DDX28

Summary

DDX28 (DEAD-box helicase 28, HGNC:17330) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16q22.1, encoding Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX28 (Q9NUL7). Plays an essential role in facilitating the proper assembly of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit and its helicase activity is essential for this function. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 22.6% of cell lines).

DEAD box proteins, characterized by the conserved motif Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD), are putative RNA helicases. They are implicated in a number of cellular processes involving alteration of RNA secondary structure, such as translation initiation, nuclear and mitochondrial splicing, and ribosome and spliceosome assembly. Based on their distribution patterns, some members of the DEAD box protein family are believed to be involved in embryogenesis, spermatogenesis, and cellular growth and division. This gene is intronless. It encodes an RNA-dependent ATPase. The encoded protein is localized in the mitochondria and the nucleus, and can be transported between the mitochondria and the nucleus.

Source: NCBI Gene 55794 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 74 total
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 22.6% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_018380

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:17330
Approved symbol	DDX28
Name	DEAD-box helicase 28
Location	16q22.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MDDX28, FLJ11282
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000182810
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607618
Entrez	55794

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000332395

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_018380 NM_018380

CCDS: CCDS10858

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000332395 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001300672	68020916	68023232

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 248 present calls, max score 93.57.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 6.7764 / max 52.2658, expressed in 1730 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
157847	6.7764	1730

Top tissues by expression

288 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	93.57	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	91.61	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	83.27	silver quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	82.88	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	82.85	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	82.68	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	82.68	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	82.62	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	81.77	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	81.62	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	81.50	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	80.98	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	80.11	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	79.73	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	79.69	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	79.65	gold quality
muscle organ	UBERON:0001630	79.41	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	79.18	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	79.02	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	78.28	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	78.21	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	77.91	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	77.90	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	77.48	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	77.46	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	77.40	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	76.78	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	76.68	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	76.58	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	76.53	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	2.94

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

18 targeting DDX28, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-6778-3P	99.96	67.29	2693
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-23A-3P	99.95	74.24	3163
HSA-MIR-23B-3P	99.95	74.24	3163
HSA-MIR-23C	99.95	73.92	3192
HSA-MIR-5680	99.91	69.83	3421
HSA-MIR-944	99.82	70.85	3042
HSA-MIR-4729	99.69	72.18	4233
HSA-MIR-7161-5P	99.68	68.92	1592
HSA-MIR-548U	99.65	67.78	1463
HSA-MIR-942-5P	99.41	68.40	1977
HSA-MIR-520E-5P	99.27	68.90	1513
HSA-MIR-3691-3P	97.90	65.97	791
HSA-MIR-7112-3P	97.67	68.77	948
HSA-MIR-431-5P	96.16	66.50	652
HSA-MIR-7108-3P	94.37	64.79	183
HSA-MIR-4258	90.68	62.19	164

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 22.6% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Three domains in the N-terminal half of the protein and its RNA binding ability were essential for nucleolar localization as well as transcription-inhibition-dependent localization to nuclear subcompartments and two were the nuclear localization signal (PMID:12663657)
• The authors have identified the DEAD box protein family member DDX28 as an interactor and negative regulator of HIF-2alpha that suppresses HIF-2alpha’s ability to activate eIF4E2-directed translation. (PMID:31907278)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ddx28	ENSDARG00000060411
mus_musculus	Ddx28	ENSMUSG00000045538
rattus_norvegicus	Ddx28	ENSRNOG00000019817
drosophila_melanogaster	Dbp21E2	FBGN0086130

