binds to the RRE sequence of HIV-1 mRNAs. (Microbial infection) Required for Coronavirus IBV replication.

Subunit / interactions. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus non-structural protein 3. Found in a multi-helicase-TICAM1 complex at least composed of DHX36, DDX1, DDX21 and TICAM1; this complex exists in resting cells with or without poly(I:C) RNA ligand stimulation. Interacts with DHX36. Interacts (via B30.2/SPRY domain) with DDX21 (via N-terminus); this interaction serves as bridges to TICAM1. Interacts with FAM98A (via N- and C-terminus). Interacts with MBNL1. Interacts with CSTF2. Interacts with HNRNPK. Interacts with ATM. Interacts with RELA (via C-terminus). Component of the tRNA-splicing ligase core complex composed of the catalytic subunit RTCB and the accessory proteins DDX1, C2orf49/Ashwin/ASW, FAM98B and RTRAF/CGI-99. Interacts with PQBP1. Interacts with PHF5A (via C-terminus). Interacts with ERCC6. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Rev of HIV-1. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) (via N-terminus). Interacts (via C-terminus) with the replicase polyprotein 1ab Nsp14 of the Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic granule. Cytosol. Mitochondrion Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Highest levels of transcription in 2 retinoblastoma cell lines and in tissues of neuroectodermal origin including the retina, brain, and spinal cord.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated by ATM kinase; phosphorylation is increased in response to ionizing radiation (IR).

Domain organisation. The helicase domain is involved in the stimulation of RELA transcriptional activity.

Similarity. Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family. DDX1 subfamily.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q92499-1	1	yes
Q92499-2	2
Q92499-3	3

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_004930* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001650	Helicase_C-like	Domain
IPR001870	B30.2/SPRY	Domain
IPR003877	SPRY_dom	Domain
IPR011545	DEAD/DEAH_box_helicase_dom	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR014001	Helicase_ATP-bd	Domain
IPR014014	RNA_helicase_DEAD_Q_motif	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR043136	B30.2/SPRY_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00270, PF00271, PF00622

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:13065)

UniProt features (82 total): strand 31, helix 21, turn 8, region of interest 5, modified residue 4, domain 3, splice variant 3, mutagenesis site 3, chain 1, binding site 1, cross-link 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
4XW3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
8TBX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.71

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q92499-F1	87.03	0.57

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 46–53

Post-translational modifications (5): 239, 268, 281, 481, 281

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (3):

Position	Phenotype
52	abolishes ability to promote guanylylation of rtcb.
371	inhibits the transcriptional activity of rela and attenuates nf-kappa-b-mediated gene expression.
371	abolishes ability to promote guanylylation of rtcb.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6784531	tRNA processing in the nucleus

MSigDB gene sets: 241 (showing top): GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, FAELT_B_CLL_WITH_VH_REARRANGEMENTS_DN, GOMF_NUCLEASE_ACTIVITY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION_INVOLVED_IN_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_TRNA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CANONICAL_NF_KAPPAB_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_TRANSLATIONAL_INITIATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CYTOKINE_PRODUCTION, MODULE_229, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_MEDIATED_IMMUNITY, GOBP_TRANSLATION, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, AGTCTTA_MIR499, LI_WILMS_TUMOR_VS_FETAL_KIDNEY_2_UP, GOBP_DEFENSE_RESPONSE_TO_OTHER_ORGANISM

GO Biological Process (14): spliceosomal complex assembly (GO:0000245), positive regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production (GO:0002735), double-strand break repair (GO:0006302), tRNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation (GO:0006388), regulation of translational initiation (GO:0006446), positive regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction (GO:0043123), response to exogenous dsRNA (GO:0043330), innate immune response (GO:0045087), defense response to virus (GO:0051607), protein localization to cytoplasmic stress granule (GO:1903608), immune system process (GO:0002376), mRNA processing (GO:0006397), tRNA processing (GO:0008033), response to virus (GO:0009615)

