DLEC1

Summary

DLEC1 (DLEC1 cilia and flagella associated protein, HGNC:2899) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3p22.2, encoding Deleted in lung and esophageal cancer protein 1 (Q9Y238). Essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility.

The cytogenetic location of this gene is 3p21.3, and it is located in a region that is commonly deleted in a variety of malignancies. Down-regulation of this gene has been observed in several human cancers including lung, esophageal, renal tumors, and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In some cases, reduced expression of this gene in tumor cells is a result of aberrant promoter methylation. Several alternatively spliced transcripts have been observed that contain disrupted coding regions and likely encode nonfunctional proteins.

Source: NCBI Gene 9940 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 348 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 16
• MANE Select transcript: NM_007335

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:2899
Approved symbol	DLEC1
Name	DLEC1 cilia and flagella associated protein
Location	3p22.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DLC1, CFAP81, FAP81
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000008226
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	604050
Entrez	9940

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 3 protein_coding, 3 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000308059, ENST00000346219, ENST00000440294, ENST00000447130, ENST00000469151, ENST00000477260, ENST00000478428, ENST00000896006

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_007335 NM_001321153, NM_007335, NM_007337

CCDS: CCDS2672

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000308059 — 37 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001119421	38095888	38095946
ENSE00001292224	38108405	38108515
ENSE00001294472	38097744	38097902
ENSE00001296971	38116453	38116658
ENSE00001297174	38116975	38117100
ENSE00001299739	38112210	38112361
ENSE00001304299	38117527	38117611
ENSE00001315785	38109432	38109562
ENSE00001322316	38111677	38111747
ENSE00001345995	38117208	38117302
ENSE00001345997	38116773	38116889
ENSE00001345999	38114983	38115053
ENSE00001346000	38114342	38114460
ENSE00001346003	38110099	38110281
ENSE00001346008	38107584	38107737
ENSE00001346009	38100286	38100425
ENSE00001346019	38094879	38095071
ENSE00001754119	38122071	38122194
ENSE00001784907	38122289	38124025
ENSE00003460800	38059742	38059852
ENSE00003483647	38121628	38121781
ENSE00003489445	38092790	38092880
ENSE00003492131	38088296	38088388
ENSE00003492882	38084158	38084245
ENSE00003494185	38097182	38097275
ENSE00003497443	38120448	38120609
ENSE00003498168	38096569	38096737
ENSE00003548178	38097507	38097637
ENSE00003557342	38093605	38093767
ENSE00003559543	38045543	38045693
ENSE00003587488	38062169	38062368
ENSE00003589279	38085274	38085447
ENSE00003596935	38117806	38118024
ENSE00003609262	38063841	38063919
ENSE00003670547	38062581	38062801
ENSE00003685830	38086241	38086377
ENSE00003893674	38039208	38039636

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 188 present calls, max score 99.30.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 0.6246 / max 59.9943, expressed in 195 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
36090	0.6246	195

Top tissues by expression

288 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	99.30	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	96.74	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	96.68	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	96.05	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	91.08	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	90.43	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	88.76	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	88.08	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	86.94	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	86.75	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	86.39	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	86.22	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	84.81	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	84.78	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	84.20	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	83.78	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	83.59	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	82.67	gold quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	78.97	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	78.90	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	78.71	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	78.33	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	77.89	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	77.03	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	76.17	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	76.06	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	75.96	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	75.76	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	75.20	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	74.45	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): SP1, SP3

