ESS2

Summary

ESS2 (ess-2 spliceosome associated protein, HGNC:16817) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 22q11.21, encoding Splicing factor ESS-2 homolog (Q96DF8). May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 97.0% of cancer cell lines).

This gene is located within the minimal DGS critical region (MDGCR) thought to contain the gene(s) responsible for a group of developmental disorders. These disorders include DiGeorge syndrome, velocardiofacial syndrome, conotruncal anomaly face syndrome, and some familial or sporadic conotruncal cardiac defects which have been associated with microdeletion of 22q11.2. The encoded protein may be a component of C complex spliceosomes, and the orthologous protein in the mouse localizes to the nucleus. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 8220 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 205 total — 1 pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 39
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 97.0% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_022719

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:16817
Approved symbol	ESS2
Name	ess-2 spliceosome associated protein
Location	22q11.21
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DGSI, Es2el, ES2, DGS-H, ESS-2, bis1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000100056
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	601755
Entrez	8220

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 6 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000252137, ENST00000434568, ENST00000469466, ENST00000472073, ENST00000909110, ENST00000909111, ENST00000909112, ENST00000951415, ENST00000951416

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_022719 NM_022719

CCDS: CCDS13756

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000252137 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000879093	19130279	19134475
ENSE00003470560	19135060	19135175
ENSE00003509646	19139855	19140024
ENSE00003524304	19138215	19138317
ENSE00003536450	19137323	19137432
ENSE00003568380	19142726	19142894
ENSE00003612419	19139612	19139729
ENSE00003633046	19142538	19142633
ENSE00003635250	19139159	19139292
ENSE00003848110	19144506	19144651

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 258 present calls, max score 88.96.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 16.1665 / max 124.5055, expressed in 1814 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
193131	15.9098	1814
193132	0.2566	125

Top tissues by expression

286 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
sperm	CL:0000019	88.96	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	88.56	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	88.47	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	87.20	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	86.76	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	86.65	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	85.28	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	84.47	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	83.91	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	83.85	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	83.84	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	83.83	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	83.66	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	83.66	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	83.57	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	83.53	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	83.52	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	83.45	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	83.43	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	83.15	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	82.92	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	82.87	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	82.76	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	82.74	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	82.74	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	82.70	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	82.68	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	82.67	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	82.66	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	82.59	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.57

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

117 targeting ESS2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4481	100.00	66.42	1669
HSA-MIR-4455	100.00	65.48	1587
HSA-MIR-3120-5P	100.00	65.56	965
HSA-MIR-4745-5P	99.98	65.95	1028
HSA-MIR-103A-3P	99.98	69.14	1595
HSA-MIR-107	99.98	69.14	1595
HSA-MIR-302E	99.96	70.74	2669
HSA-MIR-545-3P	99.95	70.74	2783
HSA-MIR-22-3P	99.93	68.13	917
HSA-MIR-515-5P	99.92	69.82	2343
HSA-MIR-519E-5P	99.92	69.62	2358
HSA-MIR-497-5P	99.92	71.83	2674
HSA-MIR-15A-5P	99.90	72.80	2787
HSA-MIR-15B-5P	99.90	72.78	2798
HSA-MIR-16-5P	99.90	72.80	2780
HSA-MIR-195-5P	99.90	72.81	2805
HSA-MIR-424-5P	99.89	71.90	2641
HSA-MIR-6838-5P	99.89	71.94	2690
HSA-MIR-221-5P	99.86	65.45	1052
HSA-MIR-8073	99.86	65.21	1118
HSA-MIR-4447	99.85	67.81	2900
HSA-MIR-373-3P	99.84	70.68	1668
HSA-MIR-6875-3P	99.82	70.26	2983
HSA-MIR-4639-5P	99.81	67.37	1028
HSA-MIR-92A-2-5P	99.75	67.01	2164
HSA-MIR-187-5P	99.74	70.26	1404
HSA-MIR-4446-5P	99.72	69.19	2544
HSA-MIR-4530	99.69	66.47	1509
HSA-MIR-5004-5P	99.68	66.63	1294
HSA-MIR-452-5P	99.65	69.63	1762