GO Molecular Function (17): DNA binding (GO:0003677), chromatin binding (GO:0003682), transcription coregulator activity (GO:0003712), RNA binding (GO:0003723), RNA helicase activity (GO:0003724), double-stranded RNA binding (GO:0003725), nuclease activity (GO:0004518), exonuclease activity (GO:0004527), ATP binding (GO:0005524), poly(A) binding (GO:0008143), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887), DNA/RNA helicase activity (GO:0033677), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), helicase activity (GO:0004386), protein binding (GO:0005515), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (10): nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoplasmic stress granule (GO:0010494), membrane (GO:0016020), cleavage body (GO:0071920), tRNA-splicing ligase complex (GO:0072669), ribonucleoprotein complex (GO:1990904)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
tRNA processing	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
binding	3
RNA processing	2
nucleic acid binding	2
helicase activity	2
ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA	2
catalytic activity, acting on RNA	2
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid	2
ATP-dependent activity	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
cytoplasm	2
mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	1
protein-RNA complex assembly	1
myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production	1
positive regulation of dendritic cell cytokine production	1
regulation of myeloid dendritic cell cytokine production	1
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte mediated immunity	1
positive regulation of myeloid leukocyte cytokine production involved in immune response	1
DNA repair	1
RNA splicing, via endonucleolytic cleavage and ligation	1
tRNA processing	1
translational initiation	1
regulation of translation	1
canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
regulation of canonical NF-kappaB signal transduction	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
response to dsRNA	1
immune response	1
defense response to symbiont	1
defense response	1
response to virus	1
protein localization to organelle	1
biological_process	1
mRNA metabolic process	1
tRNA metabolic process	1
response to other organism	1
transcription regulator activity	1
RNA binding	1
nuclease activity	1
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

4401 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
DDX1	DHX36	Q9H2U1	997
DDX1	RTRAF	Q9Y224	992
DDX1	DDX21	Q9NR30	991
DDX1	DDX56	Q9NY93	989
DDX1	FAM98B	Q52LJ0	988
DDX1	RTCB	Q9Y3I0	987
DDX1	FAM98A	Q8NCA5	893
DDX1	DHX15	O43143	787
DDX1	GDF3	Q9NR23	769
DDX1	MYCN	P04198	755
DDX1	ZBTB8OS	Q8IWT0	748
DDX1	TXNDC9	O14530	745
DDX1	DHX9	Q08211	741
DDX1	DHX33	Q9H6R0	711
DDX1	CD9	P21926	694

IntAct

250 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
FAM98A	DDX1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
DDX1	FAM98A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.780
NS	PIK3R2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.750
RTRAF	DDX1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.710
DDX1	FAM98B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
FAM98A	NUFIP2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
YWHAG	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
FAM98A	HERC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
	DDX3X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.630
N	DDX1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.600
DDX1	N	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.600
YWHAH	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.570
rep	DDX1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
rep	DDX1	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.540
HNRNPH2	PLOD2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MAPT	KIF2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
NCBP3	SAP18	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
N	RBM47	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
DDX1	FAM98C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ANKS6	DCAF7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.510

BioGRID (602): DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Reconstituted Complex), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), C14orf166 (Co-fractionation), DDX1 (Co-fractionation), DDX1 (Co-fractionation), DDX1 (Co-fractionation), EEF1A1 (Co-fractionation), EIF4EBP1 (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2VD92, A5D7C1, A5DIX5, A5E1N2, A6ZU15, O16102, O74393, P23394, P45818, P54823, Q07886, Q09775, Q0DBS1, Q0IHV9, Q0IIK5, Q10202, Q19614, Q4R7L5, Q55CP6, Q5NVJ8, Q5T1V6, Q5XH91, Q641Y8, Q6AZV7, Q6C024, Q6CDS6, Q6CKI1, Q6FM43, Q7FGZ2, Q84T03, Q86TM3, Q8GXD6, Q90WU3, Q91VN6, Q91VR5, Q92499, Q9C551, Q9DBN9, Q9DF35, Q9FLB0