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

19 targeting DLEC1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4776-3P	100.00	68.73	1340
HSA-MIR-106A-5P	99.90	73.94	2683
HSA-MIR-17-5P	99.89	73.83	2665
HSA-MIR-106B-5P	99.88	74.72	2795
HSA-MIR-20A-5P	99.88	74.76	2769
HSA-MIR-20B-5P	99.88	74.01	2621
HSA-MIR-519D-3P	99.88	73.97	2607
HSA-MIR-526B-3P	99.88	74.06	2587
HSA-MIR-93-5P	99.88	73.98	2606
HSA-MIR-548AZ-5P	99.83	69.94	3230
HSA-MIR-548T-5P	99.83	69.91	3220
HSA-MIR-519A-3P	99.67	71.67	1868
HSA-MIR-519B-3P	99.67	71.67	1868
HSA-MIR-519C-3P	99.67	71.67	1870
HSA-MIR-7974	99.24	65.48	1137
HSA-MIR-5590-5P	98.81	68.78	969
HSA-MIR-6728-3P	98.63	67.63	1534
HSA-MIR-4695-3P	96.71	67.21	836
HSA-MIR-31-3P	95.17	69.82	575

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 22)

• DLEC1 suppresses the growth of ovarian cancer cells and its downregulation is closely associated with promoter hypermethylation and histone hypoacetylation (PMID:16756719)
• Silencing of DLEC1 expression by promoter hypermethylation and histone deacetylation may be important in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tumorigenesis. (PMID:17099870)
• DLEC1 is a candidate tumor suppressor gene that plays an important role in the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:18191269)
• DLEC1 methylation was an independent marker of poor survival in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. (PMID:18594535)
• DLEC1 underwent promoter methylation-associated silencing in colon and gastric tumour cell lines and primary tumours. (PMID:19156137)
• DLEC1 expression levels were significantly lower in samples from patients who developed metastasis, local recurrence, or died of breast cancer when compared to those who were disease free for >10 years. (PMID:20530412)
• Frequent epigenetic inactivation of deleted in lung and esophageal cancer 1 gene by promoter methylation is associated with non-small-cell lung cancer. (PMID:20630829)
• DLEC1 is often down-regulated by CpG methylation and shows tumor inhibitory function in renal cell carcinoma cells, indicating its role as a tumor suppressor (PMID:20639048)
• results demonstrate that down-expression and promoter methylation of DLEC1 increased from normal tissues to premalignancies and then to malignancies. (PMID:20952247)
• Epigenetic inactivation of DLEC1 was crucial in gastric and colorectal carcinogenesis. DLEC1 methylation in serum may be a promise biomarker for GAC and CRAC early diagnosis. (PMID:21443130)
• Repression of DLEC1 in squamous cell carcinoma tissues is associated with promoter hypermethylation. DLEC1 is downregulated in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma and inverted papilloma and has a distinct mechanism. (PMID:22569009)
• methylation-mediated silencing of DLEC1 plays an important role in multiple lymphomagenesis, and may serve as a non-invasive tumor marker for lymphoma diagnosis (PMID:23050586)
• DLEC1 methylation was not associated with the clinicopathological variables of gastric cancer. (PMID:25574068)
• DLEC1 mediates tumor-suppressive activities through NF-kappaB signaling. (PMID:25648635)
• DLEC1 is down-regulated in head and neck squamous cell tumors and it’s promoter methylation is not associated with the clinicopathological parameters. (PMID:25746324)
• the expression levels of DLEC1 and ITGA9 were prominently decreased in lung tumor samples (PMID:27287342)
• We found no correlation between the DLEC1, TUSC4 and MLH1 gene expression and NSCLC patient characteristics (gender, age and smoking) or cancer histopathology. No significant differences in the gene expression among NSCLC subtypes indicate the weakness of DLEC1, TUSC4 and MLH1 expression analysis as potential differentiating markers of NSCLC subtypes in the Polish population. (PMID:28674222)
• DLEC1 methylation can be utilized to identify a subset with a better prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas of the small duct type. (PMID:30610381)
• that the KLF4 and DLEC1 genes can be considered potential methylation biomarkers for uterine leiomyomas (PMID:31176573)
• Compared with negative methylation (Nm), DLEC1-positive methylation (Pm) was associated with increased GC risk in PS (OR 2.083, 95% CI 1.220-3.558, P = 0.007), but PBX3 Pm was not associated with GC risk. (PMID:32144534)
• Dlec1 is required for spermatogenesis and male fertility in mice. (PMID:33144677)
• PM2.5 exposure and DLEC1 promoter methylation in Taiwan Biobank participants. (PMID:33153431)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Dlec1	ENSMUSG00000038060
rattus_norvegicus	Dlec1	ENSRNOG00000032085