Paralogs (38): DDX20 (ENSG00000064703), DDX3Y (ENSG00000067048), DDX1 (ENSG00000079785), DDX43 (ENSG00000080007), DDX18 (ENSG00000088205), DDX24 (ENSG00000089737), DDX17 (ENSG00000100201), DDX49 (ENSG00000105671), DDX50 (ENSG00000107625), DDX5 (ENSG00000108654), DDX25 (ENSG00000109832), DDX6 (ENSG00000110367), DDX55 (ENSG00000111364), DDX59 (ENSG00000118197), DDX54 (ENSG00000123064), DDX39A (ENSG00000123136), DDX27 (ENSG00000124228), DDX31 (ENSG00000125485), DDX56 (ENSG00000136271), EIF4A3 (ENSG00000141543), DDX46 (ENSG00000145833), DDX4 (ENSG00000152670), EIF4A2 (ENSG00000156976), DDX19B (ENSG00000157349), EIF4A1 (ENSG00000161960), DDX21 (ENSG00000165732), DDX19A (ENSG00000168872), TDRD12 (ENSG00000173809), DDX23 (ENSG00000174243), DDX10 (ENSG00000178105), DDX41 (ENSG00000183258), DDX53 (ENSG00000184735), DDX51 (ENSG00000185163), DDX42 (ENSG00000198231), DDX39B (ENSG00000198563), DDX47 (ENSG00000213782), DDX3X (ENSG00000215301), DDX52 (ENSG00000278053)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Probable ATP-dependent RNA helicase DDX28 — Q9NUL7 (reviewed: Q9NUL7)

Alternative names: Mitochondrial DEAD box protein 28

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9NUL7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays an essential role in facilitating the proper assembly of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit and its helicase activity is essential for this function. May be involved in RNA processing or transport. Has RNA and Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase activity.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer. Found in a complex with GRSF1, DHX30, FASTKD2 and FASTKD5. Associates with the 16S mitochondrial rRNA (16S mt-rRNA) and with the mitochondrial ribosome large subunit (39S).

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Mitochondrion. Mitochondrion matrix. Mitochondrion nucleoid.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in all tissues tested, including brain, placenta, lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, leukocytes, colon, small intestine, ovary and prostate.

Similarity. Belongs to the DEAD box helicase family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_060850* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001650	Helicase_C-like	Domain
IPR011545	DEAD/DEAH_box_helicase_dom	Domain
IPR014001	Helicase_ATP-bd	Domain
IPR014014	RNA_helicase_DEAD_Q_motif	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050079	DEAD_box_RNA_helicase	Family

Pfam: PF00270, PF00271

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:13065)

UniProt features (10 total): short sequence motif 5, domain 2, chain 1, binding site 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
9UU7	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
7OI6	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	5.7

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9NUL7-F1	83.49	0.48

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (1): 172–179

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 144 (showing top): GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_BRAIN_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, GOBP_RIBOSOME_BIOGENESIS, chr16q22, GOBP_RIBOSOME_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_RIBOSOMAL_LARGE_SUBUNIT_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_PROTEIN_RNA_COMPLEX_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_ORGANELLE_ASSEMBLY, CREB_Q2_01, ZHOU_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE_LIVE_DN, DELASERNA_MYOD_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN_COMPLEX_BIOGENESIS, GOBP_RIBOSOMAL_LARGE_SUBUNIT_BIOGENESIS, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_EARLY_PROGENITOR, CREBP1CJUN_01, SCHLOSSER_MYC_AND_SERUM_RESPONSE_SYNERGY

GO Biological Process (2): mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly (GO:1902775), ribosome biogenesis (GO:0042254)

GO Molecular Function (9): RNA binding (GO:0003723), RNA helicase activity (GO:0003724), ATP binding (GO:0005524), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887), rRNA binding (GO:0019843), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), helicase activity (GO:0004386), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (8): nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), nucleolus (GO:0005730), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), cytosol (GO:0005829), ribonucleoprotein granule (GO:0035770), mitochondrial nucleoid (GO:0042645), nucleus (GO:0005634), mitochondrial matrix (GO:0005759)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
intracellular membraneless organelle	3
ATP-dependent activity	2
nuclear lumen	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
cytoplasm	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
mitochondrion	2
ribosomal large subunit assembly	1
mitochondrial ribosome assembly	1
ribonucleoprotein complex biogenesis	1
nucleic acid binding	1
helicase activity	1
ATP-dependent activity, acting on RNA	1
catalytic activity, acting on RNA	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
RNA binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
binding	1
nucleic acid conformation isomerase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid	1
catalytic activity	1
supramolecular complex	1
mitochondrial matrix	1
nucleoid	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

