FZD9

gene
On this page

Also known as FZD3CD349

Summary

FZD9 (frizzled class receptor 9, HGNC:4047) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7q11.23, encoding Frizzled-9 (O00144). Receptor for WNT2 that is coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes.

Members of the ‘frizzled’ gene family encode 7-transmembrane domain proteins that are receptors for Wnt signaling proteins. The FZD9 gene is located within the Williams syndrome common deletion region of chromosome 7, and heterozygous deletion of the FZD9 gene may contribute to the Williams syndrome phenotype. FZD9 is expressed predominantly in brain, testis, eye, skeletal muscle, and kidney.

Source: NCBI Gene 8326 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 11
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 77 total — 1 pathogenic
  • Druggable target: yes
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_003508

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:4047
Approved symbolFZD9
Namefrizzled class receptor 9
Location7q11.23
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesFZD3, CD349
Ensembl geneENSG00000188763
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM601766
Entrez8326

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000344575

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_003508 NM_003508

CCDS: CCDS5548

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000344575 — 1 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000013871017343377873436120

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 138 present calls, max score 87.29.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 2.2319 / max 164.0933, expressed in 721 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
790082.2319721

Top tissues by expression

277 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
cartilage tissueUBERON:000241887.29gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscleUBERON:000425276.90gold quality
gastrocnemiusUBERON:000138876.23gold quality
muscle of legUBERON:000138374.53gold quality
muscle organUBERON:000163071.34gold quality
amygdalaUBERON:000187669.54gold quality
cingulate cortexUBERON:000302768.17gold quality
anterior cingulate cortexUBERON:000983567.96gold quality
triceps brachiiUBERON:000150967.24gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachiiUBERON:000450267.19gold quality
prefrontal cortexUBERON:000045166.84gold quality
gluteal muscleUBERON:000200066.81gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cordUBERON:000646966.50gold quality
hypothalamusUBERON:000189866.37gold quality
right frontal lobeUBERON:000281066.27gold quality
putamenUBERON:000187464.71gold quality
skeletal muscle tissueUBERON:000113464.37gold quality
neocortexUBERON:000195064.28gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortexUBERON:000983464.06gold quality
spinal cordUBERON:000224064.00gold quality
frontal cortexUBERON:000187063.82gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9UBERON:001354063.79gold quality
caudate nucleusUBERON:000187362.99gold quality
pituitary glandUBERON:000000762.89gold quality
tibiaUBERON:000097962.82silver quality
cerebral cortexUBERON:000095662.77gold quality
temporal lobeUBERON:000187162.63gold quality
forebrainUBERON:000189062.60gold quality
cortical plateUBERON:000534362.59gold quality
olfactory bulbUBERON:000226462.58gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3no0.39

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

TargetRegulation
SPRY4Repression

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

16 targeting FZD9, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6721-5P99.9368.922981
HSA-MIR-95-5P99.8972.173973
HSA-MIR-613299.6065.831554
HSA-MIR-6836-5P99.6065.621538
HSA-MIR-1212299.5669.331672
HSA-MIR-6722-3P99.4567.621919
HSA-MIR-520A-5P99.3566.721632
HSA-MIR-525-5P99.3566.851615
HSA-MIR-499A-3P99.1869.201392
HSA-MIR-499B-3P99.1869.271391
HSA-MIR-1207-3P98.9966.221532
HSA-MIR-6876-3P98.9765.69765
HSA-MIR-62698.8966.21762
HSA-MIR-2115-5P98.6668.071191
HSA-MIR-6823-3P95.4566.14704
HSA-MIR-2114-3P95.4566.11579

