EFNA4

Summary

EFNA4 (ephrin A4, HGNC:3224) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q21.3, encoding Ephrin-A4 (P52798). Cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development.

This gene encodes a member of the ephrin (EPH) family. The ephrins and EPH-related receptors comprise the largest subfamily of receptor protein-tyrosine kinases and have been implicated in mediating developmental events, especially in the nervous system and in erythropoiesis. Based on their structures and sequence relationships, ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class, which are anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, which are transmembrane proteins. This gene encodes an EFNA class ephrin that has been implicated in proliferation and metastasis of several types of cancers.

Source: NCBI Gene 1945 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): craniosynostosis (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 16
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 4 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005227

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:3224
Approved symbol	EFNA4
Name	ephrin A4
Location	1q21.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	LERK4
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000243364
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601380
Entrez	1945

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 3 protein_coding

ENST00000359751, ENST00000368409, ENST00000427683

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_005227 NM_001406810, NM_005227, NM_182689, NM_182690

CCDS: CCDS1089, CCDS41407, CCDS44237

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000368409 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000961189	155066730	155067016
ENSE00000961190	155067372	155067440
ENSE00001447063	155068853	155069553
ENSE00001825919	155063740	155063936

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 197 present calls, max score 89.27.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 21.9432 / max 180.8391, expressed in 1763 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
5564	19.2178	1749
5563	2.7254	1307

Top tissues by expression

283 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	89.27	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	88.49	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	88.19	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	87.47	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	86.70	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	85.32	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	83.80	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	83.77	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	83.18	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	81.68	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	81.41	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	81.37	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	81.34	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	81.14	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	81.11	silver quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	80.82	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	80.71	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	80.33	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	80.25	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	80.02	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	79.80	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	79.80	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	79.77	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	79.59	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	79.26	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	78.92	silver quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	78.86	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	78.58	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	78.38	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	78.02	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	3.33
E-MTAB-6142	no	72.40

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

31 targeting EFNA4, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-5193	100.00	67.26	1744
HSA-MIR-4481	100.00	66.42	1669
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-4778-3P	99.93	70.40	1818
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-6785-5P	99.82	68.68	4428
HSA-MIR-149-3P	99.72	68.22	3963
HSA-MIR-6883-5P	99.69	68.05	3785
HSA-MIR-133A-3P	99.27	71.53	1270
HSA-MIR-133B	99.27	71.53	1270
HSA-MIR-149-5P	99.25	67.16	1315
HSA-MIR-196A-3P	99.19	67.34	1204
HSA-MIR-361-3P	99.19	66.45	1381
HSA-MIR-376A-3P	99.06	69.17	1128
HSA-MIR-376B-3P	99.06	69.17	1128
HSA-MIR-5197-3P	98.71	67.05	1905
HSA-MIR-6811-3P	98.62	66.54	944
HSA-MIR-5187-5P	98.54	67.94	952
HSA-MIR-660-3P	98.14	66.04	1434
HSA-MIR-340-3P	98.11	68.25	679
HSA-MIR-6827-3P	98.08	72.27	651
HSA-MIR-6728-5P	97.79	66.33	891
HSA-MIR-939-5P	97.10	65.80	1579
HSA-MIR-3616-3P	96.96	65.45	983
HSA-MIR-3189-3P	96.80	66.34	896
HSA-MIR-1343-5P	96.48	66.06	1506
HSA-MIR-601	95.98	67.59	421
HSA-MIR-1238-5P	94.82	67.52	493

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• Characterization of the promoter (PMID:12030849)
• This provides genetic evidence that Twist1, Msx2 and Efna4 function together in boundary formation and the pathogenesis of coronal synostosis. (PMID:16540516)
• CLL B-cells showed a more heterogeneous Eph/EFN profile, specially EFNA4, EphB6 and EphA10. EphB6 and EFNA4 were further related with the clinical course of CLL. (PMID:18819711)
• EFNA4-EphA2 interactions are involved in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia cell trafficking between blood and the tissues (PMID:19828693)
• The cytoplasmic pattern of ephrin A4 could identify a subgroup of primary osteosarcoma patients with a high liability for progression, poor prognosis, and inferior response to chemotherapy. (PMID:20071790)
• The interaction between ephrin-As, Eph receptors and integrin alpha3 is plausibly important for the crosstalk between Eph and integrin signalling pathways at the membrane protrusions and in the migration of brain cancer cells. (PMID:23686814)
• The present study provides evidence that microglia upregulates endothelial ephrin-A3 and ephrin-A4 to facilitate in vitro angiogenesis of brain endothelial cells, which is mediated by microglia-released TNF-alpha. (PMID:25070915)
• Study present for the first time in vitro and in vivo evidence suggesting that the major role of two ephrin A4 isoforms in chronic lymphocytic leukemia could be related with a non-previously described mechanism of survival linked to extravasation strongly dependent on integrin signaling. (PMID:27374180)
• Ephrin A4-ephrin receptor A10 signaling promotes cell migration and spheroid formation by upregulating NANOG expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. (PMID:33436772)
• Interference of EFNA4 suppresses cell proliferation, invasion and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating PYGO2. (PMID:36404439)