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 97.0% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Experiments using Ess2 deletion mutants showed that a C-terminus deletion mutant of Ess2 (1-399 a. a.) lost its ability to associate with snRNAs, whereas the N-terminus domain of Ess2 (1-200 a. a.) associated with retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma/gamma-t, but not with snRNAs. (PMID:29454968)
• Transcriptional coregulator Ess2 controls survival of post-thymic CD4(+) T cells through the Myc and IL-7 signaling pathways. (PMID:35933014)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ess2	ENSDARG00000060922
mus_musculus	Ess2	ENSMUSG00000003527
rattus_norvegicus	Ess2	ENSRNOG00000000283
drosophila_melanogaster	Es2	FBGN0023506
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00018371

Protein

Protein identifiers

Splicing factor ESS-2 homolog — Q96DF8 (reviewed: Q96DF8)

Alternative names: DiGeorge syndrome critical region 13, DiGeorge syndrome critical region 14, DiGeorge syndrome protein H, Protein ES2

All UniProt accessions (2): Q96DF8, F8WEF8

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May be involved in pre-mRNA splicing.

Subunit / interactions. Identified in the spliceosome C complex. Interacts with FRA10AC1.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in heart, brain and skeletal muscle. Detected at low levels in placenta.

Similarity. Belongs to the ESS2 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_073210* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR019148	Nuclear_protein_DGCR14_ESS-2	Family

Pfam: PF09751

UniProt features (18 total): modified residue 6, compositionally biased region 4, region of interest 3, sequence variant 3, chain 1, cross-link 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

3 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8C6J	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.8
9FMD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3
8RO2	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.5

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96DF8-F1	68.41	0.13

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (7): 292, 386, 391, 395, 142, 1, 3

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 176 (showing top): GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_COLON_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_UP, STARK_PREFRONTAL_CORTEX_22Q11_DELETION_DN, GAUSSMANN_MLL_AF4_FUSION_TARGETS_G_DN, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_DN, DACOSTA_UV_RESPONSE_VIA_ERCC3_UP, MODULE_70, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, GOBP_RNA_SPLICING, LIAO_METASTASIS, GOCC_CATALYTIC_STEP_2_SPLICEOSOME, GOCC_SPLICEOSOMAL_COMPLEX, GOCC_RIBONUCLEOPROTEIN_COMPLEX, KIM_WT1_TARGETS_DN, STARK_HYPPOCAMPUS_22Q11_DELETION_DN, MARTENS_TRETINOIN_RESPONSE_UP

GO Biological Process (4): mRNA splicing, via spliceosome (GO:0000398), nervous system development (GO:0007399), mRNA processing (GO:0006397), RNA splicing (GO:0008380)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): nucleus (GO:0005634), catalytic step 2 spliceosome (GO:0071013), spliceosomal complex (GO:0005681)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
RNA processing	2
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions with bulged adenosine as nucleophile	1
mRNA processing	1
system development	1
mRNA metabolic process	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
Prp19 complex	1
spliceosomal complex	1
U5 snRNP	1
catalytic complex	1
nuclear protein-containing complex	1
ribonucleoprotein complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

970 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ESS2	GATD3	P0DPI2	925
ESS2	DGCR2	P98153	856
ESS2	SOX2	P48431	838
ESS2	SLC25A1	P53007	809
ESS2	ESR1	P03372	801
ESS2	HIRA	P54198	726
ESS2	SUZ12	Q15022	725
ESS2	UFD1	Q92890	710
ESS2	CLTCL1	P53675	704
ESS2	RPS7	P23821	609
ESS2	EPCAM	P16422	559
ESS2	HNRNPA1	P09651	548
ESS2	CLTC	Q00610	548
ESS2	HNRNPH2	P55795	511
ESS2	HNRNPH1	P31943	495