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

  • transfection of Fzd-9 into a Wnt-7a-insensitive NSCLC cell line established Wnt-7a sensitivity (PMID:15705594)
  • ERK5-dependent activation of PPARgamma represents a major effector pathway mediating the anti-tumorigenic effects of Wnt 7a and Fzd 9 in non-small cell lung cancer cells (PMID:16835228)
  • Aberrant DNA methylation of frizzled 9 protein is associated with myelodysplastic syndrome progression to acute myeloid leukemia. (PMID:18832655)
  • The results suggest that WNT2 could act through its receptor FZD9 to regulate the beta-CATENIN pathway in cumulus cells, recruiting beta-CATENIN into plasma membranes and promoting the formation of adherens junctions involving CDH1. (PMID:19038973)
  • SiRNA of frizzled-9 suppresses proliferation and motility of hepatoma cells. (PMID:19724923)
  • The presence of nanog, Oct-4, SSEA-1, and SSEA-4 suggests that periodontal ligament mesenchymal stem cells are less differentiated than bone marrow-derived MSCs, and that the frizzled-9/Wnt pathway is important in proliferation and differentiation. (PMID:20458727)
  • The activity of the Sprouty4 promoter is increased by Wnt7A/Fzd9 signaling through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in lung cancer cells. (PMID:20501643)
  • the present study indicated that the methylation profile of the FZD9 gene corresponded to that of a candidate tumorsuppressor gene in acute myeloid leukemia. (PMID:27314612)
  • data enforced the evidence that knockdown of c-Fos inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted the apoptosis of OS cells accompanied by altered expression of Wnt2 and Fzd9 (PMID:28665975)
  • miR-520a-5p regulates Frizzled 9 expression and mediates effects of cigarette smoke and iloprost chemoprevention. (PMID:35149732)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriofzd9bENSDARG00000014673
danio_reriofzd9aENSDARG00000035185
mus_musculusFzd9ENSMUSG00000049551
rattus_norvegicusFzd9ENSRNOG00000001452
drosophila_melanogasterfz3FBGN0027343

Paralogs (15): FZD3 (ENSG00000104290), SFRP1 (ENSG00000104332), SFRP4 (ENSG00000106483), FZD10 (ENSG00000111432), SFRP5 (ENSG00000120057), SMO (ENSG00000128602), SFRP2 (ENSG00000145423), FZD7 (ENSG00000155760), FZD1 (ENSG00000157240), FRZB (ENSG00000162998), FZD5 (ENSG00000163251), FZD6 (ENSG00000164930), FZD4 (ENSG00000174804), FZD8 (ENSG00000177283), FZD2 (ENSG00000180340)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Frizzled-9O00144 (reviewed: O00144)

Alternative names: FzE6

All UniProt accessions (1): O00144

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Receptor for WNT2 that is coupled to the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway, which leads to the activation of disheveled proteins, inhibition of GSK-3 kinase, nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin and activation of Wnt target genes. Plays a role in neuromuscular junction (NMJ) assembly by negatively regulating the clustering of acetylcholine receptors (AChR) through the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway. May play a role in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) viability through the beta-catenin canonical signaling pathway by negatively regulating cell cycle arrest leading to inhibition of neuron apoptotic process. During hippocampal development, regulates neuroblast proliferation and apoptotic cell death. Controls bone formation through non canonical Wnt signaling mediated via ISG15. Positively regulates bone regeneration through non canonical Wnt signaling.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed predominantly in adult and fetal brain, testis, eye, skeletal muscle and kidney. Moderately expressed in pancreas, thyroid, adrenal cortex, small intestine and stomach. Detected in fetal liver and kidney. Expressed in neural progenitor cells.

Post-translational modifications. Ubiquitinated by ZNRF3, leading to its degradation by the proteasome.

Domain organisation. Lys-Thr-X-X-X-Trp motif interacts with the PDZ domain of Dvl (Disheveled) family members and is involved in the activation of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. The FZ domain is involved in binding with Wnt ligands.

Miscellaneous. Authors show that FZD9 is responsible for the cellular phenotype found in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) derived from Williams syndrome patients namely increased apoptosis of neural progenitor cells (NPCs).

Similarity. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor Fz/Smo family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_003499* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR000539Frizzled/Smoothened_7TMDomain
IPR015526Frizzled/SFRPFamily
IPR017981GPCR_2-like_7TMDomain
IPR020067Frizzled_domDomain
IPR036790Frizzled_dom_sfHomologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF01392, PF01534

UniProt features (28 total): topological domain 8, transmembrane region 7, disulfide bond 5, region of interest 2, glycosylation site 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, domain 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-O00144-F181.810.54

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (5): 39–100, 47–93, 84–122, 111–152, 115–139

Glycosylation sites (2): 53, 158

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-373080Class B/2 (Secretin family receptors)

MSigDB gene sets: 586 (showing top): GOBP_NEUROMUSCULAR_JUNCTION_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GOBP_MEMBRANE_DEPOLARIZATION, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_NEURON_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_COGNITION, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ELECTRICAL_STIMULUS, GOBP_B_CELL_ACTIVATION, GCANCTGNY_MYOD_Q6, GOBP_NON_CANONICAL_WNT_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_GROWTH, GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, GOBP_REGENERATION

