DDX25

Summary

DDX25 (DEAD-box helicase 25, HGNC:18698) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11q24.2, encoding ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX25 (Q9UHL0). ATP-dependent RNA helicase.

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of the DEAD box protein family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene encodes a member of this family. The encoded protein is a gonadotropin-regulated and developmentally expressed testicular RNA helicase. It may serve to maintain testicular functions related to steroidogenesis and spermatogenesis.

Source: NCBI Gene 29118 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation (Moderate, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 106 total — 1 pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_013264

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18698
Approved symbol	DDX25
Name	DEAD-box helicase 25
Location	11q24.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GRTH
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000109832
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607663
Entrez	29118

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 8 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000263576, ENST00000525943, ENST00000526875, ENST00000530129, ENST00000530414, ENST00000530834, ENST00000531000, ENST00000532928, ENST00000584970, ENST00000637851, ENST00000910614, ENST00000927046, ENST00000942563

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_013264 NM_001330438, NM_013264

CCDS: CCDS44766, CCDS81646

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000263576 — 12 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000994957	125904508	125904580
ENSE00002732679	125922820	125928843
ENSE00003554090	125908196	125908288
ENSE00003598506	125908401	125908503
ENSE00003599461	125911311	125911488
ENSE00003605805	125921191	125921379
ENSE00003624134	125917014	125917251
ENSE00003627286	125918628	125918790
ENSE00003635663	125906074	125906209
ENSE00003637001	125905553	125905597
ENSE00003637057	125905212	125905278
ENSE00003661276	125910364	125910478

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 191 present calls, max score 96.41.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 2.4102 / max 159.6841, expressed in 283 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
117484	2.1944	279
117482	0.1369	75
117481	0.0668	47
117483	0.0120	5

Top tissues by expression

280 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	96.41	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	96.37	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	95.27	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	93.80	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	92.24	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	91.66	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	91.32	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	91.24	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	90.99	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	90.78	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	90.70	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	90.62	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	90.46	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	90.34	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	90.10	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	89.94	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	89.85	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	89.54	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	89.48	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	89.45	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	89.42	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	89.19	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	88.98	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	88.49	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	88.38	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	88.27	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	88.25	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	87.83	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	87.76	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	87.67	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.34

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

6 targeting DDX25, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4776-3P	100.00	68.73	1340
HSA-MIR-4729	99.69	72.18	4233
HSA-MIR-7844-5P	99.55	68.56	1428
HSA-MIR-542-3P	99.34	67.58	1270
HSA-MIR-4724-3P	97.57	67.31	785
HSA-MIR-7109-3P	94.23	67.19	743

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 7)

• SNP IVS6+55G–>T and c.852C–>T of GRTH gene may be associated with male infertility with azoospermia or severe oligozoospermia. (PMID:16293649)
• Data show that the Arg(242)His missense mutation of the GRTH/DDX25 gene associated with expression of a protein with reduced basicity, and the absence of the phospho-GRTH species, could impact on germ cell development and/or function. (PMID:17848414)
• The association of GRTH mutations with male infertility underlines the importance of GRTH as a central, post-transcriptional regulator of spermatogenesis. (PMID:17889551)
• multifunctional RNA helicase that is an essential regulator of spermatogenesis (PMID:19875492)
• Analysed the association of GRTH gene IVS6+55G/T and c.852C/T polymorphisms with male infertility. The c.852 T allele was associated with an increased risk of male infertility (OR: 3.16, P = 0.008), whereas IVS6+55G/T allele conferred no risk. (PMID:24168058)
• Targeted knock-in mice with a human mutation in GRTH/DDX25 reveals the essential role of phosphorylated GRTH in spermatid development during spermatogenesis. (PMID:31009948)
• Characterization of the Phosphorylation Site of GRTH/DDX25 and Protein Kinase A Binding Interface Provides Structural Basis for the Design of a Non-Hormonal Male Contraceptive. (PMID:31040297)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Ddx25	ENSMUSG00000032101
rattus_norvegicus	Ddx25	ENSRNOG00000012260

