DHRS13
gene geneOn this page
Also known as MGC23280SDR7C5
Summary
DHRS13 (dehydrogenase/reductase 13, HGNC:28326) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q11.2, encoding Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 13 (Q6UX07). Putative oxidoreductase.
Predicted to enable oxidoreductase activity. Located in membrane.
Source: NCBI Gene 147015 — RefSeq curated summary.
At a glance
- Clinical variants (ClinVar): 83 total
- MANE Select transcript:
NM_144683
Identifiers
Gene identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| HGNC ID | HGNC:28326 |
| Approved symbol | DHRS13 |
| Name | dehydrogenase/reductase 13 |
| Location | 17q11.2 |
| Locus type | gene with protein product |
| Status | Approved |
| Aliases | MGC23280, SDR7C5 |
| Ensembl gene | ENSG00000167536 |
| Ensembl biotype | protein_coding |
| OMIM | 616157 |
| Entrez | 147015 |
Gene structure
Transcript identifiers
Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 4 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined
ENST00000378895, ENST00000394901, ENST00000426464, ENST00000581759, ENST00000581974, ENST00000913592
RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_144683
NM_144683
CCDS: CCDS11246
Canonical transcript exons
ENST00000378895 — 5 exons
| Exon | Start | End |
|---|---|---|
| ENSE00000866373 | 28900990 | 28901301 |
| ENSE00001052792 | 28901493 | 28901616 |
| ENSE00001479180 | 28902583 | 28902701 |
| ENSE00001479182 | 28902818 | 28903079 |
| ENSE00001782732 | 28897781 | 28898892 |
Expression profiles
Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 135 present calls, max score 95.06.
FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 5.7110 / max 265.6615, expressed in 1347 samples.
FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)
| Promoter ID | TPM avg | Samples expressed |
|---|---|---|
| 165096 | 2.8680 | 1057 |
| 165097 | 2.6036 | 1032 |
| 165095 | 0.1365 | 37 |
| 165094 | 0.1029 | 26 |
Top tissues by expression
137 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):
| Tissue | Anatomy ID | Expression score | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|
| male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis | CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473 | 95.06 | gold quality |
| blood | UBERON:0000178 | 93.52 | gold quality |
| cerebellum | UBERON:0002037 | 87.99 | gold quality |
| cerebellar hemisphere | UBERON:0002245 | 87.96 | gold quality |
| cerebellar cortex | UBERON:0002129 | 87.93 | gold quality |
| right hemisphere of cerebellum | UBERON:0014890 | 87.86 | gold quality |
| bone marrow | UBERON:0002371 | 84.68 | gold quality |
| prostate gland | UBERON:0002367 | 84.37 | gold quality |
| cerebellar vermis | UBERON:0004720 | 83.08 | gold quality |
| olfactory segment of nasal mucosa | UBERON:0005386 | 82.75 | gold quality |
| spleen | UBERON:0002106 | 82.39 | gold quality |
| cortical plate | UBERON:0005343 | 82.28 | gold quality |
| granulocyte | CL:0000094 | 81.60 | gold quality |
| mucosa of transverse colon | UBERON:0004991 | 79.96 | gold quality |
| ventricular zone | UBERON:0003053 | 79.35 | gold quality |
| hypothalamus | UBERON:0001898 | 79.33 | gold quality |
| saliva-secreting gland | UBERON:0001044 | 79.22 | gold quality |
| primordial germ cell in gonad | CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991 | 78.97 | gold quality |
| bone marrow cell | CL:0002092 | 78.97 | gold quality |
| minor salivary gland | UBERON:0001830 | 78.94 | gold quality |
| thymus | UBERON:0002370 | 78.72 | silver quality |
| adult mammalian kidney | UBERON:0000082 | 78.68 | gold quality |
| vermiform appendix | UBERON:0001154 | 78.24 | gold quality |
| esophagus mucosa | UBERON:0002469 | 78.22 | gold quality |
| right lobe of liver | UBERON:0001114 | 77.53 | gold quality |
| ganglionic eminence | UBERON:0004023 | 77.26 | gold quality |
| cortex of kidney | UBERON:0001225 | 77.17 | gold quality |
| lymph node | UBERON:0000029 | 76.99 | gold quality |
| left adrenal gland | UBERON:0001234 | 76.91 | gold quality |
| metanephros cortex | UBERON:0010533 | 76.91 | gold quality |
Single-cell (SCXA)
Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.
