# ENO2

> Gene · canonical: https://sugi.bio/atlas/gene/ENO2/
> Atlas v1.12.2 · generated 2026-10-13T13:32:47+00:00

## Summary

**ENO2** (enolase 2, HGNC:3353) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12p13.31, encoding **Gamma-enolase** (P09104). Enolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis and the reverse reaction in gluconeogenesis.

This gene encodes one of the three enolase isoenzymes found in mammals. This isoenzyme, a homodimer, is found in mature neurons and cells of neuronal origin. A switch from alpha enolase to gamma enolase occurs in neural tissue during development in rats and primates.

*Source: [NCBI Gene 2026](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/2026) — RefSeq curated summary.*

**At a glance**

- **Clinical variants (ClinVar):** 54 total — 1 pathogenic
- **GTEx eGene:** eQTL in 26 tissues, sQTL in 3 (q < 0.05)
- **Constraint (gnomAD):** pLI 0.84 (intermediate), LOEUF 0.54 (moderately constrained)
- **MANE Select transcript:** `NM_001975`
- **Interaction hub:** 3,980 STRING partners (top 1% of genes corpus-wide)
- **Notable:** 54 clinical variants but no curated precision-oncology (CIViC) evidence yet




## Identifiers

### Gene identifiers

| Field | Value |
| --- | --- |
| HGNC ID | HGNC:3353 |
| Approved symbol | ENO2 |
| Name | enolase 2 |
| Location | 12p13.31 |
| Locus type | gene with protein product |
| Status | Approved |
| Aliases | NSE |
| Ensembl gene | ENSG00000111674 |
| Ensembl biotype | protein_coding |
| OMIM | 131360 |
| Entrez | 2026 |

## Gene structure

### Transcript identifiers

**Ensembl transcripts: 27** — 17 protein_coding, 5 retained_intron, 4 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

**MANE Select:** `ENST00000229277`

**Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported):** TSL 1: 2, TSL 2: 2, TSL 3: 2, TSL 4: 2, TSL 5: 6

`ENST00000229277`, `ENST00000441285`, `ENST00000534977`, `ENST00000535275`, `ENST00000535366`, `ENST00000536199`, `ENST00000537688`, `ENST00000537838`, `ENST00000538763`, `ENST00000539713`, `ENST00000541477`, `ENST00000542509`, `ENST00000543975`, `ENST00000545045`, `ENST00000879143`, `ENST00000879144`, `ENST00000879145`, `ENST00000934731`, `ENST00000934732`, `ENST00000967958`, `ENST00000967959`, `ENST00000967960`, `ENST00000967961`, `ENST00001077575`, `ENST00001077576`, `ENST00001077577`, `ENST00001143076`

**RefSeq mRNA: 1** — MANE Select: `NM_001975`
`NM_001975`

**CCDS:** `CCDS8570`

#### Canonical transcript exons

`ENST00000229277` — 12 exons

| Exon | Start | End |
| --- | --- | --- |
| ENSE00001102855 | 6914580 | 6914659 |
| ENSE00003478569 | 6922056 | 6922164 |
| ENSE00003628411 | 6922344 | 6922402 |
| ENSE00003699619 | 6916671 | 6916729 |
| ENSE00003700162 | 6916417 | 6916512 |
| ENSE00003845316 | 6922731 | 6923697 |
| ENSE00003889063 | 6921581 | 6921782 |
| ENSE00003889435 | 6917581 | 6917714 |
| ENSE00003890449 | 6915821 | 6915917 |
| ENSE00003892091 | 6919566 | 6919763 |
| ENSE00003894695 | 6917038 | 6917107 |
| ENSE00003894774 | 6917940 | 6918162 |

### Expression profiles

**Bgee:** expression breadth **ubiquitous**, 258 present calls, max score 99.86.

**FANTOM5 (CAGE):** breadth **ubiquitous**, TPM avg 40.9387 / max 787.1093, expressed in 1696 samples.

**Highest expression (Bgee):** cerebellar cortex, cerebellar hemisphere, hemisphere of cerebellum, cerebellum, paraflocculus.

#### Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

ENO2 is an **eGene** in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in **26** tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in **3** (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant's alternative allele.

showing 20 of 29 significant tissue × QTL associations:

| Tissue | QTL | q-value | Slope | Lead variant |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Cells Cultured fibroblasts | eqtl | 3.9e-39 | +1.27 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Artery Tibial | eqtl | 2.2e-25 | +0.90 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg | eqtl | 1.7e-13 | +0.80 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Esophagus Mucosa | eqtl | 6.2e-11 | +0.82 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Thyroid | eqtl | 9.0e-11 | +0.88 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic | eqtl | 1.1e-10 | +0.82 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Esophagus Muscularis | eqtl | 3.8e-10 | +1.08 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Adipose Subcutaneous | eqtl | 1.4e-09 | +0.54 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Esophagus Gastroesophageal Junction | eqtl | 2.9e-09 | +1.22 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Colon Sigmoid | eqtl | 9.2e-08 | +0.93 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Nerve Tibial | eqtl | 7.3e-07 | +0.71 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Whole Blood | eqtl | 1.2e-06 | +0.47 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Artery Aorta | eqtl | 2.4e-06 | +0.53 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Colon Transverse | eqtl | 4.9e-06 | +0.46 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Cells EBV-transformed lymphocytes | eqtl | 5.1e-06 | +0.80 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Adipose Visceral Omentum | eqtl | 2.0e-04 | +0.50 | 12:6923288:GTATTTATT:G |
| Muscle Skeletal | eqtl | 1.1e-03 | -0.11 | 12:6919954:C:T |
| Spleen | eqtl | 2.5e-03 | +0.48 | 12:6334646:A:C |
| Brain Putamen basal ganglia | eqtl | 3.0e-03 | -1.31 | 12:6806345:CCCAGGCTG:C |
| Testis | sqtl | 3.1e-03 | -2.02 | 12:6119168:G:C |

#### FANTOM5 promoters

9 alternative TSS:

| Promoter ID | TPM avg | Samples expressed |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 123798 | 27.5037 | 1631 |
| 123797 | 6.3688 | 1347 |
| 123796 | 3.2756 | 1153 |
| 123801 | 2.1406 | 359 |
| 123795 | 1.0976 | 451 |
| 123803 | 0.3333 | 152 |
| 123800 | 0.1293 | 53 |
| 123799 | 0.0583 | 26 |
| 123794 | 0.0315 | 13 |

#### Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 295 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

| Tissue | Anatomy ID | Expression score | Quality |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| cerebellar cortex | UBERON:0002129 | 99.86 | gold quality |
| cerebellar hemisphere | UBERON:0002245 | 99.86 | gold quality |
| right hemisphere of cerebellum | UBERON:0014890 | 99.86 | gold quality |
| cerebellum | UBERON:0002037 | 99.82 | gold quality |
| paraflocculus | UBERON:0005351 | 99.74 | gold quality |
| cerebellar vermis | UBERON:0004720 | 99.65 | gold quality |
| right frontal lobe | UBERON:0002810 | 99.59 | gold quality |
| Brodmann (1909) area 10 | UBERON:0013541 | 99.59 | gold quality |
| prefrontal cortex | UBERON:0000451 | 99.51 | gold quality |
| frontal pole | UBERON:0002795 | 99.44 | gold quality |
| frontal cortex | UBERON:0001870 | 99.42 | gold quality |
| frontal lobe | UBERON:0016525 | 99.42 | gold quality |
| Brodmann (1909) area 9 | UBERON:0013540 | 99.40 | gold quality |
| dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | UBERON:0009834 | 99.35 | gold quality |
| cortical plate | UBERON:0005343 | 99.31 | gold quality |
| neocortex | UBERON:0001950 | 99.29 | gold quality |
| postcentral gyrus | UBERON:0002581 | 99.24 | gold quality |
| cingulate cortex | UBERON:0003027 | 99.22 | gold quality |
| anterior cingulate cortex | UBERON:0009835 | 99.21 | gold quality |
| parietal lobe | UBERON:0001872 | 99.19 | gold quality |
| superior frontal gyrus | UBERON:0002661 | 99.18 | gold quality |
| Brodmann (1909) area 46 | UBERON:0006483 | 99.14 | gold quality |
| nucleus accumbens | UBERON:0001882 | 99.08 | gold quality |
| pons | UBERON:0000988 | 99.06 | gold quality |
| cerebral cortex | UBERON:0000956 | 99.04 | gold quality |
| orbitofrontal cortex | UBERON:0004167 | 99.02 | gold quality |
| middle frontal gyrus | UBERON:0002702 | 98.93 | gold quality |
| caudate nucleus | UBERON:0001873 | 98.92 | gold quality |
| telencephalon | UBERON:0001893 | 98.91 | gold quality |
| brain | UBERON:0000955 | 98.85 | gold quality |
| hypothalamus | UBERON:0001898 | 98.83 | gold quality |
| central nervous system | UBERON:0001017 | 98.81 | gold quality |
| forebrain | UBERON:0001890 | 98.81 | gold quality |
| putamen | UBERON:0001874 | 98.74 | gold quality |
| amygdala | UBERON:0001876 | 98.72 | gold quality |
| superior vestibular nucleus | UBERON:0007227 | 98.57 | gold quality |
| dorsal root ganglion | UBERON:0000044 | 98.53 | gold quality |
| temporal lobe | UBERON:0001871 | 98.53 | gold quality |
| ganglionic eminence | UBERON:0004023 | 98.49 | gold quality |
| adenohypophysis | UBERON:0002196 | 98.47 | gold quality |
| Ammon's horn | UBERON:0001954 | 98.37 | gold quality |
| occipital lobe | UBERON:0002021 | 98.26 | gold quality |
| middle temporal gyrus | UBERON:0002771 | 98.21 | gold quality |
| pituitary gland | UBERON:0000007 | 98.19 | gold quality |
| entorhinal cortex | UBERON:0002728 | 98.18 | gold quality |
| primary visual cortex | UBERON:0002436 | 98.17 | gold quality |
| lateral nuclear group of thalamus | UBERON:0002736 | 98.14 | gold quality |
| C1 segment of cervical spinal cord | UBERON:0006469 | 97.91 | gold quality |
| midbrain | UBERON:0001891 | 97.63 | gold quality |
| substantia nigra | UBERON:0002038 | 97.63 | gold quality |
| popliteal artery | UBERON:0002250 | 97.60 | gold quality |
| tibial artery | UBERON:0007610 | 97.60 | gold quality |
| spinal cord | UBERON:0002240 | 97.56 | gold quality |
| medial globus pallidus | UBERON:0002477 | 97.52 | gold quality |
| ventral tegmental area | UBERON:0002691 | 97.37 | gold quality |
| aorta | UBERON:0000947 | 97.30 | gold quality |
| Brodmann (1909) area 23 | UBERON:0013554 | 97.30 | gold quality |
| mucosa of stomach | UBERON:0001199 | 97.17 | gold quality |
| ascending aorta | UBERON:0001496 | 97.15 | gold quality |
| medulla oblongata | UBERON:0001896 | 97.10 | gold quality |
| thoracic aorta | UBERON:0001515 | 97.09 | gold quality |
| ventricular zone | UBERON:0003053 | 97.02 | gold quality |
| globus pallidus | UBERON:0001875 | 96.97 | gold quality |
| descending thoracic aorta | UBERON:0002345 | 96.90 | gold quality |
| substantia nigra pars compacta | UBERON:0001965 | 96.79 | gold quality |
| esophagogastric junction muscularis propria | UBERON:0035841 | 96.67 | gold quality |
| right coronary artery | UBERON:0001625 | 96.50 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus muscularis layer | UBERON:0035833 | 96.48 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus | UBERON:0013473 | 96.46 | gold quality |
| muscle layer of sigmoid colon | UBERON:0035805 | 96.37 | gold quality |
| islet of Langerhans | UBERON:0000006 | 96.23 | gold quality |
| endocervix | UBERON:0000458 | 95.85 | gold quality |
| left coronary artery | UBERON:0001626 | 95.72 | gold quality |
| lateral globus pallidus | UBERON:0002476 | 95.58 | gold quality |
| body of uterus | UBERON:0009853 | 95.47 | gold quality |
| dorsal plus ventral thalamus | UBERON:0001897 | 95.31 | gold quality |
| dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve | UBERON:0002870 | 95.31 | gold quality |
| adult organism | UBERON:0007023 | 95.22 | gold quality |
| substantia nigra pars reticulata | UBERON:0001966 | 95.14 | gold quality |
| coronary artery | UBERON:0001621 | 95.11 | gold quality |
| right uterine tube | UBERON:0001302 | 95.07 | gold quality |
| CA1 field of hippocampus | UBERON:0003881 | 94.91 | gold quality |
| ectocervix | UBERON:0012249 | 94.90 | gold quality |
| trigeminal ganglion | UBERON:0001675 | 94.79 | gold quality |
| endothelial cell | CL:0000115 | 94.67 | gold quality |
| right lobe of thyroid gland | UBERON:0001119 | 94.61 | gold quality |
| tibial nerve | UBERON:0001323 | 94.55 | gold quality |
| left lobe of thyroid gland | UBERON:0001120 | 94.37 | gold quality |
| inferior olivary complex | UBERON:0002127 | 94.14 | gold quality |
| thyroid gland | UBERON:0002046 | 93.76 | gold quality |
| right atrium auricular region | UBERON:0006631 | 93.61 | gold quality |
| inferior vagus X ganglion | UBERON:0005363 | 93.36 | gold quality |
| corpus callosum | UBERON:0002336 | 93.30 | gold quality |
| left uterine tube | UBERON:0001303 | 93.28 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus mucosa | UBERON:0035834 | 92.93 | gold quality |
| colonic epithelium | UBERON:0000397 | 92.57 | gold quality |
| cardiac atrium | UBERON:0002081 | 92.29 | gold quality |
| upper lobe of left lung | UBERON:0008952 | 92.27 | gold quality |
| right lung | UBERON:0002167 | 92.19 | gold quality |
| stromal cell of endometrium | CL:0002255 | 92.13 | gold quality |

#### Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 9 experiment(s), a significant marker in 7.

| Experiment | Marker? | Max mean expression |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [E-GEOD-84465](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-GEOD-84465) | yes | 2438.88 |
| [E-MTAB-7316](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-MTAB-7316) | yes | 45.54 |
| [E-HCAD-35](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-HCAD-35) | yes | 44.51 |
| [E-GEOD-93593](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-GEOD-93593) | yes | 18.28 |
| [E-MTAB-5061](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-MTAB-5061) | yes | 17.14 |
| [E-HCAD-25](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-HCAD-25) | yes | 8.87 |
| [E-ENAD-17](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-ENAD-17) | no | 1382.10 |
| [E-MTAB-9154](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-MTAB-9154) | no | 802.98 |
| [E-ANND-3](https://www.ebi.ac.uk/gxa/sc/experiments/E-ANND-3) | no | 0.00 |

#### HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: **Group enriched**

showing 60 of 77 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

| Tissue / cell | Axis | nTPM | Protein (IHC) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Retina | tissue | 1573.2 |  |
| Caudate putamen | tissue | 944.3 |  |
| Frontal cortex | tissue | 786.6 |  |
| Postcentral gyrus | tissue | 763.1 |  |
| Cerebral cortex | tissue | 711.1 | high |
| Somatosensory cortex | tissue | 711.1 |  |
| Motor cortex | tissue | 567.9 |  |
| Occipital cortex | tissue | 562.9 |  |
| Prefrontal cortex | tissue | 545.0 |  |
| Thalamus | tissue | 541.8 |  |
| Cerebellum | tissue | 510.9 | high |
| Retrosplenial and cingulate cortex | tissue | 509.4 |  |
| Hippocampal formation | tissue | 505.5 |  |
| Entorhinal cortex | tissue | 505.5 |  |
| Temporal cortex | tissue | 499.0 |  |
| Pons | tissue | 488.6 |  |
| Superior colliculi | tissue | 488.1 |  |
| Locus coeruleus | tissue | 470.1 |  |
| Basal ganglia | tissue | 464.4 | high |
| Putamen | tissue | 459.8 |  |
| Insular cortex | tissue | 446.3 |  |
| Retrosplenial cortex | tissue | 439.4 |  |
| Septum | tissue | 426.7 |  |
| Ventral forebrain | tissue | 409.0 |  |
| Hypothalamus | tissue | 401.6 |  |
| Midbrain | tissue | 398.7 |  |
| Nucleus accumbens | tissue | 379.4 |  |
| Amygdala | tissue | 371.0 |  |
| Olfactory bulb | tissue | 310.5 |  |
| Medulla oblongata | tissue | 291.6 |  |
| Hippocampus | tissue | 290.8 | high |
| Substantia nigra | tissue | 283.0 |  |
| Periaqueductal gray | tissue | 266.6 |  |
| Spinal cord | tissue | 194.2 |  |
| Choroid plexus | tissue | 145.0 |  |
| Pituitary gland | tissue | 121.5 |  |
| Corpus callosum | tissue | 68.7 |  |
| Vagina | tissue | 47.7 | not detected |
| Adrenal gland | tissue | 44.1 | not detected |
| Parathyroid gland | tissue | 41.1 | not detected |
| Smooth muscle | tissue | 32.7 | not detected |
| Seminal vesicle | tissue | 32.3 | not detected |
| Thyroid gland | tissue | 30.7 | not detected |
| Endometrium 1 | tissue | 25.1 | not detected |
| Thymus | tissue | 24.9 |  |
| Lymph node | tissue | 24.6 | not detected |
| Heart muscle | tissue | 23.5 | not detected |
| Tonsil | tissue | 22.9 | not detected |
| Lung | tissue | 21.9 | not detected |
| Fallopian tube | tissue | 19.2 | not detected |
| Appendix | tissue | 18.8 | not detected |
| Gallbladder | tissue | 16.8 | not detected |
| Prostate | tissue | 15.9 | not detected |
| Rectum | tissue | 14.6 | low |
| Cervix | tissue | 14.5 | not detected |
| Colon | tissue | 14.2 | low |
| Stomach 1 | tissue | 13.1 | not detected |
| Urinary bladder | tissue | 13.1 | not detected |
| Spleen | tissue | 12.5 | not detected |
| Small intestine | tissue | 12.5 | not detected |

**Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas):** detected in 190; highest nTPM — Precentral gyrus (691.3), Precentral gyrus, middle (681.1), Postcentral gyrus, middle (624.6), Olfactory area (615.7), Paracentral lobule, anterior (603.1).

### Regulation

**Is transcription factor: no**

**Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top):** AR, ENO1, HIF1A, NOTO, STAT3

#### miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting ENO2 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

showing 30 of 55 miRNAs:

| miRNA | Max score | Avg score | miRNA target_count |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| HSA-MIR-4283 | 100.00 | 66.42 | 2097 |
| HSA-MIR-5692A | 100.00 | 74.40 | 6850 |
| HSA-MIR-8485 | 100.00 | 77.57 | 4731 |
| HSA-MIR-4673 | 100.00 | 66.64 | 1490 |
| HSA-MIR-3163 | 100.00 | 77.23 | 8605 |
| HSA-MIR-6077 | 99.99 | 68.04 | 2299 |
| HSA-MIR-4645-5P | 99.98 | 65.81 | 1284 |
| HSA-MIR-2110 | 99.96 | 66.68 | 1930 |
| HSA-MIR-7-1-3P | 99.91 | 71.53 | 4384 |
| HSA-MIR-7-2-3P | 99.91 | 71.40 | 4394 |
| HSA-MIR-12119 | 99.87 | 68.35 | 1653 |
| HSA-MIR-6857-5P | 99.87 | 65.32 | 985 |
| HSA-MIR-3941 | 99.86 | 70.54 | 2735 |
| HSA-MIR-6842-5P | 99.80 | 67.54 | 1587 |
| HSA-MIR-7110-5P | 99.80 | 67.84 | 1712 |
| HSA-MIR-3150A-3P | 99.76 | 64.44 | 1640 |
| HSA-MIR-6763-5P | 99.76 | 64.68 | 1767 |
| HSA-MIR-4524A-3P | 99.72 | 66.85 | 2406 |
| HSA-MIR-6892-3P | 99.68 | 66.40 | 1178 |
| HSA-MIR-7-5P | 99.67 | 70.53 | 1809 |
| HSA-MIR-3175 | 99.65 | 66.30 | 2031 |
| HSA-MIR-6752-5P | 99.59 | 67.32 | 1243 |
| HSA-MIR-451B | 99.55 | 68.28 | 1380 |
| HSA-MIR-3120-3P | 99.54 | 70.28 | 2669 |
| HSA-MIR-3171 | 99.49 | 69.06 | 776 |
| HSA-MIR-4318 | 99.38 | 66.94 | 1505 |
| HSA-MIR-6731-5P | 99.28 | 67.42 | 2375 |
| HSA-MIR-8085 | 99.28 | 67.56 | 2362 |
| HSA-MIR-580-5P | 99.28 | 70.94 | 1776 |
| HSA-MIR-892C-5P | 99.16 | 70.56 | 2116 |

### Functional genomics

**gnomAD constraint:** pLI 0.842, LOEUF 0.542, missense Z 2.53 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). [gnomAD](https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/)

**Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC):** no regional variation along `ENST00000229277` — one region, missense o/e 0.75.

### Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

- Serum level of enolase 2 heavily influences survival in neuroblastoma in children. (PMID:11881792)
- expressed in the placenta and umbilical cord (PMID:11919335)
- Serum time course of two brain-specific proteins, alpha(1) brain globulin and neuron-specific enolase, in tick-born encephalitis and Lyme disease. (PMID:11983209)
- neuron-specific enolase (NSE) may have a role in development of pyothorax-associated lymphoma (PAL) (PMID:11985791)
- the frequency of a high NSE serum value in acute and lymphoma type adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) suggests that ATL cells preferentially produce NSE compared with other NHL cells (PMID:12353304)
- Patients with viral meningitis showed high concentrations of inosine, guanosine, xanthine, urate and neuron-specific enolase. (PMID:12581805)
- Increased level of neuron-specific enolase is associated with small-cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer patients (PMID:12636057)
- Decreasing levels of serum NSE but not S-100B over time may indicate selective attenuation of delayed neuronal death by therapeutic hypothermia in victims of cardiac arrest (PMID:14631087)
- enzyme has been purified, crystallized and its crystal structure determined. (PMID:15289101)
- NSE increases to similar degrees with and without traumatic brain injury (PMID:16044081)
- The crystal structure of the human neuronal enolase-Mg2F2P(i) complex determined at 1.36 A resolution shows that the combination of anions effectively mimics an intermediate state in catalysis (PMID:16411755)
- Serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) measurement has prognostic value in predicting outcomes in patients recovering from cardiopulmonary resuscitation following in-hospital cardiac arrest. (PMID:16978415)
- MS patients had a greater prevalence of positive T-cell proliferative responses to neuron-specific enolase [NSE], retinal arrestin, and beta-arrestin than healthy controls (p<0.0001). (PMID:17436063)
- There is complementarity in the combined detection of the level of TPS, NSE, CEA and beta(2)-MG. Their levels have close correlation with lung cancer, histological grades and lymphoid nodule metastasis. (PMID:17618570)
- Neuron-specific enolase is a relevant marker in investigation of the patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 and associated tumors (PMID:18063947)
- Serum samples were investigated for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA125 and MUC1, alpha-foetoprotein, neuron-specific enolase and CA19.9. (PMID:18609108)
- serum levels of neuron-specific enolase were decreased slightly during and after migraine bouts. (PMID:18783450)
- Levels of plasma S-100 beta and NSE cannot predict encephalopathy after orthotopic liver transplantation. (PMID:19220958)
- Early upregulation of neuron-specific enolase in children with head injury, correlates significantly with the severity of the head injury. (PMID:19221293)
- There are no differences in S100B and NSE levels between patients with ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage. (PMID:19221847)
- The timing, intensity, and duration of serum NSE and S-100B biomarker concentration patterns are associated with neurologic and survival outcomes following pediatric cardiac arrest. (PMID:19307814)
- This protein has been found differentially expressed in the Wernicke's Area from patients with schizophrenia. (PMID:19405953)
- Data demonstrated the increasing expression of NSE and the decreasing expression of nestin, which revealed that hMSCs had neuronal characteristics. (PMID:19445653)
- Jugular venous neurone specific enolase (NSE) increases following carotid endarterectomy under general, but not local, anaesthesia. (PMID:19540138)
- serum levels of S100B may be a marker for brain functional condition and serum NSE levels may be a marker for morphological status in Alzheimer's disease (PMID:20105309)
- This enzyme, synthesized by neurons and neuroendocrine cells, is a marker useful for the diagnosis and the monitoring of patients with neuroendocrine tumors. (PMID:20348052)
- This protein has been found differentially expressed in the anterior cingulate cortex in women patients with schizophrenia. (PMID:20381070)
- the concentration of neurospecific enolase was changed depending on the character of perinatal injury of central nervous system. (PMID:20495226)
- The serum level of NSE at relapse is a useful predictive marker for CR to salvage chemotherapy. (PMID:20537424)
- Study of development of secondary injuries following traumatic brain injury includes measurement of release of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100B into the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. (PMID:20686797)
- In nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, the concentration of NSE showed an 18-fold increase in the tear fluid and the content of its autoantibodies remained unchanged. (PMID:20873151)
- Autoantibodies targeting NSE were not observed in any healthy control subjects or patients with inflammatory eye disease. However, anti-NSE activity was found in 1 child with molecularly confirmed Leber congenital amaurosis. (PMID:21149784)
- Studies of pancreatic tissue specimens from adult patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus showed no immunopositive reaction to neuron-specific enolase in insulin-negative specimens (PMID:21165441)
- The findings of increased ictal serum S100B and NSE levels together with increased interictal levels of S100B suggested that migraine might be associated with glial and/or neuronal damage in the brain. (PMID:21293918)
- Brain-specific gamma1-syntrophin participates in gamma-enolase translocation towards the plasma membrane, a pre-requisite for its neurotrophic activity. (PMID:21358174)
- The relationship of clinical outcome with cerebrospinal fluid neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S100B and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) levels in patients with severe traumatic brain injury was investigated (PMID:21368691)
- The increased level of serum S100beta and NSE may be one of the mechanisms of brain damage and memory impairment in obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome. (PMID:21553520)
- Neuron-specific enolase levels were not significantly different in off-pump coronary artery bypass patients with/without intracranial and cervical artery stenosis. (PMID:21587126)
- NSE correlates well with other markers of ischemic brain injury. (PMID:21775743)
- Serum NSE may be a novel marker of disease aggressiveness as well as a prognostic factor for DLBCL in the era of rituximab. (PMID:21815777)

### Cross-species orthologs

**5 orthologs**

| Organism | Symbol | Gene ID |
| --- | --- | --- |
| danio_rerio | eno2 | ENSDARG00000014287 |
| mus_musculus | Eno2 | ENSMUSG00000004267 |
| rattus_norvegicus | Eno2 | ENSRNOG00000013141 |
| drosophila_melanogaster | Eno | FBGN0000579 |
| caenorhabditis_elegans |  | WBGENE00011884 |

**Paralogs (3):** ENO1 (ENSG00000074800), ENO3 (ENSG00000108515), ENO4 (ENSG00000188316)

#### Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog ([MGI:95394](https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:95394)) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 1 distinct phenotype terms.

| Mouse phenotype (MP) | Records |
| --- | --- |
| prolonged QRS complex duration | 1 |

#### Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara's model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions' gene symbols aren't in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

| Organism | UniProt | Identity | Method |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C | [P0CX10](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P0CX10/entry) | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Alligator mississippiensis | [P42897](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P42897/entry) | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Populus euphratica | [P84541](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P84541/entry) | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 | [Q8IJN7](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q8IJN7/entry) | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Plasmodium falciparum NF54 | [W7JLR6](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/W7JLR6/entry) | 100.0% | Diamond |
| Plasmodium falciparum | [Q27727](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q27727/entry) | 99.8% | Diamond |
| Pongo abelii | [Q5R6Y1](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q5R6Y1/entry) | 99.8% | Diamond |
| Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3/Gambia | [Q9UAL5](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9UAL5/entry) | 99.8% | Diamond |
| Macaca fascicularis | [Q4R5L2](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q4R5L2/entry) | 99.5% | Diamond |
| Oryctolagus cuniculus | [P25704](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P25704/entry) | 98.8% | Diamond |
| Bos taurus | [Q3ZC09](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q3ZC09/entry) | 98.8% | Diamond |
| Sus scrofa | [Q1KYT0](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q1KYT0/entry) | 98.4% | Diamond |
| Plasmodium berghei ANKA | [A0A509AQ68](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/A0A509AQ68/entry) | 97.5% | Diamond |
| Plasmodium yoelii yoelii | [Q7RA60](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q7RA60/entry) | 97.5% | Diamond |
| Hevea brasiliensis | [Q9LEI9](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9LEI9/entry) | 97.5% | Diamond |
| Anas platyrhynchos | [P19140](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P19140/entry) | 97.2% | Diamond |
| Gallus gallus | [P51913](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P51913/entry) | 97.2% | Diamond |
| Zea mays | [P42895](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P42895/entry) | 95.7% | Diamond |
| Oryza sativa Japonica Group | [Q42971](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q42971/entry) | 95.7% | Diamond |
| Ricinus communis | [P42896](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P42896/entry) | 95.1% | Diamond |
| Trachemys scripta elegans | [Q9W7L1](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9W7L1/entry) | 94.7% | Diamond |
| Aspergillus fumigatus Af293 | [Q96X30](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q96X30/entry) | 94.3% | Diamond |
| Penicillium citrinum | [Q96X46](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q96X46/entry) | 94.3% | Diamond |
| Python regius | [Q9W7L0](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9W7L0/entry) | 94.0% | Diamond |
| Sceloporus undulatus | [Q9W7L2](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9W7L2/entry) | 94.0% | Diamond |
| Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 | [Q12560](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q12560/entry) | 93.8% | Diamond |
| Aspergillus nidulans FGSC A4 | [Q5B135](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q5B135/entry) | 93.8% | Diamond |
| Penicillium chrysogenum | [Q76KF9](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q76KF9/entry) | 93.8% | Diamond |
| Nakaseomyces glabratus CBS 138 | [Q6FQY4](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6FQY4/entry) | 93.1% | Diamond |
| Xenopus laevis | [P08734](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P08734/entry) | 91.2% | Diamond |
| Arabidopsis thaliana | [P25696](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P25696/entry) | 90.1% | Diamond |
| Solanum lycopersicum | [P26300](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P26300/entry) | 90.1% | Diamond |
| Cladosporium herbarum | [P42040](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P42040/entry) | 89.8% | Diamond |
| Alternaria alternata | [Q9HDT3](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9HDT3/entry) | 89.8% | Diamond |
| Cryphonectria parasitica | [Q6RG04](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q6RG04/entry) | 89.5% | Diamond |
| Neurospora crassa OR74A | [Q7RV85](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q7RV85/entry) | 89.5% | Diamond |
| Mesembryanthemum crystallinum | [Q43130](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q43130/entry) | 89.2% | Diamond |
| Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y-1140 | [Q70CP7](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q70CP7/entry) | 89.2% | Diamond |
| Eremothecium gossypii ATCC 10895 | [Q756H2](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q756H2/entry) | 89.2% | Diamond |
| Thunnus albacares | [I0J1J1](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/I0J1J1/entry) | 89.1% | Diamond |

### Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

| Symbol | Type | Entrez |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [C12orf57](/atlas/gene/C12orf57/) | protein-coding | 113246 |
| [ATN1](/atlas/gene/ATN1/) | protein-coding | 1822 |
| [PTPN6](/atlas/gene/PTPN6/) | protein-coding | 5777 |
| [LRRC23](/atlas/gene/LRRC23/) | protein-coding | 10233 |
| [TPI1](/atlas/gene/TPI1/) | protein-coding | 7167 |
| [USP5](/atlas/gene/USP5/) | protein-coding | 8078 |
| [SPSB2](/atlas/gene/SPSB2/) | protein-coding | 84727 |
| [RNU7-1](/atlas/gene/RNU7-1/) | snRNA | 100147744 |

<a id="protein-P09104"></a>

## Protein

### Protein identifiers

**Gamma-enolase** — `P09104` (reviewed: P09104)

**Alternative names:** 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydro-lyase, Enolase 2, Neural enolase, Neuron-specific enolase

**All UniProt accessions (6):** `F5H0C8`, `F5H1C3`, `P09104`, `Q6FHV6`, `U3KQP4`, `U3KQQ1`

#### UniProt curated annotations — [full annotation on UniProt →](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/P09104/entry)

**Function.** Enolase that catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in glycolysis and the reverse reaction in gluconeogenesis. Has neurotrophic and neuroprotective properties on a broad spectrum of central nervous system (CNS) neurons. Binds, in a calcium-dependent manner, to cultured neocortical neurons and promotes cell survival.

**Subunit / interactions.** Mammalian enolase is composed of 3 isozyme subunits, alpha, beta and gamma, which can form homodimers or heterodimers which are cell-type and development-specific.

**Subcellular location.** Cytoplasm. Cell membrane.

**Tissue specificity.** The alpha/alpha homodimer is expressed in embryo and in most adult tissues. The alpha/beta heterodimer and the beta/beta homodimer are found in striated muscle, and the alpha/gamma heterodimer and the gamma/gamma homodimer in neurons.

**Cofactor.** Mg(2+) is required for catalysis and for stabilizing the dimer.

**Induction.** Levels of ENO2 increase dramatically in cardiovascular accidents, cerebral trauma, brain tumors and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. (Microbial infection) Activated by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL38 in order to provide the virus with glycosyl building blocks.

**Pathway.** Carbohydrate degradation; glycolysis; pyruvate from D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate: step 4/5.

**Similarity.** Belongs to the enolase family.

#### Isoforms (2)

| UniProt ID | Names | Canonical? |
| --- | --- | --- |
| P09104-1 | 1 | yes |
| P09104-2 | 2 |  |

**RefSeq proteins (1):** `NP_001966`*  (*=MANE)

#### Domains & families (InterPro)

| ID | Name | Type |
| --- | --- | --- |
| IPR000941 | Enolase | Family |
| IPR020809 | Enolase_CS | Conserved_site |
| IPR020810 | Enolase_C | Domain |
| IPR020811 | Enolase_N | Domain |
| IPR029017 | Enolase-like_N | Homologous_superfamily |
| IPR036849 | Enolase-like_C_sf | Homologous_superfamily |

**Pfam:** `PF00113`, `PF03952`

#### Enzyme classification (BRENDA)

- EC 4.2.1.11 — phosphopyruvate hydratase *(BRENDA: 121 organisms, 78 substrates, 91 inhibitors, 111 Km, 13 kcat entries)*

#### Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

4 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 4. *Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.*

| Substrate | Km (mM) | Measurements |
| --- | --- | --- |
| 2-PHOSPHO-D-GLYCERATE | 0.025–6.053 | 70 |
| PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE | 0.07–43 | 31 |
| (25R)-3BETA-HYDROXYCHOLEST-5-EN-27-OATE | 0.041–0.25 | 2 |
| 3-PHOSPHO-D-GLYCERATE | 0.39–1.281 | 2 |

#### Catalyzed reactions (Rhea)

- (2R)-2-phosphoglycerate = phosphoenolpyruvate + H2O *(RHEA:10164)*

**UniProt features (93 total):** modified residue 24, helix 23, strand 16, binding site 13, turn 5, sequence conflict 4, active site 2, sequence variant 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, cross-link 1, splice variant 1

### Structure

#### Experimental structures (PDB)

16 structures by resolution:

| PDB | Title | Method | Resolution (Å) |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2AKZ | Fluoride Inhibition of Enolase: Crystal Structure of the Inhibitory Complex | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.36 |
| 3UJR | Asymmetric complex of human neuron specific enolase-5-PGA/PEP | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.4 |
| 3UCD | Asymmetric complex of human neuron specific enolase-2-PGA/PEP | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.41 |
| 3UCC | Asymmetric complex of human neuron specific enolase-1-PGA/PEP | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.5 |
| 3UJE | Asymmetric complex of human neuron specific enolase-3-PGA/PEP | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.55 |
| 3UJS | Asymmetric complex of human neuron specific enolase-6-PGA/PEP | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.65 |
| 1TE6 | Crystal Structure of Human Neuron Specific Enolase at 1.8 angstrom | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.8 |
| 2AKM | Fluoride Inhibition of Enolase: Crystal Structure of the Inhibitory Complex | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.92 |
| 4ZCW | Structure of Human Enolase 2 in complex with SF2312 | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 1.99 |
| 5EU9 | Structure of Human Enolase 2 in complex with … | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.05 |
| 3UJF | Asymmetric complex of human neuron specific enolase-4-PGA/PEP | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.1 |
| 7MBH | Structure of Human Enolase 2 in complex with phosphoserine | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.1 |
| 4ZA0 | Structure of Human Enolase 2 in complex with Phosphonoacetohydroxamate | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.31 |
| 5TD9 | Structure of Human Enolase 2 | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.32 |
| 5IDZ | Structure of Human Enolase 2 in complex with … | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.63 |
| 5TIJ | Structure of Human Enolase 2 with … | X-RAY DIFFRACTION | 2.63 |

#### Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

| Model | pLDDT | Fraction very-high |
| --- | --- | --- |
| AF-P09104-F1 | 97.14 | 0.97 |

### Human Protein Atlas

**Protein class:** Enzymes, ENZYME proteins, Lyases, Metabolic proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Plasma proteins, Cancer-related genes, Candidate cancer biomarkers, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes

**Protein evidence:** Evidence at protein level

**Subcellular location (HPA, imaging):** cytosol; plasma membrane

**Antibody reliability (HPA):** IH enhanced · IF enhanced

### Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. *Source: UniProtKB sequence features.*

#### Catalytic / active sites (2)

| Position | Role |
| --- | --- |
| 210 | proton donor |
| 343 | proton acceptor |

#### Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (13)

| Position | Role |
| --- | --- |
| 293 | Mg(2+) |
| 293 | substrate |
| 318 | Mg(2+) |
| 318 | substrate |
| 370–373 | substrate |
| 394 | substrate |
| 40 | Mg(2+) |
| 158 | substrate |
| 167 | substrate |
| 245 | Mg(2+) |

#### Post-translational modifications (25)

| Type | Positions |
| --- | --- |
| N-acetylserine | 2 |
| N6-acetyllysine | 5, 60, 64, 89, 193, 197, 199, 202, 228, 233, 256, 335, 343, 406 |
| Phosphothreonine | 26 |
| Phosphotyrosine | 44, 287 |
| N6-succinyllysine | 60, 89, 228 |
| N6-(2-hydroxyisobutyryl)lysine | 233 |
| Phosphoserine | 263, 291 |
| Glycyl lysine isopeptide (lys-gly) (interchain with g-cter in sumo2) | 202 |

## Function

### Pathways and Gene Ontology

#### Reactome pathways

**2 curated (TAS)** of 5; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

5 pathways:

| ID | Pathway | Evidence |
| --- | --- | --- |
| R-HSA-70263 | Gluconeogenesis | curated |
| R-HSA-70171 | Glycolysis | curated |
| R-HSA-70326 | Glucose metabolism | — |
| R-HSA-1430728 | Metabolism | — |
| R-HSA-71387 | Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives | — |

**MSigDB gene sets: 345** (showing top):
`GSE37336_LY6C_POS_VS_NEG_NAIVE_CD4_TCELL_UP`, `GOBP_NUCLEOSIDE_DIPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS`, `MODY_HIPPOCAMPUS_POSTNATAL`, `RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_POORLY_DIFFERENTIATED_UP`, `GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ESTRADIOL`, `KAAB_HEART_ATRIUM_VS_VENTRICLE_UP`, `GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN`, `GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN`, `GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP`, `MENSE_HYPOXIA_UP`, `GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP`, `GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS`, `GOCC_CELL_SURFACE`, `GOBP_MONOSACCHARIDE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS`, `MITSIADES_RESPONSE_TO_APLIDIN_DN`

**GO Biological Process (5):**
gluconeogenesis (GO:0006094), glycolytic process (GO:0006096), response to xenobiotic stimulus (GO:0009410), response to estradiol (GO:0032355), canonical glycolysis (GO:0061621)

**GO Molecular Function (8):**
magnesium ion binding (GO:0000287), phosphopyruvate hydratase activity (GO:0004634), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein-containing complex binding (GO:0044877), protein binding (GO:0005515), lyase activity (GO:0016829), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

**GO Cellular Component (14):**
phosphopyruvate hydratase complex (GO:0000015), photoreceptor inner segment (GO:0001917), cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), cell cortex (GO:0005938), cell surface (GO:0009986), membrane (GO:0016020), growth cone (GO:0030426), perikaryon (GO:0043204), membrane raft (GO:0045121), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), synaptic membrane (GO:0097060), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025)

#### Reactome top-level categories

3 top-level categories:

| Category | Pathways |
| --- | --- |
| Glucose metabolism | 2 |
| Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives | 1 |
| Metabolism | 1 |

#### GO top-level categories

44 GO namespaces:

| Category | Terms |
| --- | --- |
| cellular anatomical structure | 6 |
| protein binding | 2 |
| binding | 2 |
| cytoplasm | 2 |
| cell periphery | 2 |
| glucose metabolic process | 1 |
| hexose biosynthetic process | 1 |
| phosphoglycerate kinase activity | 1 |
| phosphoglycerate mutase activity | 1 |
| phosphopyruvate hydratase activity | 1 |
| pyruvate kinase activity | 1 |
| pyruvate metabolic process | 1 |
| generation of precursor metabolites and energy | 1 |
| aerobic respiration | 1 |
| carbohydrate catabolic process | 1 |
| pyridine nucleotide catabolic process | 1 |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (phosphorylating, [NAD(P)+] ) activity | 1 |
| ADP catabolic process | 1 |
| ATP metabolic process | 1 |
| nicotinamide nucleotide metabolic process | 1 |
| response to chemical | 1 |
| response to lipid | 1 |
| response to oxygen-containing compound | 1 |
| glucokinase activity | 1 |
| glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (NAD+) (phosphorylating) activity | 1 |
| glucose catabolic process | 1 |
| glycolytic process through glucose-6-phosphate | 1 |
| metal ion binding | 1 |
| hydro-lyase activity | 1 |
| catalytic activity | 1 |
| cation binding | 1 |
| cytosol | 1 |
| catalytic complex | 1 |
| membrane | 1 |
| site of polarized growth | 1 |
| distal axon | 1 |
| neuronal cell body | 1 |
| membrane microdomain | 1 |
| extracellular vesicle | 1 |
| synapse | 1 |
| plasma membrane region | 1 |
| intracellular anatomical structure | 1 |
| somatodendritic compartment | 1 |
| cell body | 1 |

#### Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 4 of 28 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

4 experimentally-supported GO terms:

| GO term | NS | Evidence |
| --- | --- | --- |
| [cytosol](https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829) | CC | direct assay |
| [extracellular exosome](https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0070062) | CC | high-throughput assay |
| [membrane](https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016020) | CC | direct assay |
| [plasma membrane](https://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005886) | CC | direct assay |

### Protein interactions and networks

#### STRING

showing 15 of 3,980 interactions by confidence (×1000):

| Protein A | Protein B | Partner UniProt | Score |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ENO2 | CHGA | P10645 | 937 |
| ENO2 | SYP | P08247 | 883 |
| ENO2 | S100B | P04271 | 881 |
| ENO2 | CEACAM5 | P06731 | 880 |
| ENO2 | UCHL1 | P09936 | 801 |
| ENO2 | GRP | P07491 | 798 |
| ENO2 | CD99 | P14209 | 777 |
| ENO2 | NCAM1 | P13591 | 759 |
| ENO2 | CD99L2 | Q8TCZ2 | 752 |
| ENO2 | KRT19 | P08727 | 751 |
| ENO2 | GFAP | P14136 | 719 |
| ENO2 | KRT20 | P35900 | 716 |
| ENO2 | AFP | P02771 | 716 |
| ENO2 | KRT7 | P08729 | 715 |
| ENO2 | NEFL | P07196 | 715 |

#### IntAct

Human interaction partners of ENO2 in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