3451 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
DDX28	MRM3	Q9HC36	802
DDX28	DHX30	Q7L2E3	792
DDX28	MTERF3	Q96E29	777
DDX28	GRSF1	Q12849	758
DDX28	GTPBP10	A4D1E9	754
DDX28	ERAL1	O75616	752
DDX28	MTG1	Q9BT17	740
DDX28	MALSU1	Q96EH3	731
DDX28	GTPBP6	O43824	691
DDX28	MTG2	Q9H4K7	678
DDX28	FASTKD2	Q9NYY8	671
DDX28	NSUN4	Q96CB9	669
DDX28	MTERF4	Q7Z6M4	667
DDX28	GTPBP8	Q8N3Z3	666
DDX28	RPUSD3	Q6P087	639

IntAct

119 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
YBX1	HNRNPR	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.770
MRPS30	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
LIN28A	IGF2BP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
DDX28	PTCD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
N	NOP56	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
N	RBM47	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPL2	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PSME1	POLR3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CLEC11A	VWA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPL13	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPL18	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ZNRD2	MYO9A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ABT1	ZNF316	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MAGEB2	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PNMA2	CCDC85C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ZNRD2	CCDC85C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
NDUFAB1	MIEF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.490
Ybx1	MRPS18B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Ubr5	SFI1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Ercc6l	RPL17	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MPHOSPH8	HCFC1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MATR3	BCLAF3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
EMC2	TBL2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HSCB	RBP5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
k8	RGL2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ESR1	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CUL3	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (280): DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX28 (Affinity Capture-MS), RPUSD4 (Affinity Capture-MS), METAP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TRUB2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PTCD1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0JMH2, A5K3F9, A6XGL0, A8IRK7, B0BNM1, B7QDG3, C3YDS7, D3ZEY4, D3ZU57, E2QRY6, E7FCP8, F6W8I0, F7DL67, F7FIH8, O14976, O88444, P16386, P51828, P52333, P52824, P53370, P70563, Q08828, Q0PIT9, Q17QN2, Q2KI13, Q2KI24, Q3TIU4, Q4R4T6, Q5GA22, Q5RAR6, Q5ZHX9, Q6AXQ5, Q6DHK1, Q6L8Q7, Q6P5E8, Q6QRN6, Q8CH40, Q8K2J9, Q8K4Z3

Diamond homologs: A1CHL3, A1CR32, A1CX72, A1D405, A2QIL2, A2RB17, A2XKG2, A3LQ55, A3LS22, A3LSN3, A4RGD1, A5DLE0, A5DQF1, A5E6W6, A5F3R4, A6QRQ7, A6RW56, A6ZSX1, A6ZT77, A7EML8, A7TK63, A7TS37, B0RWT6, C3LQR1, P0A9P6, P0A9P7, P0A9P8, P0CR00, P0CR01, P25888, P33906, P34580, P38712, P38719, P46942, Q0CIQ3, Q0U6X2, Q0UK12, Q0UWC8, Q1E1N5

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
DDX28	up-regulates	Stress_granules

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 128 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Mitochondrial ribosome-associated quality control	10	15.7×	3e-07
Mitochondrial translation initiation	8	13.0×	2e-05
Mitochondrial translation elongation	8	13.0×	2e-05
Mitochondrial translation	7	12.3×	9e-05
Mitochondrial translation termination	8	11.3×	4e-05
rRNA processing	5	9.4×	9e-03
Translation	10	8.0×	4e-05
mRNA Polyadenylation	6	6.8×	1e-02

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit assembly	5	46.3×	2e-05
mitochondrial translation	10	16.2×	4e-07
translation	8	7.7×	2e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

74 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	72
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