| Experiment | Marker? | Max mean expression |
|---|---|---|
| E-ANND-3 | yes | 5.36 |
Regulation
Is transcription factor: no
miRNA regulators (miRDB)
18 targeting DHRS13, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):
| miRNA | Max score | Avg score | miRNA target_count |
|---|---|---|---|
| HSA-MIR-6124 | 99.87 | 69.78 | 3551 |
| HSA-MIR-6751-5P | 99.56 | 64.99 | 1145 |
| HSA-MIR-6733-3P | 99.54 | 67.80 | 1281 |
| HSA-MIR-5571-5P | 99.49 | 66.99 | 1764 |
| HSA-MIR-4685-5P | 99.25 | 65.99 | 1563 |
| HSA-MIR-6837-5P | 99.25 | 65.47 | 1632 |
| HSA-MIR-6803-5P | 99.19 | 63.90 | 1026 |
| HSA-MIR-7155-5P | 98.65 | 66.14 | 1290 |
| HSA-MIR-1227-5P | 98.65 | 65.32 | 1549 |
| HSA-MIR-561-5P | 98.25 | 68.13 | 1365 |
| HSA-MIR-3664-3P | 97.85 | 67.62 | 1452 |
| HSA-MIR-7112-3P | 97.67 | 68.77 | 948 |
| HSA-MIR-4639-3P | 97.54 | 67.12 | 787 |
| HSA-MIR-3173-5P | 97.35 | 65.82 | 1282 |
| HSA-MIR-6799-3P | 97.35 | 65.60 | 1302 |
| HSA-MIR-383-5P | 96.86 | 67.55 | 820 |
| HSA-MIR-668-3P | 96.18 | 65.80 | 673 |
| HSA-MIR-6835-5P | 95.81 | 64.27 | 500 |
Cross-species orthologs
13 orthologs
| Organism | Symbol | Gene ID |
|---|---|---|
| danio_rerio | dhrs13a.1 | ENSDARG00000026322 |
| danio_rerio | dhrs13b.1 | ENSDARG00000031814 |
| danio_rerio | dhrs13a.3 | ENSDARG00000041137 |
| danio_rerio | dhrs13l1 | ENSDARG00000098746 |
| danio_rerio | dhrs13a.2 | ENSDARG00000111240 |
| mus_musculus | Dhrs13 | ENSMUSG00000020834 |
| rattus_norvegicus | Dhrs13 | ENSRNOG00000072884 |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00000971 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00000972 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00010762 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00017082 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00017131 | |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | WBGENE00017971 |
Paralogs (4): KDSR (ENSG00000119537), RDH13 (ENSG00000160439), DHRSX (ENSG00000169084), RDH14 (ENSG00000240857)
Protein
Protein identifiers
Dehydrogenase/reductase SDR family member 13 — Q6UX07 (reviewed: Q6UX07)
Alternative names: Short chain dehydrogenase/reductase family 7C member 5
All UniProt accessions (1): Q6UX07
UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →
Function. Putative oxidoreductase.
Subcellular location. Secreted.
Similarity. Belongs to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family.
Isoforms (3)
| UniProt ID | Names | Canonical? |
|---|---|---|
| Q6UX07-1 | 1 | yes |
| Q6UX07-2 | 2 | |
| Q6UX07-3 | 3 |
RefSeq proteins (1): NP_653284* (*=MANE)
Domains & families (InterPro)
| ID | Name | Type |
|---|---|---|
| IPR002347 | SDR_fam | Family |
| IPR036291 | NAD(P)-bd_dom_sf | Homologous_superfamily |
Pfam: PF00106
UniProt features (17 total): binding site 6, compositionally biased region 3, splice variant 2, sequence variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, region of interest 1, active site 1
Structure
Experimental structures (PDB)
0 structures.