Diamond homologs: A1C5V3, A1CH78, A1DGZ7, A2QC74, A2QFL3, A2VD92, A3GFV3, A3Q9R3, A4QSS5, A5DE68, A5DL80, A5DWJ1, A6R3R5, A6RGE3, A6S4N4, A6SCT6, A6SFW7, A6ZP47, A6ZRX0, A6ZXY5, A7E449, A7EM88, A7EYW0, A7TK55, G0SFM2, P06634, P0CQ70, P0CQ71, P0CQ72, P0CQ73, P24783, P25888, P41380, P42305, Q02748, Q088J2, Q0CL13, Q0D8N0, Q0DM51, Q0E3X4

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
Viral_dsRNA	up-regulates	DDX1
DDX1	“up-regulates activity”	DDX21	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 185 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation	5	12.4×	2e-03
Cap-dependent Translation Initiation	5	12.4×	2e-03
SARS-CoV-1 modulates host translation machinery	5	12.4×	2e-03
SARS-CoV-1-host interactions	8	11.3×	3e-04
Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD)	6	11.3×	1e-03
Eukaryotic Translation Elongation	5	11.2×	2e-03
Activation of the mRNA upon binding of the cap-binding complex and eIFs, and subsequent binding to 43S	5	11.0×	2e-03
SARS-CoV-2 modulates host translation machinery	6	10.8×	1e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
negative regulation of translation	8	10.4×	6e-04
cytoplasmic translation	8	9.8×	6e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

125 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	4
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	75
Likely benign	3
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (5)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
147945	GRCh38/hg38 2p24.3(chr2:13664310-16228425)x1	Pathogenic
3062616	GRCh37/hg19 2p24.3(chr2:12289529-16104486)x1	Pathogenic
562622	GRCh37/hg19 2p24.3(chr2:15718236-16693828)x3	Pathogenic
979981	GRCh37/hg19 2p24.3(chr2:15621732-16226970)x3	Pathogenic
545241	NC_000002.12:g.(?11177745)(16113827_?)del	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

2987 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
2:15595143:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15595144:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15595144:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15595192:TGGCT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595193:GGCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595193:GGCTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595194:GCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595194:GCTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595195:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595197:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15595198:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:15595199:AA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:15595200:AGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:15596730:TCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:15596759:CTGGT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15596762:GT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15596763:TG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:15596764:G:GC	donor_loss	1.0000
2:15596764:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
2:15596766:AAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
2:15597369:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597372:TAGG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597373:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597373:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597374:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597374:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597374:GGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597374:GGCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597374:GGCTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:15597470:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

4901 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
2:15595542:G:C	D41H	1.000
2:15595543:A:T	D41V	1.000
2:15596746:G:A	G49R	1.000
2:15596746:G:C	G49R	1.000
2:15596747:G:A	G49E	1.000
2:15596752:G:C	G51R	1.000
2:15596753:G:A	G51D	1.000
2:15596753:G:T	G51V	1.000
2:15596755:A:C	K52Q	1.000
2:15596756:A:T	K52I	1.000
2:15596757:A:C	K52N	1.000
2:15596757:A:T	K52N	1.000
2:15602595:T:A	W119R	1.000
2:15602595:T:C	W119R	1.000
2:15602597:G:C	W119C	1.000
2:15602597:G:T	W119C	1.000
2:15602602:G:A	G121E	1.000
2:15603237:G:C	R146T	1.000
2:15603237:G:T	R146M	1.000
2:15603238:G:C	R146S	1.000
2:15603238:G:T	R146S	1.000
2:15603242:G:T	G148W	1.000
2:15603243:G:A	G148E	1.000
2:15603275:G:C	G159R	1.000
2:15603814:G:A	G159D	1.000
2:15603835:G:A	G166D	1.000
2:15603841:G:A	G168D	1.000
2:15603873:T:C	F179L	1.000
2:15603874:T:G	F179C	1.000
2:15603875:T:A	F179L	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000012596 (2:15626028 A>G), RS1000065221 (2:15604212 A>G), RS1000147321 (2:15592535 C>T), RS1000171305 (2:15609461 T>A), RS1000220838 (2:15628855 C>A,G,T), RS1000364267 (2:15599016 G>A,T), RS1000366527 (2:15592271 C>A,T), RS1000511889 (2:15591655 T>G), RS1000539351 (2:15616491 A>C), RS1000771282 (2:15616216 T>A), RS1000782734 (2:15622322 A>G), RS1000821826 (2:15604579 C>G,T), RS1001016613 (2:15590693 C>T), RS1001051288 (2:15598679 A>G), RS1001128198 (2:15596396 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601257 | disease phenotypes: MIM:181500