GO Biological Process (25): ossification (GO:0001503), release of cytochrome c from mitochondria (GO:0001836), nervous system development (GO:0007399), neuroblast proliferation (GO:0007405), learning or memory (GO:0007611), B cell differentiation (GO:0030183), positive regulation of bone mineralization (GO:0030501), non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0035567), positive regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043065), negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process (GO:0043524), regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration (GO:0051480), regulation of cell cycle (GO:0051726), negative regulation of mitochondrial depolarization (GO:0051902), canonical Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0060070), negative regulation of necroptotic process (GO:0060546), positive regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0090263), negative regulation of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization involved in apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:1901029), regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering (GO:1904393), negative regulation of skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering (GO:1904394), bone regeneration (GO:1990523), positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation (GO:2000179), signal transduction (GO:0007165), cell surface receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007166), G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0016055)

GO Molecular Function (7): G protein-coupled receptor activity (GO:0004930), Wnt-protein binding (GO:0017147), protein homodimerization activity (GO:0042803), Wnt receptor activity (GO:0042813), protein heterodimerization activity (GO:0046982), transmembrane signaling receptor activity (GO:0004888), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (10): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), endoplasmic reticulum membrane (GO:0005789), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), cell surface (GO:0009986), membrane (GO:0016020), filopodium membrane (GO:0031527), mitochondrial membrane (GO:0031966), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

CategoryPathways
GPCR ligand binding1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cellular anatomical structure4
Wnt signaling pathway3
skeletal muscle acetylcholine-gated channel clustering2
transmembrane signaling receptor activity2
protein dimerization activity2
organelle membrane2
cytoplasm2
multicellular organismal process1
apoptotic mitochondrial changes1
apoptotic signaling pathway1
system development1
generation of neurons1
neural precursor cell proliferation1
behavior1
cognition1
lymphocyte differentiation1
B cell activation1
bone mineralization1
regulation of bone mineralization1
positive regulation of ossification1
positive regulation of biomineral tissue development1
apoptotic process1
regulation of apoptotic process1
positive regulation of programmed cell death1
negative regulation of apoptotic process1
regulation of neuron apoptotic process1
neuron apoptotic process1
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis1
cell cycle1
regulation of cellular process1
mitochondrial depolarization1
regulation of mitochondrial depolarization1
negative regulation of membrane depolarization1
regulation of necroptotic process1
negative regulation of programmed necrotic cell death1
necroptotic process1
positive regulation of Wnt signaling pathway1
canonical Wnt signaling pathway1
regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway1
negative regulation of organelle organization1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1368 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
FZD9WNT5AP41221994
FZD9WNT7AO00755955
FZD9WNT11O96014952
FZD9WNT2P09544897
FZD9CELSR3Q9NYQ7858
FZD9WNT4P56705858
FZD9VANGL2Q9ULK5848
FZD9WNT5BQ9H1J7846
FZD9WNT7BP56706832
FZD9WNT3AP56704825
FZD9FKBP6O75344797
FZD9FKBP10Q96AY3788
FZD9WNT6Q9Y6F9787
FZD9WNT2BQ93097777
FZD9CTNNB1P35222773

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
FZD9tcdBpsi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)0.440

BioGRID (6): FZD9 (Two-hybrid), KRTAP10-3 (Two-hybrid), FZD9 (Two-hybrid), TMEM79 (Affinity Capture-Western), FZD9 (Affinity Capture-Western), FZD9 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: B3DIG4, O00144, O57328, O57329, O70421, O75084, O93274, P18537, P23385, P27115, P27808, P41594, P55013, P58421, P97772, Q08463, Q08464, Q13255, Q13467, Q14332, Q24760, Q498S8, Q5BL72, Q5RH73, Q61090, Q61091, Q6NVG7, Q6P9A2, Q6PA90, Q8AVJ9, Q8BKG4, Q8CHL0, Q8IYK4, Q8K4C8, Q9DEB5, Q9EQD0, Q9H461, Q9I9M5, Q9IA02, Q9IA06

Diamond homologs: A0A0K3AWM6, B3DIG4, G5ECQ2, O00144, O19116, O42579, O57328, O57329, O60353, O70421, O75084, O93274, P18537, P58421, P97299, P97401, Q08463, Q08464, Q13467, Q14332, Q24760, Q498S8, Q5BL72, Q5RCN4, Q5RF67, Q5T4F7, Q61086, Q61088, Q61089, Q61090, Q61091, Q6FHJ7, Q7YRN1, Q80YN4, Q863H1, Q8AVJ9, Q8BKG4, Q8C4U3, Q8CHL0, Q8K4C8

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

AEffectBMechanism
FZD9“down-regulates quantity by repression”SPRY4“transcriptional regulation”
FZD9down-regulatesProliferation