IntAct

160 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PPIE	AQR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.810
ISY1	AQR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.740
FRA10AC1	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.730
SNRPG	GEMIN2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
SNW1	AQR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.650
SNRPA1	HTATSF1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SNRPA1	U2SURP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ESS2	ACADS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
ESS2	PRPF19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.620
ARMC7	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
CCDC57	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DGCR6	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
OIP5	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ESS2	SMARCD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ESS2	NXF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
EXOC8	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ESS2	ARMC7	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
QARS1	ESS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ESS2	GFAP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ESS2	JPH3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (199): DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Synthetic Lethality), DGCR14 (Proximity Label-MS), DGCR14 (Proximity Label-MS), DGCR14 (Proximity Label-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS), DGCR14 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1A4P4, A1CH36, A2ALW5, A5AAL8, B0BN56, O42911, O70279, P0C2B7, P58468, P83565, Q0CLE8, Q1ECT8, Q290P4, Q2GVC2, Q3SZ86, Q4G0I0, Q4V7Q1, Q5B4U6, Q5BJW9, Q5RFR4, Q5XJW2, Q61733, Q6RUT7, Q753F1, Q7SDU5, Q7SHR9, Q80ZS3, Q86TS9, Q8BGX2, Q8BK72, Q8CHP5, Q8SPE7, Q8TAE8, Q8VD26, Q8WUQ7, Q96AN5, Q96DF8, Q9BRP8, Q9BSF4, Q9BYN8

Diamond homologs: O44424, O70279, P34420, Q96DF8, O59793

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 164 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
mRNA Splicing	23	23.2×	2e-23
Processing of Capped Intron-Containing Pre-mRNA	25	18.8×	3e-23
mRNA Splicing - Major Pathway	36	18.1×	2e-33
Transport of Mature Transcript to Cytoplasm	5	17.5×	5e-04
mRNA 3’-end processing	9	16.3×	3e-07
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Termination	8	16.1×	2e-06
mRNA Polyadenylation	19	15.3×	1e-15
mRNA Splicing - Minor Pathway	7	14.4×	3e-05

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
U2-type prespliceosome assembly	8	34.7×	1e-08
RNA splicing, via transesterification reactions	6	26.0×	1e-05
spliceosomal complex assembly	6	25.1×	2e-05
mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	32	20.4×	3e-30
spliceosomal snRNP assembly	5	20.2×	4e-04
mRNA transport	7	12.8×	1e-04
RNA splicing	20	12.2×	8e-14
regulation of alternative mRNA splicing, via spliceosome	7	11.9×	2e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

205 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	1
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	162
Likely benign	13
Benign	5

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
625622	GRCh37/hg19 22q11.21(chr22:18923898-21431174)	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