Paralogs (2): HYDIN (ENSG00000157423), CFAP47 (ENSG00000165164)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Deleted in lung and esophageal cancer protein 1 — Q9Y238 (reviewed: Q9Y238)

Alternative names: Deleted in lung cancer protein 1

All UniProt accessions (2): Q9Y238, Q32W76

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Essential for spermatogenesis and male fertility. May play an important role in sperm head and tail formation. May act as a tumor suppressor by inhibiting cell proliferation.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with alpha- and beta-tubulin. Interacts with BBS2, BBS4, BBS5, MKKS, TCP1, CCT2, CCT3, CCT4, CCT5 and CCT7.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in all tissues examined. Expression is highest in prostate and testis.

Disease relevance. DLEC1 silencing due to promoter methylation and aberrant transcription are implicated in the development of different cancers, including esophageal (ESCR), renal and lung cancers (LNCR). Lung cancer (LNCR) [MIM:211980] A common malignancy affecting tissues of the lung. The most common form of lung cancer is non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that can be divided into 3 major histologic subtypes: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell lung cancer. NSCLC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and has a poor prognosis. The gene represented in this entry may be involved in disease pathogenesis. DLEC1 silencing due to promoter methylation and aberrant transcription are implicated in the development of lung cancer. Esophageal cancer (ESCR) [MIM:133239] A malignancy of the esophagus. The most common types are esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Cancer of the esophagus remains a devastating disease because it is usually not detected until it has progressed to an advanced incurable stage. The gene represented in this entry may be involved in disease pathogenesis. DLEC1 silencing due to promoter methylation and aberrant transcription may be implicated in the development of esophageal cancer.

Miscellaneous. Levels of this splice isoform may be increased in cancer cell lines and primary cancers. Levels of this splice isoform are increased in cancer cell lines and primary cancers.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9Y238-1	1	yes
Q9Y238-2	2
Q9Y238-3	3, 1S3

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001308082, NP_031361, NP_031363 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR013783	Ig-like_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR033304	DLEC1	Family
IPR059041	Ig_DLEC1_1	Domain

Pfam: PF23277, PF23316

UniProt features (18 total): sequence variant 6, splice variant 4, region of interest 3, sequence conflict 2, compositionally biased region 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9Y238-F1	71.51	0.14

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 583 (showing top): GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, RNGTGGGC_UNKNOWN, GOBP_HINDBRAIN_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, WALLACE_PROSTATE_CANCER_RACE_UP, GOBP_ACTIN_FILAMENT_BUNDLE_ORGANIZATION, YAGI_AML_WITH_INV_16_TRANSLOCATION, BERTUCCI_MEDULLARY_VS_DUCTAL_BREAST_CANCER_DN, MODULE_255, PEREZ_TP63_TARGETS, ATACCTC_MIR202, MODULE_45, GOBP_FOCAL_ADHESION_ASSEMBLY, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP

GO Biological Process (4): defense response to tumor cell (GO:0002357), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), negative regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0008285), cell differentiation (GO:0030154)

GO Molecular Function (4): tubulin binding (GO:0015631), alpha-tubulin binding (GO:0043014), beta-tubulin binding (GO:0048487), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytosol (GO:0005829), cilium (GO:0005929)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
tubulin binding	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
response to tumor cell	1
defense response	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
cell population proliferation	1
regulation of cell population proliferation	1
negative regulation of cellular process	1
cellular developmental process	1
cytoskeletal protein binding	1
binding	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
intraciliary transport particle	1
membrane-bounded organelle	1
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1220 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
DLEC1	PLCD1	P51178	761
DLEC1	RNF6	Q9Y252	752
DLEC1	LZTS1	Q9Y250	731
DLEC1	SLC52A3	Q9NQ40	722
DLEC1	S100A14	Q9HCY8	669
DLEC1	RASSF1	Q9NS23	600
DLEC1	PLCE1	Q9P212	589
DLEC1	SPAG6	O75602	578
DLEC1	CFAP92	Q9ULG3	572
DLEC1	SPATA17	Q96L03	570
DLEC1	ADH1B	P00325	566
DLEC1	OXSR1	O95747	550
DLEC1	ALDH2	P05091	522
DLEC1	WWOX	Q9NZC7	512
DLEC1	CDH13	P55290	473