Paralogs (38): DDX20 (ENSG00000064703), DDX3Y (ENSG00000067048), DDX1 (ENSG00000079785), DDX43 (ENSG00000080007), DDX18 (ENSG00000088205), DDX24 (ENSG00000089737), DDX17 (ENSG00000100201), DDX49 (ENSG00000105671), DDX50 (ENSG00000107625), DDX5 (ENSG00000108654), DDX6 (ENSG00000110367), DDX55 (ENSG00000111364), DDX59 (ENSG00000118197), DDX54 (ENSG00000123064), DDX39A (ENSG00000123136), DDX27 (ENSG00000124228), DDX31 (ENSG00000125485), DDX56 (ENSG00000136271), EIF4A3 (ENSG00000141543), DDX46 (ENSG00000145833), DDX4 (ENSG00000152670), EIF4A2 (ENSG00000156976), DDX19B (ENSG00000157349), EIF4A1 (ENSG00000161960), DDX21 (ENSG00000165732), DDX19A (ENSG00000168872), TDRD12 (ENSG00000173809), DDX23 (ENSG00000174243), DDX10 (ENSG00000178105), DDX28 (ENSG00000182810), DDX41 (ENSG00000183258), DDX53 (ENSG00000184735), DDX51 (ENSG00000185163), DDX42 (ENSG00000198231), DDX39B (ENSG00000198563), DDX47 (ENSG00000213782), DDX3X (ENSG00000215301), DDX52 (ENSG00000278053)

Protein

Protein identifiers

ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX25 — Q9UHL0 (reviewed: Q9UHL0)

Alternative names: DEAD box protein 25, Gonadotropin-regulated testicular RNA helicase

All UniProt accessions (7): Q9UHL0, A0A1B0GV69, A0A384NYS3, E9PR46, H0YD26, J3QL17, J3QRJ6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. ATP-dependent RNA helicase. Required for mRNA export and translation regulation during spermatid development.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in the Leydig and germ cells of the testis and weakly expressed in the pituitary and hypothalamus.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated on threonine residues. The phosphorylated form is found in the cytoplasm but not in the nucleus.

Induction. Up-regulated at transcriptional level by chorionic gonadotropin via cyclic AMP-induced androgen formation in the Leydig cell.

Similarity. Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9UHL0-1	1	yes
Q9UHL0-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001317367, NP_037396* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001650	Helicase_C-like	Domain
IPR011545	DEAD/DEAH_box_helicase_dom	Domain
IPR014001	Helicase_ATP-bd	Domain
IPR014014	RNA_helicase_DEAD_Q_motif	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00270, PF00271

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 3.6.4.13 — RNA helicase (BRENDA: 3 organisms, 3 substrates, 0 inhibitors, 0 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:13065)

UniProt features (26 total): strand 7, helix 6, short sequence motif 4, domain 2, sequence conflict 2, turn 2, chain 1, binding site 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
2RB4	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9UHL0-F1	81.15	0.48

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 143–150

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 96 (showing top): BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, AACYNNNNTTCCS_UNKNOWN, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_TRANSLATION, GOBP_NUCLEAR_TRANSPORT, WEI_MYCN_TARGETS_WITH_E_BOX, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM2, MODULE_206, GOBP_NUCLEOBASE_CONTAINING_COMPOUND_TRANSPORT, LIAO_METASTASIS, GOBP_CELLULAR_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION_IN_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISM, GNF2_CCNA1, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION

GO Biological Process (7): mRNA export from nucleus (GO:0006406), regulation of translation (GO:0006417), spermatid development (GO:0007286), poly(A)+ mRNA export from nucleus (GO:0016973), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), cell differentiation (GO:0030154), mRNA transport (GO:0051028)

GO Molecular Function (10): RNA helicase activity (GO:0003724), mRNA binding (GO:0003729), ATP binding (GO:0005524), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), RNA binding (GO:0003723), helicase activity (GO:0004386), protein binding (GO:0005515), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytoplasmic stress granule (GO:0010494), chromatoid body (GO:0033391)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
ATP-dependent activity	2
binding	2
cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein granule	2
RNA export from nucleus	1
gene expression	1
mRNA transport	1
translation	1
post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression	1
regulation of protein metabolic process	1
germ cell development	1
spermatid differentiation	1
mRNA export from nucleus	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
cellular developmental process	1
RNA transport	1
helicase activity	1
ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA	1
catalytic activity, acting on RNA	1
RNA binding	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
nucleic acid binding	1
nucleic acid conformation isomerase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid	1
catalytic activity	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

936 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
DDX25	HYLS1	Q96M11	943
DDX25	PKNOX2	Q96KN3	903
DDX25	TDRD6	O60522	715
DDX25	TDRD7	Q8NHU6	672
DDX25	TNP2	Q05952	550
DDX25	PIWIL2	Q8TC59	514
DDX25	PRM2	P04554	507
DDX25	CPAP	Q9HC77	495
DDX25	TSSK6	Q9BXA6	492
DDX25	TDRD1	Q9BXT4	489
DDX25	NANOS1	Q8WY41	470
DDX25	PIWIL1	Q96J94	465
DDX25	MAN2B2	Q9Y2E5	449
DDX25	TNP1	P09430	434
DDX25	MAEL	Q96JY0	433