23 partners by confidence:

| Partner | Interaction type | MIscore | Records |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ENO1 | association | 0.710 | 5 |
| TINF2 | physical association | 0.510 | 2 |
| ACD | physical association | 0.370 | 1 |
| AKT1 | physical association | 0.370 | 1 |
| POT1 | physical association | 0.370 | 1 |
| TERF1 | physical association | 0.370 | 1 |
| ANXA11 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| BMERB1 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| C6orf47 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| ENSA | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| HABP4 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| HK1 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| HSF1 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| IL17B | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| MAP4 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| MTNR1A | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| NAT9 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| NDUFS7 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| SIGIRR | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| SNUPN | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| ST3GAL2 | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| TUBA4A | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |
| UBE2C | physical association | 0.000 | 1 |

**BioGRID (193 interactions; top human partners by supporting records):** ENO1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 14 records), ENO3 (Affinity Capture-MS; 7 records), AKT1 (Two-hybrid; 2 records), ARHGDIA (Co-fractionation; 2 records), CAND1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), EZR (Co-fractionation; 2 records), FSCN1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), MAPT (Proximity Label-MS; 2 records), A2M (Two-hybrid), AADAT (Co-fractionation), ACD (Two-hybrid), ACOX1 (Co-fractionation), AGO2 (Affinity Capture-RNA), AHCY (Affinity Capture-MS), AKR1B1 (Co-fractionation)

#### SIGNOR signaling

2 signaling interactions:

| A | Effect | B | Mechanism |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| ENO2 | "up-regulates quantity" | phosphonatoenolpyruvate | "chemical modification" |
| ENO2 | "down-regulates quantity" | 2-phosphonato-D-glycerate(3-) | "chemical modification" |

## Disease & clinical

### Genetic variants

**Variant evidence for ENO2:** [54 ClinVar records](#clinvar) (1 pathogenic / likely pathogenic). Per-variant detail is on [Sugi Variant](https://sugi.bio/variant/gene/ENO2).

#### ClinVar

54 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

| Classification | Count (floor) |
| --- | --- |
| Pathogenic | 1 |
| Likely pathogenic | 0 |
| Uncertain significance | 40 |
| Likely benign | 2 |
| Benign | 1 |

#### Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Showing all 1 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic ClinVar records, ranked by ClinVar review status (expert panel → multiple submitters → single submitter), then by number of submitting labs.

| Variant ID | HGVS | Classification | Review | Submitters |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 2445417 | GRCh37/hg19 12p13.33-11.1(chr12:176047-34179852)x4 | Pathogenic | no assertion criteria provided | 1 |

#### Per-variant reference — Sugi Variant

Explore ENO2's pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants individually — each with its ClinVar classification and conditions, applied ACMG criteria (ClinGen expert panel, where curated), the calibrated in-silico predictors (AlphaMissense, REVEL, SaProt, conservation), gnomAD frequency, and the predictor-disagreement QC signal — on [Sugi Variant](https://sugi.bio/variant/gene/ENO2).

#### SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 21 predictions of 988):

| Position(s) | Effect | Δscore | Sites |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| 12:6915812–6915814 | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 | 2 |
| 12:6915817 | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |  |
| 12:6915918–6915919 | donor_loss | 1.0000 | 3 |
| 12:6916415–6916416 | acceptor_loss | 1.0000 | 5 |
| 12:6916513 | donor_loss | 1.0000 |  |
| 12:6916726 | donor_gain | 1.0000 |  |
| 12:6916804 | donor_gain | 1.0000 |  |
| 12:6917930 | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |  |
| 12:6917938–6917939 | acceptor_loss | 1.0000 | 5 |
| 12:6918098 | donor_gain | 1.0000 |  |

#### AlphaMissense

1,656 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 2,831 scored), across 350 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

| Residue | Likely-pathogenic substitutions | Mean am_pathogenicity | Max am_pathogenicity |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| M169 | 9 | 0.927 | 0.992 |
| M368 | 9 | 0.882 | 0.992 |
| H158 | 8 | 0.999 | 1.000 |
| D245 | 8 | 0.999 | 1.000 |
| D318 | 8 | 0.999 | 1.000 |
| D319 | 8 | 0.998 | 1.000 |
| D294 | 8 | 0.997 | 0.999 |
| D13 | 8 | 0.996 | 0.999 |
| H371 | 8 | 0.996 | 0.999 |
| D209 | 8 | 0.995 | 0.999 |
| S370 | 8 | 0.994 | 1.000 |
| D91 | 8 | 0.992 | 0.998 |
| D378 | 8 | 0.984 | 0.998 |
| N345 | 8 | 0.977 | 0.999 |
| D383 | 8 | 0.976 | 0.997 |
| D98 | 8 | 0.975 | 0.994 |
| F213 | 8 | 0.973 | 0.999 |
| S37 | 8 | 0.970 | 0.999 |
| D51 | 8 | 0.960 | 0.991 |
| N154 | 8 | 0.956 | 1.000 |

### HPA cancer prognostics

**RNA cancer specificity:** Low cancer specificity

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

4 prognostic cancer types:

| Cancer | Prognostic | p-value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA) | unfavorable | 0.00062 |
| Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma (validation) | unfavorable | 0.000628 |
| Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma (TCGA) | favorable | 0.00065 |
| Glioblastoma Multiforme (TCGA) | unfavorable | 0.000952 |

### Disease associations

**OMIM:** gene `MIM:131360` | disease phenotypes: 

## Drugs & pharmacology

### Drug and pharmacology data

**Is drug target: no**

**PharmGKB:** 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

#### Binding affinities (BindingDB)

2 measured of 2 human assays (2 total across all organisms); most potent 2 below. *Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.*

| Ligand | Measure | Value |
| --- | --- | --- |
| SF2312 | IC50 | 37.9 nM |
| phosphonoacetohydroxamate (PhAH) | IC50 | 51 nM |

#### PubChem BioAssay actives

2 with measured affinity, of 2 total; 2 most potent distinct compounds. *Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.*

| Compound | Assay | Type | Value | Unit |
| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |
| [(3S,5S)-1,5-dihydroxy-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl]phosphonic acid | [1802194](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1802194/): Enolase Enzymatic Assays from Article 10.1038/nchembio.2195: "SF2312 is a natural phosphonate inhibitor of enolase." | ic50 | 0.0425 | uM |
| [2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]phosphonic acid | [1802194](https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1802194/): Enolase Enzymatic Assays from Article 10.1038/nchembio.2195: "SF2312 is a natural phosphonate inhibitor of enolase." | ic50 | 0.0623 | uM |

#### CTD chemical–gene interactions

133 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

| Chemical | Actions (top 5) | PubMed papers |
| --- | --- | --- |
| Valproic Acid | affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression, increases expression | 7 |
| Oxygen | decreases reaction, increases expression | 5 |
| trichostatin A | affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression | 4 |
| cobaltous chloride | increases expression, decreases reaction | 4 |
| Cisplatin | affects expression, increases expression | 4 |
| bisphenol A | decreases expression, increases expression | 3 |
| bisphenol S | affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression | 3 |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | increases expression, increases methylation | 3 |
| Cyclosporine | decreases expression, increases expression | 3 |
| Cadmium Chloride | increases expression | 3 |
| sodium arsenite | decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment | 2 |
| nickel chloride | increases expression | 2 |
| deguelin | decreases expression, decreases secretion | 2 |
| Decitabine | affects expression, affects cotreatment | 2 |
| Vorinostat | affects cotreatment, affects expression, decreases expression | 2 |
| Ethanol | decreases expression | 2 |
| Cocaine | increases expression, decreases expression | 2 |
| Doxorubicin | affects expression, decreases expression | 2 |
| Phenylmercuric Acetate | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 2 |
| Silicon Dioxide | increases expression | 2 |
| Tobacco Smoke Pollution | increases expression | 2 |
| 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine | affects cotreatment, increases expression | 2 |
| Particulate Matter | increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression | 2 |
| aristolochic acid I | decreases expression, increases expression | 1 |
| abemaciclib | increases expression | 1 |
| 1-cyclopropyl-4-(4-((5-methyl-3-(3-(4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)piperazine | decreases reaction, increases expression | 1 |
| GSK-J4 | increases expression | 1 |
| sotorasib | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) | increases expression | 1 |
| tungsten carbide | affects binding, increases expression | 1 |

#### Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

| Cellosaurus | Name | Category | Sex |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| CVCL_E1G6 | Abcam Jurkat ENO2 KO | Cancer cell line | Male |

#### Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

51 trials:

| NCT | Phase | Status | Title |
| --- | --- | --- | --- |
| NCT02562170 | Phase 4 | COMPLETED | Protexa® Versus TiLoopBra® in Immediate Breast Reconstruction- A Pilot Study |
| NCT00673335 | Phase 3 | COMPLETED | Letrozole in Preventing Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women With a BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutation |
| NCT00685256 | Phase 3 | COMPLETED | Standard Genetic Counseling With or Without a Decision Guide in Improving Communication Between Mothers Undergoing BRCA1/2 Testing and Their Minor-Age Children |
| NCT03162276 | Phase 3 | UNKNOWN | Trial of Inquiry Based Stress Reduction (IBSR) Program for BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers |
| NCT00253539 | Phase 2 | COMPLETED | Arzoxifene or Tamoxifen in Preventing Breast Cancer in Premenopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer |
| NCT00305695 | Phase 2 | COMPLETED | Zoledronate or Observation in Maintaining Bone Mineral Density in Patients Who Are Undergoing Surgery to Remove Both Ovaries |
| NCT00321633 | Phase 2 | COMPLETED | Carboplatin or Docetaxel in Treating Women With Metastatic Genetic Breast Cancer |
| NCT01333748 | Phase 2 | COMPLETED | Search Allelic Imbalance of Expression of BRCA Genes in Hereditary Risk of Breast and/or Ovarian Cancer |
| NCT01367639 | Phase 2 | COMPLETED | Trial of Inquiry Based Stress Reduction (IBSR) Program for BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers |
| NCT00535119 | Phase 1 | COMPLETED | Veliparib, Carboplatin, and Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Advanced Solid Cancer |
| NCT00892736 | Phase 1 | COMPLETED | Veliparib in Treating Patients With Malignant Solid Tumors That Do Not Respond to Previous Therapy |
| NCT03832985 | Early Phase 1 | COMPLETED | Pediatric Reporting of Adult-Onset Genomic Results |
| NCT00005095 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Specimen and Data Study for Ovarian Cancer Early Detection and Prevention |
| NCT00609505 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Telemedicine vs. Face-to-Face Cancer Genetic Counseling |
| NCT01273909 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Outcomes After Perforator Flap Reconstruction for Breast Reconstruction and/or Lymphedema Treatment |
| NCT01445275 | Not specified | WITHDRAWN | Cost of Cancer Risk Management in Women at Elevated Genetic Risk for Ovarian Cancer Who Participated on GOG-0199 |
| NCT01608074 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Radical Fimbriectomy for Young BRCA Mutation Carriers |
| NCT02087592 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Feasibility of Lifestyle Intervention in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers |
| NCT02302742 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Triple Negative Breast Cancer and Germline Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Mutation Carrier Registry |
| NCT02324062 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Cancer Genetics Hereditary Cancer Panel Testing |
| NCT02516540 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Efficacy of Lifestyle Intervention in BRCA1/2 Mutation Carriers |
| NCT02653105 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Women at Risk of Breast Cancer and OLFM4 |
| NCT02705924 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Impact of a Psychoeducational Intervention on Expectations and Coping in Young Women Exposed to a High HBOC Risk |
| NCT02760849 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Surgery in Preventing Ovarian Cancer in Patients With Genetic Mutations |
| NCT02786147 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Identification and Referral of Women at Risk for Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer |
| NCT02956681 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Statewide Communication to Reach Diverse Low Income Women |
| NCT03015376 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Inherited Susceptible Genes Among Epithelial Ovarian Cancer |
| NCT03050268 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Familial Investigations of Childhood Cancer Predisposition |
| NCT03075540 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Enhancing At-risk Latina Women's Use of Genetic Counseling for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer |
| NCT03124212 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Cascade Genetic Testing for Hereditary Breast/Ovarian Cancer and Lynch Syndrome in Switzerland |
| NCT03246841 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Investigation of Tumour Spectrum of Germline Mutations in Breast and Ovarian Cancer Genes. |
| NCT03294343 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Risk-Reducing Surgeries for Hereditary Ovarian Cancer |
| NCT03421327 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Genetic Risk: Whether, When, and How to Tell Adolescents |
| NCT03510689 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Genetics and Heart Health After Cancer Therapy |
| NCT03511690 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Testing an Intelligent Tutoring System to Enhance Genetic Risk Assessment |
| NCT03784859 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Tissue Expansion in Breast Reconstruction Without Drains |
| NCT03979612 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Evaluation of the Adhesion to the GENEPY Network |
| NCT04197856 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Direct Information to At-risk Relatives |
| NCT04407611 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Scalable Communication Modalities for Returning Genetic Research Results |
| NCT04508764 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Implementation of the Families Accelerating Cascade Testing Toolkit (FACTT) for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer and Lynch Syndrome |
| NCT04544501 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Enhance the Use of Genetic Counseling and Testing in Latinas |
| NCT04668521 | Not specified | TERMINATED | Multifactorial Risk Assessment for Breast & Ovarian Cancer Risk Detection |
| NCT05130606 | Not specified | RECRUITING | CONTIGO - A Narrative Intervention to Enhance Genetic Counseling and Testing |
| NCT05306002 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Nutritional Intervention and DNA Damage of Patients With HBOC |
| NCT05409222 | Not specified | UNKNOWN | Study of Quality of Life Post Salpingo-oophorectomy in BRCA1/2 & PALB2 Mutation Carriers (BRCA-HRT) |
| NCT05677048 | Not specified | ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING | Feasibility Study: IGNITE-TX (Identifying Individuals for Genetic Testing & Treatment) Intervention |
| NCT05721326 | Not specified | COMPLETED | Sequential EHR Based Interventions to Increase Genetic Testing for Breast and Ovarian Cancer Predisposition |
| NCT06892275 | Not specified | RECRUITING | The FYI on MRI: A Multilevel Decision Support Intervention for Screening Breast MRI |
| NCT06914726 | Not specified | ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION | Patient Centered Clinical Decision Support for Hereditary Cancer Syndromes |
| NCT07039552 | Not specified | RECRUITING | Development and Validation of an Ovarian Cancer Risk Prediction Model for Family Members of Ovarian Cancer Probands |
| NCT07236359 | Not specified | NOT_YET_RECRUITING | Evaluation of Well Being and Patient Reported Outcomes After Robotic Single-port Nipple Sparing Mastectomy and Implant Reconstruction |

## Related Atlas pages

- **Disease cohort memberships** *(association, not causation — diseases whose associated-gene cohort lists this gene; a subset are also under Associated diseases)*: [tetrasomy 12p](/atlas/disease/tetrasomy-12p/)