Predicted structure (AlphaFold)
| Model | pLDDT | Fraction very-high |
|---|---|---|
| AF-Q6UX07-F1 | 82.78 | 0.60 |
Functional residue map
Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.
Catalytic / active sites (1): 197 (proton acceptor)
Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (6): 197; 201; 232; 46; 48; 170
Function
Pathways and Gene Ontology
Reactome pathways
0 pathways
MSigDB gene sets: 112 (showing top):
chr17q11, LIAO_METASTASIS, NAKAMURA_TUMOR_ZONE_PERIPHERAL_VS_CENTRAL_DN, BASAKI_YBX1_TARGETS_DN, LIAO_HAVE_SOX4_BINDING_SITES, CHARAFE_BREAST_CANCER_LUMINAL_VS_MESENCHYMAL_UP, KRIEG_HYPOXIA_NOT_VIA_KDM3A, E2F3_UP.V1_UP, CHARAFE_BREAST_CANCER_LUMINAL_VS_BASAL_UP, ATF6_TARGET_GENES, KAT5_TARGET_GENES, NAB2_TARGET_GENES, PAX8_TARGET_GENES, SFMBT1_TARGET_GENES, SKIL_TARGET_GENES
GO Biological Process (0):
GO Molecular Function (2): oxidoreductase activity (GO:0016491), protein binding (GO:0005515)
GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), membrane (GO:0016020)
GO top-level categories
Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:
| Category | Terms |
|---|---|
| cellular anatomical structure | 2 |
| catalytic activity | 1 |
| binding | 1 |
Protein interactions and networks
STRING
3047 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):
| Protein A | Protein B | Partner UniProt | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| DHRS13 | PRSS35 | Q8N3Z0 | 564 |
| DHRS13 | ADAMTS9 | Q9P2N4 | 558 |
| DHRS13 | RGS17 | Q9UGC6 | 506 |
| DHRS13 | KCNQ3 | O43525 | 485 |
| DHRS13 | FAM131A | Q6UXB0 | 478 |
| DHRS13 | GLIPR1L2 | Q4G1C9 | 466 |
| DHRS13 | SIGLEC15 | Q6ZMC9 | 461 |
| DHRS13 | DCLK1 | O15075 | 437 |
| DHRS13 | HIBADH | P31937 | 434 |
| DHRS13 | EPCIP | Q9NYP8 | 418 |
| DHRS13 | GCSAML | Q5JQS6 | 413 |
| DHRS13 | KLHDC8B | Q8IXV7 | 402 |
| DHRS13 | CLDND2 | Q8NHS1 | 399 |
| DHRS13 | GAL3ST4 | Q96RP7 | 397 |
| DHRS13 | LRRN2 | O75325 | 397 |
IntAct
39 interactions, top by confidence:
| A | B | Type | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| RANBP6 | SLC27A2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.640 |
| DHRS13 | KIFBP | psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association) | 0.640 |
| TNFSF8 | TOR1B | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.640 |
| SLC1A1 | AGPAT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.640 |
| TNFSF8 | LGALS8 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.530 |
| LDLRAD1 | ADAM10 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.530 |
| SLC31A1 | PRORP | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.530 |
| TNFSF8 | NME4 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| P | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 | |
| ATG16L1 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 | |
| KCNA2 | TMEM129 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| TTMP | TMEM223 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| RAMP2 | GXYLT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| LRRC55 | TMEM120B | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| SLC22A4 | RTL8C | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| MFSD4A | UBXN8 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| SYP | HAS3 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| DHRS13 | HSPA8 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| AFG2A | ESYT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| AFG2B | MMP24OS | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| CHIA | SLC25A16 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| GPR182 | TMEM120B | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| HAUS7 | RFPL4A | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| SETD6 | GFPT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| SYP | TMEM223 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| TMED5 | DGAT1 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