Cross-species orthologs

7 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Efna4	ENSMUSG00000028040
rattus_norvegicus	Efna4	ENSRNOG00000020588
drosophila_melanogaster	Ephrin	FBGN0040324
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00001163
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00001164
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00001165
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006869

Paralogs (7): EFNB1 (ENSG00000090776), EFNA2 (ENSG00000099617), EFNB3 (ENSG00000108947), EFNB2 (ENSG00000125266), EFNA3 (ENSG00000143590), EFNA1 (ENSG00000169242), EFNA5 (ENSG00000184349)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Ephrin-A4 — P52798 (reviewed: P52798)

Alternative names: EPH-related receptor tyrosine kinase ligand 4

All UniProt accessions (1): P52798

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. Binds promiscuously Eph receptors residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. May play a role in the interaction between activated B-lymphocytes and dendritic cells in tonsils.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in the adult spleen, lymph node, prostate, ovary, small intestine, and colon, and in fetal heart, lung, liver and kidney. Also detected in hematopoietic cell lines.

Similarity. Belongs to the ephrin family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P52798-1	1, GPI-anchored	yes
P52798-2	2, Secreted
P52798-3	3

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001393739, NP_005218, NP_872631, NP_872632 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001799	Ephrin_RBD	Domain
IPR008972	Cupredoxin	Homologous_superfamily
IPR019765	Ephrin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR031328	Ephrin	Family
IPR034252	Ephrin-A_Ecto	Domain

Pfam: PF00812

UniProt features (10 total): disulfide bond 2, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, propeptide 1, domain 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P52798-F1	83.78	0.62

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 170

Disulfide bonds (2): 58–99, 86–144

Glycosylation sites (1): 33

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

3 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2682334	EPH-Ephrin signaling
R-HSA-3928663	EPHA-mediated growth cone collapse
R-HSA-3928665	EPH-ephrin mediated repulsion of cells

MSigDB gene sets: 145 (showing top): MYOGENIN_Q6, MODULE_64, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN, MODULE_493, GOBP_NEUROGENESIS, LEE_LIVER_CANCER_CIPROFIBRATE_DN, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, TCF4_Q5, WANG_RESPONSE_TO_BEXAROTENE_UP, MODULE_99, ZIC1_01, GOBP_EPHRIN_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, MODULE_259, ZHOU_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE_LIVE_DN, GOMF_TRANSMEMBRANE_RECEPTOR_PROTEIN_KINASE_ACTIVITY

GO Biological Process (3): cell-cell signaling (GO:0007267), axon guidance (GO:0007411), ephrin receptor signaling pathway (GO:0048013)

GO Molecular Function (3): transmembrane-ephrin receptor activity (GO:0005005), ephrin receptor binding (GO:0046875), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), side of membrane (GO:0098552), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
EPH-Ephrin signaling	2
Axon guidance	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
membrane	2
cell communication	1
signaling	1
axonogenesis	1
neuron projection guidance	1
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	1
ephrin receptor activity	1
signaling receptor binding	1
binding	1
cell periphery	1
leaflet of membrane bilayer	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

722 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
EFNA4	EPHA4	P54764	999
EFNA4	EPHA1	P21709	995
EFNA4	EPHA2	P29317	993
EFNA4	EPHA10	Q5JZY3	969
EFNA4	EPHB1	P54762	908
EFNA4	EPHA3	P29320	871
EFNA4	EPHB2	P29323	831
EFNA4	EPHB6	O15197	796
EFNA4	EPHA7	Q15375	787
EFNA4	NGEF	Q8N5V2	776
EFNA4	EPHA5	P54756	776
EFNA4	EPHA8	P29322	743
EFNA4	EPHB4	P54760	728
EFNA4	EFNB3	Q15768	690
EFNA4	NGFR	P08138	602
EFNA4	EPHB3	P54753	602