IntAct

3 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
DLEC1	H1-1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
DLEC1	BOD1L1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
DLEC1	TBC1D5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400

BioGRID (6): DLEC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DLEC1 (Proximity Label-MS), DLEC1 (Proximity Label-MS), TBC1D5 (Affinity Capture-MS), DLEC1 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), DLEC1 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A087WRI3, A2AIP0, A2RRW4, A4D2P6, A6QPC0, A8E5W8, A8MTA8, A9JS51, E9PGG2, G3X6E2, H3BNL1, O08856, O43247, O43566, O70373, P54098, P54099, Q0VB26, Q12770, Q2TA11, Q2TBR5, Q3ZBN4, Q400G9, Q4QR77, Q5MNU5, Q5RDC3, Q6J272, Q6ZQR2, Q70EL4, Q8BL74, Q8BUM9, Q8BX43, Q8C0R7, Q8C4S8, Q8N1D5, Q8N6G2, Q8WUA4, Q8WW14, Q969Z4, Q96MK2

Diamond homologs: A8J6X7, A9Q751, Q4G0U5, Q8BLA1, Q9Y238, Q68FQ8

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

348 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	286
Likely benign	34
Benign	12

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

7173 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:38039632:AGCAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38039633:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
3:38039633:GCAGG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38039634:CAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38039635:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38039636:GG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38039637:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38039638:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045689:TCCAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045690:CCAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045691:CAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045692:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045693:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045694:G:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38045695:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38059736:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38059736:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38059737:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38059737:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38062165:GTAG:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:38062166:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:38062167:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38062168:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38062168:G:GT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:38062168:GGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:38062364:TCAAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38062365:CAAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38062366:AAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38062368:GGTC:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:38062369:GTCA:G	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

11504 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
3:38094901:T:A	W648R	0.995
3:38094901:T:C	W648R	0.995
3:38097218:T:A	W793R	0.994
3:38097218:T:C	W793R	0.994
3:38115044:A:C	S1283R	0.994
3:38115046:C:A	S1283R	0.994
3:38115046:C:G	S1283R	0.994
3:38093749:T:C	L634P	0.992
3:38094994:T:C	F679L	0.992
3:38094996:C:A	F679L	0.992
3:38094996:C:G	F679L	0.992
3:38097190:C:A	N783K	0.992
3:38097190:C:G	N783K	0.992
3:38097855:T:A	W893R	0.992
3:38097855:T:C	W893R	0.992
3:38112329:T:A	W1212R	0.992
3:38112329:T:C	W1212R	0.992
3:38116467:T:A	W1291R	0.992
3:38116467:T:C	W1291R	0.992
3:38097194:A:C	S785R	0.991
3:38097196:C:A	S785R	0.991
3:38097196:C:G	S785R	0.991
3:38097615:T:C	L848S	0.991
3:38112344:G:C	D1217H	0.990
3:38084178:C:A	N398K	0.989
3:38084178:C:G	N398K	0.989
3:38086311:T:A	N502K	0.989
3:38086311:T:G	N502K	0.989
3:38094895:T:C	F646L	0.989
3:38094897:C:A	F646L	0.989