BioGRID (54): KIAA1279 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHRS13 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHRS13 (Affinity Capture-MS), KIAA1279 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHRS13 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHRS13 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHRS13 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS), DHRS13 (Proximity Label-MS)
ESM2 similar proteins: A0A061IR73, A2ARS0, A6NE52, A6QPE7, A8MYJ7, A8VU90, C9JTQ0, E1BD59, E5RJM6, O08672, P54777, Q08353, Q0P5G1, Q0V8J4, Q13470, Q13608, Q15653, Q28616, Q2TB02, Q3SWY4, Q3UYR4, Q53GL7, Q58EX7, Q5IJ48, Q5JR98, Q60778, Q62893, Q6EMK4, Q6F5E8, Q6MG64, Q6P7C4, Q6UX07, Q6ZMH5, Q6ZVH7, Q6ZVZ8, Q7RTR2, Q8CDY7, Q8CIE4, Q8K592, Q8NI38
Diamond homologs: A0A017SEY2, A0A023I4F1, A0A0C6DRT7, A0A1B7YCL6, A0A2P1DP77, A0A345BJN5, A0A482ND39, A0A4P8DJW5, A0A5B8YU33, A0AAW1NHX6, A2RVM0, B2X050, B6H062, B6HLP6, B8M9L2, C8V3Y7, D7UQ42, F4JJR8, G1XTZ5, G3Y422, G4MVZ5, G9N4A1, G9N4A6, I1S2J3, O48741, O75828, O80333, P00335, P0DXW2, P15428, P16232, P19992, P21218, P28845, P42317, P50199, P50203, P51975, P70684, P9WEF8
SIGNOR signaling
0 interactions.
Enriched among interaction partners
Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 53 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.
Reactome pathways:
| Pathway | Partners | Fold | FDR |
|---|---|---|---|
| SLC-mediated transmembrane transport | 6 | 10.8× | 6e-04 |
Disease & clinical
Clinical variants and AI predictions
ClinVar
83 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):
| Classification | Count (floor) |
|---|---|
| Pathogenic | 0 |
| Likely pathogenic | 0 |
| Uncertain significance | 75 |
| Likely benign | 2 |
| Benign | 0 |
Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)
SpliceAI
695 predictions. Top by Δscore:
| Variant | Effect | Δscore |
|---|---|---|
| 17:28900985:CTCA:C | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28901487:CCTCA:C | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28901488:CTCAC:C | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28901489:TCAC:T | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28901490:CAC:C | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28901492:CCGG:C | donor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 17:28901612:CTCTC:C | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 17:28902579:TCACC:T | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28902580:CA:C | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 17:28902710:C:CT | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 17:28902816:AC:A | donor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 17:28902817:CC:C | donor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 17:28898889:GGCCC:G | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28898890:GCCCT:G | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28898891:CC:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28898892:CCTG:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28898892:CCTGT:C | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28898894:T:G | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28900988:A:AC | donor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28900989:C:CC | donor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901491:A:AC | donor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901492:C:CC | donor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901614:CTC:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901615:TC:T | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901615:TCC:T | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901616:CC:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901617:C:A | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901617:C:CC | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901618:T:A | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 17:28901619:G:GC | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
AlphaMissense
2388 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:
| Variant | Protein change | am_pathogenicity |
|---|---|---|
| 17:28898771:A:C | C268W | 0.987 |
| 17:28901548:A:C | F105L | 0.983 |