IntAct

11 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
EPHA4	EFNA4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.710
EFNA4	EPHA4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.710
EFNA4	TMEM147	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TUSC5	EFNA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
EPHA7	EFNA4	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
EFNA4	NBAS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TUSC5	EFNA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
TMEM147	EFNA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (242): EFNA4 (Affinity Capture-RNA), EFNA4 (Affinity Capture-RNA), EFNA4 (Two-hybrid), EFNA4 (Two-hybrid), COG6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TMEM245 (Affinity Capture-MS), TNPO2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SYMPK (Affinity Capture-MS), CCNB2 (Affinity Capture-MS), INTS5 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBGCP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZW10 (Affinity Capture-MS), BZW1 (Affinity Capture-MS), EXOC8 (Affinity Capture-MS), HEATR5B (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A5A8Y8, A7MBM2, E9PY61, O08542, O08545, O08717, O43921, O75888, O77805, O77835, P04087, P05111, P07434, P07994, P17490, P34820, P43031, P52794, P52797, P52798, P52801, P55101, P58166, Q16586, Q24JP5, Q28686, Q5Q0T9, Q5RJL6, Q5SZI1, Q641Q3, Q6PGN1, Q6PRD1, Q6ZVN8, Q7TQ32, Q7Z5Y6, Q80WF4, Q8C1Q4, Q8K1S7, Q8N7M5, Q8NCW0

Diamond homologs: O08542, O08543, O08545, O35393, O43921, O73612, O73874, P20827, P52793, P52794, P52795, P52796, P52797, P52798, P52799, P52800, P52801, P52802, P52803, P52804, P79727, P79728, P97553, P97605, P98172, Q06AS9, Q15768, Q3ZC64, O13097, O44516

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
EFNA4	up-regulates	EPHA5	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

4 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	2
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

926 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:155063927:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155066978:GCTT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155067014:TCT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155067017:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
1:155063909:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9900
1:155063910:A:AA	donor_gain	0.9900
1:155063933:CCAGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155063934:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155063935:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155063936:GGTAG:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155063937:G:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155063937:G:GA	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155063938:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155066861:GCTA:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:155067012:CATCT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
1:155067013:ATCT:A	donor_gain	0.9900
1:155067014:TCTGT:T	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155067015:CT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
1:155067017:G:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155067018:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155067020:A:AT	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155067021:G:T	donor_loss	0.9900
1:155068978:C:CA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:155063907:C:G	donor_gain	0.9800
1:155066724:CTGCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9800
1:155066725:TGCAG:T	acceptor_loss	0.9800
1:155066726:GCAGG:G	acceptor_loss	0.9800
1:155066727:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9800
1:155066728:AGGT:A	acceptor_loss	0.9800
1:155066729:G:GA	acceptor_loss	0.9800

AlphaMissense

1262 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:155063919:G:C	W32C	0.998
1:155063919:G:T	W32C	0.998
1:155066907:G:C	W97C	0.998
1:155066907:G:T	W97C	0.998
1:155066986:T:C	F124L	0.998
1:155066987:T:G	F124C	0.998
1:155066988:C:A	F124L	0.998
1:155066988:C:G	F124L	0.998
1:155066788:T:A	C58S	0.996
1:155066788:T:C	C58R	0.996
1:155066789:G:C	C58S	0.996
1:155066911:T:A	C99S	0.996
1:155066912:G:C	C99S	0.996
1:155066959:T:C	F115L	0.996
1:155066961:C:A	F115L	0.996
1:155066961:C:G	F115L	0.996
1:155066987:T:C	F124S	0.996
1:155066789:G:A	C58Y	0.995
1:155066911:T:C	C99R	0.995
1:155066912:G:A	C99Y	0.994
1:155066913:C:G	C99W	0.994
1:155067411:T:C	L147P	0.994
1:155066777:T:C	L54P	0.993
1:155066790:C:G	C58W	0.993
1:155066840:T:C	L75S	0.993
1:155066902:C:A	R96S	0.993
1:155063917:T:A	W32R	0.992
1:155063917:T:C	W32R	0.992
1:155066968:T:C	F118L	0.992
1:155066969:T:G	F118C	0.992