1814 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
22:19135054:CCTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19135055:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19135056:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19135057:CACCT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19135058:ACCTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19135093:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
22:19135175:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:19135176:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137318:CCCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19137319:CCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19137320:CACCT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19137321:A:AG	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19137428:CACAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137429:ACAC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137429:ACACC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:19137430:CAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137430:CACC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137431:AC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137431:ACCT:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:19137432:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137432:CCT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:19137433:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137433:C:CG	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:19137434:T:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:19137440:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19137441:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:19139154:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19139155:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19139156:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:19139290:CAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3086 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
22:19135155:C:A	R352S	0.999
22:19135155:C:G	R352S	0.999
22:19137326:A:C	F344L	0.999
22:19137326:A:T	F344L	0.999
22:19137328:A:G	F344L	0.999
22:19137406:A:G	W318R	0.999
22:19137406:A:T	W318R	0.999
22:19142819:C:G	A71P	0.999
22:19142862:A:C	F56L	0.999
22:19142862:A:T	F56L	0.999
22:19142864:A:G	F56L	0.999
22:19142865:G:C	F55L	0.999
22:19142865:G:T	F55L	0.999
22:19142867:A:G	F55L	0.999
22:19142878:A:T	I51N	0.999
22:19135156:C:A	R352M	0.998
22:19135156:C:G	R352T	0.998
22:19139954:A:C	S157R	0.998
22:19139954:A:T	S157R	0.998
22:19139956:T:G	S157R	0.998
22:19142788:C:G	R81P	0.998
22:19142845:A:G	L62P	0.998
22:19142878:A:C	I51S	0.998
22:19135133:C:G	A360P	0.997
22:19135135:A:G	M359T	0.997
22:19135174:A:G	I346T	0.997
22:19137327:A:G	F344S	0.997
22:19137403:C:G	G319R	0.997
22:19137403:C:T	G319R	0.997
22:19137404:C:A	W318C	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000008133 (22:19137016 A>G), RS1000245173 (22:19136199 T>C), RS1000322876 (22:19131568 C>G,T), RS1000493130 (22:19140826 A>C), RS1000822566 (22:19145436 G>C), RS1001020279 (22:19134948 C>T), RS1001107807 (22:19145200 A>G), RS1001266142 (22:19130079 A>C,G), RS1001344751 (22:19136328 T>A,C), RS1001564102 (22:19136090 A>G), RS1001705475 (22:19146424 T>A,C), RS1001731346 (22:19130450 A>G), RS1002259473 (22:19140840 T>C), RS1002423323 (22:19145541 G>A), RS1002641122 (22:19141045 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601755 | disease phenotypes: MIM:608363

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): chromosome 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome (MONDO:0012020)

Orphanet (1): 22q11.2 duplication syndrome (Orphanet:1727)

HPO phenotypes

39 total (30 of 39 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000023	Inguinal hernia
HP:0000028	Cryptorchidism
HP:0000175	Cleft palate
HP:0000176	Submucous cleft hard palate
HP:0000194	Open mouth
HP:0000201	Pierre-Robin sequence
HP:0000220	Velopharyngeal insufficiency
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000278	Retrognathia
HP:0000414	Bulbous nose
HP:0000430	Underdeveloped nasal alae
HP:0000581	Blepharophimosis
HP:0000598	Abnormality of the ear
HP:0000627	Posterior embryotoxon
HP:0000712	Emotional lability
HP:0000718	Aggressive behavior
HP:0000829	Hypoparathyroidism
HP:0001155	Abnormality of the hand
HP:0001249	Intellectual disability
HP:0001252	Hypotonia
HP:0001328	Specific learning disability
HP:0001537	Umbilical hernia
HP:0001611	Hypernasal speech
HP:0001629	Ventricular septal defect
HP:0001636	Tetralogy of Fallot
HP:0001883	Talipes
HP:0002627	Right aortic arch with mirror image branching
HP:0002719	Recurrent infections
HP:0002901	Hypocalcemia

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST009391_356	Metabolite levels	8.000000e-07
GCST009391_365	Metabolite levels	3.000000e-06
GCST009391_469	Metabolite levels	1.000000e-06
GCST009391_916	Metabolite levels	8.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0010434	triacylglycerol 56:7 measurement
EFO:0010435	triacylglycerol 56:8 measurement
EFO:0010442	triacylglycerol 58:8 measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C567224	Chromosome 22q11.2 Microduplication Syndrome (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

29 total (human), top 29 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
FR900359	increases phosphorylation	1
TAK-243	increases sumoylation	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
cobaltous chloride	increases expression	1
manganese chloride	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	1
coumarin	increases phosphorylation	1
N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine	decreases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Caffeine	increases phosphorylation	1
Doxorubicin	increases expression	1
Lead	decreases expression	1
Manganese	increases abundance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Quercetin	decreases phosphorylation	1
Selenium	increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Sulindac	increases expression	1
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases expression	1
Thiram	increases expression	1
Urethane	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases expression	1
Vitamin E	increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
tert-Butylhydroperoxide	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.