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): schizophrenia (MONDO:0005090), primary amenorrhea (MONDO:1060208)

Orphanet (1): NON RARE IN EUROPE: Schizophrenia (Orphanet:3140)

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0100753	Schizophrenia

GWAS associations

22 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001248_7	Pulmonary function	9.000000e-06
GCST001466_2	Chronic kidney disease	4.000000e-08
GCST001500_1	Wilms tumor	1.000000e-14
GCST001500_2	Wilms tumor	1.000000e-14
GCST001784_14	Pulmonary function (smoking interaction)	2.000000e-07
GCST002519_1	Asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	1.000000e-06
GCST003372_9	Glomerular filtration rate (creatinine)	7.000000e-12
GCST003401_29	Glomerular filtration rate in non diabetics (creatinine)	5.000000e-07
GCST004292_32	Glomerular filtration rate (creatinine)	4.000000e-11
GCST007344_69	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	5.000000e-14
GCST007692_76	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	9.000000e-09
GCST007876_73	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	7.000000e-15
GCST008058_181	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	8.000000e-31
GCST008059_53	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	3.000000e-26
GCST008062_100	Blood urea nitrogen levels	3.000000e-06
GCST008745_91	Estimated glomerular filtration rate in non-diabetics	9.000000e-10
GCST008747_188	Estimated glomerular filtration rate	5.000000e-17
GCST008971_21	Urate levels	8.000000e-09
GCST008972_205	Urate levels	1.000000e-09
GCST009391_21	Metabolite levels	6.000000e-06
GCST90000255_4	Severe COVID-19 infection with respiratory failure (analysis I)	1.000000e-06
GCST90016670_1	Kidney volume	1.000000e-15

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0003892	pulmonary function measurement
EFO:0004713	FEV/FVC ratio
EFO:0004531	urate measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL2010634 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

2 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 10,493 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1171837	PONATINIB	4	8,955
CHEMBL1232461	MOLIBRESIB	2	1,538

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

4 potent at pChembl≥5 of 4 total, top 4 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
7.58	Kd	26.1	nM	CHEMBL5653589
7.58	ED50	26.1	nM	CHEMBL5653589
7.07	Kd	86	nM	PONATINIB
6.90	Kd	125	nM	MOLIBRESIB

PubChem BioAssay actives

3 with measured affinity, of 254 total; 3 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148215: Binding affinity to human DDX1 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.0261	uM
Ponatinib	1424974: Kinobeads (epsilon), multiple immobilized ATP-competitive broad spectrum kinase inhibitors, used to assess residual binding of ~300 proteins simultaneously from cell lysate in the presence of a compound. Quantitative readout performed by mass spectrometry.	kd	0.0860	uM
2-[(4S)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]-N-ethylacetamide	2179194: Binding affinity against DDX1 (unknown origin) assessed as apparent dissociation constant incubated for 1 hr by colloidal coomassie staining based LC-MS/MS analysis	kd	0.1250	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