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000261643 (1:155066531 G>A,T), RS1001331677 (1:155064591 C>T), RS1001368419 (1:155064090 G>A), RS1001418155 (1:155064808 C>G,T), RS1002068673 (1:155069944 G>A), RS1002230 (1:155063753 G>A), RS1002264598 (1:155063732 C>G,T), RS1003813721 (1:155066097 G>A,T), RS1004443861 (1:155066886 C>A,T), RS1004837915 (1:155067077 G>C,T), RS1005044865 (1:155065286 T>C), RS1005485567 (1:155064968 T>A), RS1005769497 (1:155063553 T>C), RS1005971283 (1:155068080 C>G), RS1006051615 (1:155069954 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601380 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
craniosynostosis	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (1): craniosynostosis (MONDO:0015469)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

16 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001942_19	Prostate cancer	2.000000e-08
GCST007294_124	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	8.000000e-35
GCST007294_3	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	6.000000e-21
GCST007294_50	Body fat distribution (trunk fat ratio)	1.000000e-15
GCST007295_17	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	3.000000e-13
GCST007295_37	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	7.000000e-17
GCST007295_72	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	1.000000e-28
GCST007324_167	Adventurousness	3.000000e-11
GCST010696_19	Cortical thickness (min-P)	2.000000e-10
GCST010697_10	Cortical surface area (min-P)	3.000000e-10
GCST010698_59	Subcortical volume (min-P)	9.000000e-10
GCST010699_20	Brain morphology (min-P)	7.000000e-10
GCST010700_5	Cortical thickness (MOSTest)	8.000000e-17
GCST010701_66	Cortical surface area (MOSTest)	1.000000e-09
GCST010702_43	Subcortical volume (MOSTest)	3.000000e-10
GCST010703_253	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	4.000000e-14

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004341	body fat distribution
EFO:0008579	risk-taking behaviour
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0004840	cortical thickness

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D003398	Craniosynostoses	C05.116.099.370.894.232; C05.660.207.240; C05.660.906.364; C16.131.621.207.240; C16.131.621.906.364

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

47 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	2
Silver	decreases expression	2
Valproic Acid	increases methylation, affects expression	2
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
methylparaben	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
potassium chromate(VI)	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal	decreases expression	1
butylparaben	increases expression	1
epigallocatechin gallate	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
2-methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazophenyl)amide	decreases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Leflunomide	decreases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Chelating Agents	affects binding, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Copper	affects binding, increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	affects expression	1
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	1
Hydrochloric Acid	increases expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

17 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00722436	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Tranexamic Acid for Craniofacial Surgery
NCT02188576	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Efficacy and Population Pharmacokinetics of Tranexamic Acid for Craniosynostosis Surgery
NCT02229968	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Efficacy of Amicar for Children Having Craniofacial Surgery
NCT00912119	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Amicar Pharmacokinetics of Children Having Craniofacial Surgery
NCT00077831	Not specified	COMPLETED	Child and Infant Learning Project
NCT00106977	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical Study of Muenke Syndrome (FGFR3-Related Craniosynostosis)
NCT00367796	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Analysis of Craniosynostosis, Philadelphia Type
NCT00769847	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	Endoscopic Treatment for Isolated, Single Suture Craniosynostosis
NCT00773643	Not specified	COMPLETED	Osteogenic Profiling of Tissue From Children With Craniosynostosis
NCT01898650	Not specified	COMPLETED	MRI for Non-invasive Evaluation of Brain Stress
NCT02287805	Not specified	COMPLETED	Qualitative and Quantitative Study Which Aims to Determine the Specifics of the Announcement for the Diagnosis of Patients With Craniosynostosis and Their Parents to Better Support Them in Their Care
NCT02561728	Not specified	WITHDRAWN	Hanger Helmet Study
NCT03025763	Not specified	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Network Of Clinical Research Studies On Craniosynostosis, Skull Malformations With Premature Fusion Of Skull Bones
NCT03231085	Not specified	COMPLETED	Comparison of the Rate of Preoperative Haemoglobin After Administration of Epoetin Alpha Associated With an Oral Medical Supplementation Versus Intravenous Before Surgery of Craniosynostosis at the Child
NCT04704284	Not specified	COMPLETED	Comparing MRI to CT on Pediatric Craniosynostosis.
NCT05911139	Not specified	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Influence of General Anesthesia on the Dynamic Changes in Brain Damage Markers During and After Craniosynostosis Operations in Infancy
NCT06928727	Not specified	RECRUITING	Ocular Characteristics in Patients With Craniosynostosis