| 17:28901548:A:T | F105L | 0.983 |
| 17:28901550:A:G | F105L | 0.983 |
| 17:28898730:A:G | F282S | 0.982 |
| 17:28898654:G:C | S307R | 0.979 |
| 17:28898654:G:T | S307R | 0.979 |
| 17:28898656:T:G | S307R | 0.979 |
| 17:28898772:C:T | C268Y | 0.977 |
| 17:28902823:A:T | V41D | 0.977 |
| 17:28898729:A:C | F282L | 0.974 |
| 17:28898729:A:T | F282L | 0.974 |
| 17:28898731:A:G | F282L | 0.974 |
| 17:28902671:G:T | A53E | 0.973 |
| 17:28902672:C:G | A53P | 0.973 |
| 17:28902829:G:T | A39D | 0.972 |
| 17:28898769:G:T | A269D | 0.967 |
| 17:28898773:A:G | C268R | 0.967 |
| 17:28902683:C:T | G49E | 0.965 |
| 17:28901504:A:G | I120T | 0.964 |
| 17:28902683:C:A | G49V | 0.963 |
| 17:28902632:G:T | A66D | 0.961 |
| 17:28900992:G:T | P227Q | 0.960 |
| 17:28901231:A:C | F147L | 0.960 |
| 17:28901231:A:T | F147L | 0.960 |
| 17:28901233:A:G | F147L | 0.960 |
| 17:28901582:A:C | L94W | 0.960 |
| 17:28898892:C:T | G228E | 0.959 |
| 17:28898730:A:C | F282C | 0.958 |
| 17:28902701:C:T | G43D | 0.958 |
dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000197598 (17:28897409 G>A,T), RS1000399316 (17:28900578 C>A), RS1000781749 (17:28904677 T>A), RS1001747134 (17:28901101 G>A), RS1002158520 (17:28900808 C>T), RS1002949638 (17:28902477 C>A,G,T), RS1002980616 (17:28902183 C>A), RS1003144896 (17:28902407 GC>G), RS1004097605 (17:28899658 A>G), RS1004719194 (17:28899985 C>A,T), RS1004808452 (17:28904234 T>C), RS1005998918 (17:28901304 G>A), RS1006823940 (17:28901374 T>A,C,G), RS1007430824 (17:28902037 C>A,G,T), RS1007613799 (17:28901799 G>A)
Disease associations
OMIM: gene MIM:616157 | disease phenotypes:
GenCC curated gene-disease
Mondo (0):
Orphanet (0):
HPO phenotypes
0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):
GWAS associations
0 associations (top):
Drugs & pharmacology
Drug and pharmacology data
Is drug target: no
PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)
CTD chemical–gene interactions
30 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.
| Chemical | Actions (top 5) | PubMed papers |
|---|---|---|
| Benzo(a)pyrene | increases expression | 2 |
| Estradiol | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 2 |
| Valproic Acid | affects expression, decreases methylation, increases expression | 2 |
| Cyclosporine | increases expression, decreases expression | 2 |
| aristolochic acid I | decreases expression | 1 |
| triphenyl phosphate | affects expression | 1 |
| pirinixic acid | affects binding, decreases expression, increases activity | 1 |
| bisphenol A | increases expression | 1 |
| tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate | decreases expression | 1 |
| sodium arsenite | decreases expression | 1 |
| abrine | decreases expression | 1 |
| bisphenol S | decreases expression | 1 |
| jinfukang | affects cotreatment, increases expression | 1 |
| Air Pollutants | decreases expression, increases abundance | 1 |
| Atrazine | decreases expression | 1 |
| Cisplatin | affects cotreatment, increases expression | 1 |
| Lead | affects expression | 1 |
| NADP | affects binding, increases activity | 1 |
| Quercetin | increases expression | 1 |
| Rotenone | increases expression | 1 |
| Smoke | decreases expression | 1 |
| Tobacco Smoke Pollution | decreases expression | 1 |
| Tretinoin | decreases expression | 1 |
| Tunicamycin | increases expression | 1 |
| Urethane | decreases expression | 1 |
| Aflatoxin B1 | increases expression | 1 |
| Cadmium Chloride | decreases expression | 1 |
| Thapsigargin | increases expression | 1 |
| Copper Sulfate | decreases expression | 1 |
| Particulate Matter | decreases expression, increases abundance | 1 |
Cellosaurus cell lines
1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line
First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):
| Cellosaurus | Name | Category | Sex |
|---|---|---|---|
| CVCL_B1Q4 | Abcam HeLa DHRS13 KO | Cancer cell line | Female |
Clinical trials (associated diseases)
0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.
Related Atlas pages
No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.