44 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases expression, decreases expression	2
sodium arsenite	affects binding, affects reaction, increases reaction, decreases expression, increases expression (+1 more)	2
Arsenic Trioxide	affects binding, decreases reaction, decreases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance, affects expression	2
FR900359	decreases phosphorylation	1
bisphenol F	increases expression	1
TAK-243	increases sumoylation	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
4-aminophenylarsenoxide	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
nutlin 3	increases secretion, affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
bisphenol B	increases expression	1
2-amino-14,16-dimethyloctadecan-3-ol	decreases expression	1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether	decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases expression	1
jinfukang	decreases expression	1
LDN 193189	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
1-(2-chlorobenzyl)-5’-phenyl-3’H-spiro(indoline-3,2’-(1,3,4)thiadiazol)-2-one	decreases expression	1
bisphenol AF	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Vehicle Emissions	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Dactinomycin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases secretion	1
Dinitrochlorobenzene	affects binding	1
Enzyme Inhibitors	decreases activity, increases O-linked glycosylation	1

ChEMBL screening assays

13 unique, capped per target: 12 binding, 1 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL2013322	Binding	Inhibition of human recombinant DDX1 helicase activity expressed in Escherichia coli assessed as conversion of a 6-FAM-labeled double stranded RNA in to single stranded nucleic acid by laser scanning densitometric analysis	Discovery of the first small molecule inhibitor of human DDX3 specifically designed to target the RNA binding site: towards the next generation HIV-1 inhibitors. — Bioorg Med Chem Lett
CHEMBL4481333	ADMET	Inhibition of human DDX1 helicase activity	DDX3X Helicase Inhibitors as a New Strategy To Fight the West Nile Virus Infection. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

3 cell lines: 3 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_E7RY	Abcam U2OS DDX1 KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_SK63	HAP1 DDX1 (-) 1	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_XN19	HAP1 DDX1 (-) 2	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00001656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Clozapine vs Olanzapine in Childhood-Onset Psychotic Disorders
NCT00007774	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Determine if Olanzapine is More Cost Effective Than Haloperidol for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00014001	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CATIE- Schizophrenia Trial
NCT00018668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
NCT00034801	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00034905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Seroquel vs. Risperidone in Schizophrenia
NCT00036088	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus An Active Comparator in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00044187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Assessment of a Weight-Gain Agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-Obesity Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder
NCT00044655	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Switching Medication to Treat Schizophrenia
NCT00048828	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Drug-Resistant Childhood Schizophrenia
NCT00053703	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS)
NCT00056498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients Who Are Currently Taking Clozapine
NCT00061802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00080327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Three Doses of Aripiprazole in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia
NCT00088049	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Olanzapine vs. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00090012	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Continuing Olanzapine to Switching to Quetiapine in Overweight or Obese Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00100776	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of High Dose Olanzapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00103571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00108368	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Thinking
NCT00114595	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Tardive Dyskinesia
NCT00130923	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Long-acting Versus Oral Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00137020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Effect Of Cross Titration Of Antipsychotics With Ziprasidone In Schizophrenia Or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00140166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia With Vitamin Therapy
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Energy Homeostasis Under Treatment With Atypical Antipsychotics
NCT00156715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
NCT00158223	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Pimozide in Augmenting the Effects of Clozapine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00159081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	One Year Drug Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159120	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Maintenance Treatment vs. Stepwise Drug Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159133	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prodrome-Based Early Intervention With Antipsychotics vs. Benzodiazepines in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159757	PHASE4	TERMINATED	12 Week Open, Non-Comparative Switch Study Of Oral Ziprazidone In Previously Treated Schizophrenic Patients
NCT00167817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Switch to Aripiprazole on Health and Smoking Parameters in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
NCT00169026	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Effects of Clozapine
NCT00169039	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Chlorpromazine for Treatment-Unresponsive Schizophrenia
NCT00169065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia
NCT00169091	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Haloperidol for Treating the First Episode of Schizophrenia
NCT00176423	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Galantamine for Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
NCT00176436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine for Treatment of Weight Gain in Olanzapine or Clozapine Patients
NCT00177008	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Co-Morbid Social Anxiety