IntAct

14 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
DDX19B	MIF4GD	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.870
DDX19A	MIF4GD	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.860
TFIP11	DDX25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NFKBID	DDX25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SH3BGRL	MYO1C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NRAS	IGKV2D-24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
DDX25	TFIP11	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
DDX25	NFKBID	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (8): DDX25 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX25 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX25 (Two-hybrid), NFKBID (Two-hybrid), DDX25 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX25 (Affinity Capture-RNA), DDX25 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX25 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A023PXF5, A6QSQ0, A6SBT4, A7EY76, F1RCY6, O13559, O18475, O48534, P18708, P40105, P40434, P40889, P43538, P46063, P46459, P46460, P46461, P54351, Q14527, Q1EB85, Q2TBP1, Q2U587, Q3B7N1, Q3E7Y4, Q5R410, Q5RF63, Q6AYJ1, Q6PCN7, Q7ZU90, Q86WJ1, Q8NHQ9, Q8R5F7, Q95216, Q96C10, Q99J87, Q9BYX4, Q9CXF7, Q9DGP9, Q9EPU0, Q9FF61

Diamond homologs: A1CFV3, A1CJT5, A1CYG5, A1D7N3, A2QEN5, A2QUY7, A3GFI4, A3GH91, A4HRK0, A4QVP2, A4RIF1, A5A6N4, A5DB98, A5DBI5, A5DVM3, A5DZX2, A6RC50, A6RJ45, A6SBT4, A6ZNQ1, A6ZQJ1, A7EGL7, A7EY76, O02494, O61305, O62591, P0CQ70, P0CQ71, P0CQ86, P0CQ87, P10081, P10630, P20449, P27639, P29562, P35683, P41376, P41378, P41379, P41381

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

106 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	70
Likely benign	2
Benign	28

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1328946	NM_013264.5(DDX25):c.1129C>T (p.Arg377Ter)	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

2411 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
11:125904431:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125904481:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125904576:GCCAC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125904581:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125905210:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125905211:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125905542:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125905543:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125905591:GAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125906072:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906072:AGT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906072:AGTG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906073:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906073:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906073:GTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906073:GTGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
11:125906210:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125908289:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125908302:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125910479:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125910489:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125921185:TTCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:125921186:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:125921187:CTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:125921188:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:125921189:A:AT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
11:125921375:CTTTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125921376:TTTA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
11:125921376:TTTAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
11:125921377:TTA:T	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3195 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
11:125917243:T:C	F344L	1.000
11:125917245:C:A	F344L	1.000
11:125917245:C:G	F344L	1.000
11:125917248:C:G	C345W	0.999
11:125918739:T:C	F384L	0.999
11:125918740:T:C	F384S	0.999
11:125918741:T:A	F384L	0.999
11:125918741:T:G	F384L	0.999
11:125918764:T:C	L392P	0.999
11:125918767:T:A	I393K	0.999
11:125921225:C:A	N412K	0.999
11:125921225:C:G	N412K	0.999
11:125921277:C:G	H430D	0.999
11:125921280:C:A	R431S	0.999
11:125921281:G:C	R431P	0.999
11:125921290:G:C	R434P	0.999
11:125906193:T:C	F99L	0.998
11:125906195:T:A	F99L	0.998
11:125906195:T:G	F99L	0.998
11:125917199:T:C	L329P	0.998
11:125917234:G:C	A341P	0.998
11:125918640:G:C	A351P	0.998
11:125918650:T:C	L354S	0.998
11:125918719:G:C	R377P	0.998
11:125918764:T:A	L392H	0.998
11:125918767:T:G	I393R	0.998
11:125918790:G:A	G401R	0.998
11:125918790:G:C	G401R	0.998
11:125921218:T:A	V410D	0.998
11:125921287:G:A	G433E	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000030391 (11:125905970 C>T), RS1000303732 (11:125924223 T>C), RS1000478233 (11:125918533 T>C,G), RS1000594025 (11:125912401 T>A,C), RS1000655688 (11:125924613 A>G), RS1000750411 (11:125915537 A>C), RS1000774965 (11:125906742 C>G), RS1000837239 (11:125901401 C>A), RS1001008009 (11:125904347 C>G), RS1001023478 (11:125922169 A>C,T), RS1001048000 (11:125912044 G>A,C), RS1001260557 (11:125923710 A>C,G), RS1001351765 (11:125908898 G>A), RS1001645720 (11:125920748 T>C), RS1001673589 (11:125905412 T>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607663 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation	Moderate	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (2): azoospermia (MONDO:0100459), (MONDO:0018393)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006135_8	Cortical amyloid beta load	2.000000e-06
GCST008839_338	Height	1.000000e-09
GCST010796_3815	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	2.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007707	cerebral amyloid deposition measurement
EFO:0004327	electrocardiography