62 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
16:68023171:G:T	donor_gain	0.9900
16:68023035:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
16:68023035:G:T	donor_gain	0.9700
16:68023172:A:T	donor_gain	0.9300
16:68023171:G:GT	donor_gain	0.8900
16:68023170:G:GT	donor_gain	0.8300
16:68023125:GACC:G	donor_gain	0.7200
16:68023194:T:A	donor_gain	0.7100
16:68023111:T:A	donor_gain	0.7000
16:68023152:G:GT	donor_gain	0.6900
16:68023106:GGG:G	donor_gain	0.6700
16:68023107:GGG:G	donor_gain	0.6700
16:68023129:G:GG	donor_gain	0.6600
16:68023133:G:GT	donor_gain	0.6600
16:68023034:G:GT	donor_gain	0.6500
16:68023187:GCCGC:G	donor_gain	0.6400
16:68023128:C:CG	donor_gain	0.6300
16:68023105:AGG:A	donor_gain	0.6200
16:68023014:T:TA	donor_gain	0.6000
16:68023163:TC:T	donor_gain	0.5800
16:68023124:GGACC:G	donor_gain	0.5700
16:68023125:GACCG:G	donor_gain	0.5700
16:68023134:G:T	donor_gain	0.5600
16:68023212:A:AG	donor_gain	0.5300
16:68023213:G:GG	donor_gain	0.5300
16:68023107:G:GA	donor_gain	0.4900
16:68023104:C:T	donor_gain	0.4700
16:68023167:G:GT	donor_gain	0.4700
16:68023190:GC:G	donor_gain	0.4500
16:68023191:C:G	donor_gain	0.4500

AlphaMissense

3414 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
16:68021700:A:C	S501R	0.998
16:68021700:A:T	S501R	0.998
16:68021702:T:G	S501R	0.998
16:68021994:G:C	F403L	0.997
16:68021994:G:T	F403L	0.997
16:68021996:A:G	F403L	0.997
16:68021752:C:G	R484T	0.995
16:68021844:G:C	C453W	0.995
16:68021751:T:A	R484S	0.994
16:68021751:T:G	R484S	0.994
16:68021752:C:A	R484I	0.994
16:68021833:G:T	A457D	0.994
16:68021756:G:C	H483D	0.992
16:68021695:A:T	V503E	0.991
16:68021790:A:C	N471K	0.991
16:68021790:A:T	N471K	0.991
16:68021842:G:A	T454I	0.991
16:68022096:A:C	F369L	0.991
16:68022096:A:T	F369L	0.991
16:68022098:A:G	F369L	0.991
16:68022343:T:A	E287V	0.991
16:68022914:A:G	W97R	0.991
16:68022914:A:T	W97R	0.991
16:68021845:C:T	C453Y	0.990
16:68021991:A:C	C404W	0.990
16:68022097:A:G	F369S	0.990
16:68022689:C:G	A172P	0.989
16:68022912:C:A	W97C	0.988
16:68022912:C:G	W97C	0.988
16:68021668:A:T	V512D	0.987

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1001226438 (16:68024708 G>A,C), RS1001294787 (16:68023348 C>T), RS1001410260 (16:68023215 G>A), RS1003636025 (16:68024980 C>T), RS1005554272 (16:68022754 T>C,G), RS1005752688 (16:68025032 A>G), RS1006547812 (16:68023470 A>C,G,T), RS1006892845 (16:68020716 A>AT), RS1007309444 (16:68023969 A>C), RS1007333464 (16:68021175 G>A), RS1008901624 (16:68024564 CTT>C,CTTT), RS1009315620 (16:68024733 A>C), RS1010178962 (16:68024350 C>G,T), RS1013985028 (16:68022117 C>T), RS1014198314 (16:68020587 T>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607618 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST002539_84	Schizophrenia	2.000000e-08
GCST006803_42	Schizophrenia	4.000000e-08
GCST010002_113	Refractive error	2.000000e-14

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

30 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
3-((6-(2-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)methane sulfonamide	decreases expression	1
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
ferrous chloride	decreases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
2,3,5-(triglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone	increases ADP-ribosylation	1
cylindrospermopsin	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
abrine	increases expression	1
teriflunomide	decreases expression	1
Decitabine	affects expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	affects expression	1
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	1
Methotrexate	decreases expression	1
Nickel	increases expression	1
Ribonucleotides	affects binding	1
Silver	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Dronabinol	decreases expression	1
Thiram	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Urethane	decreases expression	1
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.