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000022673 (3:38089918 T>A), RS1000027069 (3:38098528 C>T), RS1000058219 (3:38098810 C>A), RS1000148225 (3:38059069 C>T), RS1000209255 (3:38119083 G>A), RS1000275821 (3:38073776 G>C), RS1000284486 (3:38105900 C>A,T), RS1000394246 (3:38086083 G>A), RS1000425365 (3:38086504 A>G,T), RS1000432964 (3:38046307 T>A,C), RS1000502809 (3:38074734 C>T), RS1000532195 (3:38091031 A>G,T), RS1000576637 (3:38040182 C>G), RS1000588576 (3:38105953 C>T), RS1000643086 (3:38080321 T>C,G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:604050 | disease phenotypes: MIM:133239

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): esophageal cancer (MONDO:0007576)

Orphanet (1): Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (Orphanet:99977)

HPO phenotypes

16 total (16 of 16 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0001442	Typified by somatic mosaicism
HP:0001608	Abnormality of the voice
HP:0001864	Clinodactyly of the 5th toe
HP:0002017	Nausea and vomiting
HP:0002716	Lymphadenopathy
HP:0002891	Uterine leiomyosarcoma
HP:0003003	Colon cancer
HP:0005584	Renal cell carcinoma
HP:0006716	Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma
HP:0006740	Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
HP:0006753	Neoplasm of the stomach
HP:0008872	Feeding difficulties in infancy
HP:0011459	Esophageal carcinoma
HP:0012735	Cough
HP:0100749	Chest pain

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003114_10	Carotid intima media thickness	7.000000e-06
GCST003875_38	Gut microbiota (bacterial taxa)	6.000000e-09
GCST005182_7	Common carotid intima-media thickness in HIV negative individuals	6.000000e-06
GCST007103_6	QRS duration	6.000000e-20
GCST007104_6	QRS duration	4.000000e-29

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007874	gut microbiome measurement
EFO:0007883	taxonomic microbiome measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

12 total (human), top 12 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects methylation	1
aflatoxin B2	decreases methylation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression	1
Testosterone	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00333099	PHASE4	COMPLETED	INEC Study: Immuno-modulating Enteral Nutrition in Cancer
NCT00365508	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Counseling and Nicotine Replacement Therapy in Helping Adult Smokers Quit Smoking
NCT00666978	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Health Education Counseling With or Without Bupropion in Helping African Americans Stop Smoking
NCT00754468	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of CryoSpray Ablation(TM)to Determine Treatment Effect, Depth of Injury, and Side Effects in the Esophagus.
NCT00790140	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Trial of Enteral Nutrition Enriched With Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancer Surgery
NCT00911092	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Predictive Proteomic Factors of the Response to Concomitant Radiochemotherapy in Esophageal Cancer
NCT01038154	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Pravastatin on Survival and Recurrence of Advanced Gastroesophageal Cancer
NCT01416077	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Decreasing Postoperative Complications by Goal-Directed Fluid Therapy During Esophageal Resection
NCT01927328	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Iron Replacement in Oesophagogastric Neoplasia
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NCT02320734	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Deep Neuromuscular Relaxation in Patients for Thoraco-laparoscopic Esophagectomy
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NCT00002883	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Cancer of the Esophagus
NCT00002884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Cancer of the Esophagus
NCT00002897	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Stage II or Stage III Cancer of the Esophagus
NCT00003118	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Chemotherapy and Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Cancer of the Esophagus
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NCT00193817	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Three Field Radical Esophagectomy Versus Two Field Esophagectomy - a Prospective Trial
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NCT00270166	PHASE3	COMPLETED	The Effect of Epoetin Alfa on the Anemia of Patients With Selected Cancers Receiving Chemotherapy
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NCT00387348	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Escitalopram in Treating Depression in Patients With Advanced Lung or Gastrointestinal Cancer
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NCT00525200	PHASE3	COMPLETED	p53-Adjusted Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Potentially Resectable Esophageal Cancer
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NCT00665197	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Palliative Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy for Oesophageal Cancer Dysphagia
NCT00686114	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Concurrent Chemoradiotherapy Containing Paclitaxel&Cisplatin With/Without Tarceva in Locally Advanced Esophageal Cancer