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D053713	Azoospermia	C12.100.500.430.380; C12.100.750.700.380; C12.200.294.430.380

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs56819906	DDX25		0.00	0

CTD chemical–gene interactions

18 total (human), top 18 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression	7
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Tretinoin	decreases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
pirinixic acid	affects binding, decreases expression, increases activity	1
trichostatin A	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Decitabine	affects expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Cisplatin	affects expression	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression	1
Lead	decreases expression	1
Testosterone	increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

27 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02307994	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Clinical Research on Effectiveness and Safety of Treatment of Severe Oligospermia or Azoospermia With uFSH
NCT02275169	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	FSH Treatment for Non-obstructive Azoospermic Patients
NCT02544191	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	GnRHa Combined With hCG and hMG for Treatment of Patients With Non-obstructive Azoospermia
NCT03762967	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Autologous Adipose-Derived Adult Stromal Vascular Cell Administration for Male Patients With Infertility
NCT02041910	PHASE1/PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Testicular Injection of Autologous Stem Cells for Treatment of Patients With Azoospermia
NCT00282477	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Trial to Evaluate Erectile Function, Fertility and Sperm Count in Male Cyclists Compared to Age Matched Controls
NCT00484081	Not specified	COMPLETED	Microdissection Testicular Sperm Extraction (MicroTESE) and IVF-ICSI Outcome in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA)
NCT00548977	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Studies Spermatogenic Failure
NCT01375062	Not specified	COMPLETED	Obtaining Undifferentiated Cells From Testis Biopsy
NCT01509482	Not specified	COMPLETED	Insulin Resistance in Idiopathic Oligospermia and Azoospermia
NCT02008799	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Intra Testicular Artery Injection of Bone Marrow Stem Cell in Management of Azoospermia
NCT02339272	Not specified	COMPLETED	Study of Synapsis and Recombination in Male Meiosis and the Implications in Infertility
NCT02414295	Not specified	COMPLETED	Sperm Production in Kleinfelter Syndrome Patients After Mesenchymal Stem Cell Injection
NCT02418832	Not specified	RECRUITING	Testis Needle Aspiration of Sperm in Men With Azoospermia
NCT02617173	Not specified	UNKNOWN	The Effect of Low Electrical Current on Testicular Spermatocyte Count
NCT02773498	Not specified	TERMINATED	Comparison of Medical Results of Testicular Sperm Extraction by Conventional Surgery and Microsurgical Track
NCT03497728	Not specified	TERMINATED	Detection of Microdeletions in the Azoospermia Factor (AZF) Regions in Infertile Male Patients
NCT04675164	Not specified	COMPLETED	Laser Assisted Sperm Selection of Viable Immotile Testicular Sperm in Azoospermic Infertile Men
NCT05479474	Not specified	RECRUITING	Platelet Rich Plasma Testis Treatment for Infertile Men
NCT05628987	Not specified	RECRUITING	The Association of Gut Microbiota and Spermatogenic Dysfunction
NCT05866484	Not specified	COMPLETED	Testicular Sperm Aspiration (TESA) vs. Microfluidic Sperm Separation (MSS)
NCT06524258	Not specified	COMPLETED	Testicular Elastography for Microscopic Testicular Sperm Extraction
NCT06841328	Not specified	RECRUITING	Fertility Enhancement Through Regenerative Treatment in Ovaries and Testes
NCT06941922	Not specified	RECRUITING	Testicular Evaluation of Azoospermia Using Micro-Ultrasound
NCT07074015	Not specified	RECRUITING	IntelliWell: An AI-Assisted Imaging Platform for Detection and Location of Ultra-Rare Testicular Sperm in Surgical Specimens
NCT07357701	Not specified	RECRUITING	Identifying Genome Variants in Non-Obstructive Azoospermia (NOA) or Primary Ovarian Insufficiency (POI)
NCT07542626	Not specified	RECRUITING	Fertility Restoration With Autografting of Cryopreserved Immature Testicular Tissue