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

77 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic1
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance74
Likely benign2
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
160898GRCh38/hg38 7q11.23(chr7:73352304-74719013)x1Pathogenic

SpliceAI

8 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
7:73434771:T:Aacceptor_gain0.3400
7:73435285:C:Gacceptor_gain0.3100
7:73436086:T:TAacceptor_gain0.2800
7:73436078:C:CAacceptor_gain0.2700
7:73435509:G:GTdonor_gain0.2300
7:73435482:G:GTdonor_gain0.2200
7:73435291:CA:Cacceptor_gain0.2100
7:73435292:AA:Aacceptor_gain0.2100

AlphaMissense

3807 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
7:73434146:T:AC47S1.000
7:73434147:G:CC47S1.000
7:73434162:A:GY52C1.000
7:73434234:T:GF76C1.000
7:73434276:T:GF90C1.000
7:73434279:T:GF91C1.000
7:73434284:T:AC93S1.000
7:73434285:G:AC93Y1.000
7:73434285:G:CC93S1.000
7:73434286:C:GC93W1.000
7:73434339:G:AC111Y1.000
7:73434371:T:AC122S1.000
7:73434372:G:CC122S1.000
7:73434404:T:AW133R1.000
7:73434404:T:CW133R1.000
7:73434406:G:CW133C1.000
7:73434406:G:TW133C1.000
7:73434461:T:AC152S1.000
7:73434462:G:CC152S1.000
7:73434146:T:CC47R0.999
7:73434147:G:AC47Y0.999
7:73434148:C:GC47W0.999
7:73434161:T:CY52H0.999
7:73434161:T:GY52D0.999
7:73434171:C:TT55I0.999
7:73434184:C:AN59K0.999
7:73434184:C:GN59K0.999
7:73434233:T:CF76L0.999
7:73434235:C:AF76L0.999
7:73434235:C:GF76L0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1001342807 (7:73432704 G>A), RS1003019704 (7:73435552 C>A), RS1005658496 (7:73436286 G>A), RS1007825283 (7:73433297 A>G), RS1007903090 (7:73432845 C>A,T), RS1010561681 (7:73432782 A>G), RS1011824273 (7:73435634 C>A,G,T), RS1014068381 (7:73431921 C>T), RS1014743636 (7:73432186 T>C), RS1015078235 (7:73434675 G>A), RS1015566329 (7:73433544 A>G), RS1015831143 (7:73436289 T>A), RS1017877294 (7:73433346 G>A), RS1019557484 (7:73435966 C>A,T), RS1019630729 (7:73435677 C>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601766 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

11 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST006119_7Protein C levels4.000000e-09
GCST010133_5Lamb consumption5.000000e-09
GCST010134_3Non-oily fish consumption3.000000e-09
GCST010143_15Meat-related diet4.000000e-08
GCST010143_21Meat-related diet3.000000e-11
GCST010242_246HDL cholesterol levels1.000000e-08
GCST010725_13Malaria8.000000e-06
GCST010725_74Malaria6.000000e-06
GCST010725_91Malaria7.000000e-06
GCST90020026_555Hip index4.000000e-10
GCST90020028_163Hip circumference adjusted for BMI1.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0004633protein C measurement
EFO:0008111diet measurement
EFO:0004612high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0008039BMI-adjusted hip circumference

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4523116 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: gpcr — Class Frizzled GPCRs

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
bisphenol Adecreases expression, affects cotreatment2
FR900359decreases phosphorylation1
terbufosincreases methylation1
2,4,5,2’,4’,5’-hexachlorobiphenyldecreases expression1
3,4,5,3’,4’-pentachlorobiphenyldecreases expression1
perfluorooctanoic aciddecreases expression1
evodiamineincreases expression1
2-palmitoylglycerolincreases expression1
abrineincreases expression1
2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl etherdecreases expression1
(+)-JQ1 compoundincreases expression1
Sunitinibincreases expression1
Acetaminophenincreases expression1
Benzo(a)pyreneaffects expression1
Dexamethasoneaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Fonofosincreases methylation1
Estradiolincreases expression1
Indomethacinaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Niclosamidedecreases expression1
Parathionincreases methylation1
Tobacco Smoke Pollutionincreases expression1
Urethaneincreases expression1
Valproic Acidincreases methylation1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Mifepristoneincreases expression1
Cadmium Chloridedecreases expression1
Acrylamidedecreases expression1

ChEMBL screening assays

1 unique, capped per target: 1 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay IDTypeDescriptionSource paper
CHEMBL4376177BindingBinding affinity to Frizzled-9 CRD (unknown origin)Lead Optimization Yields High Affinity Frizzled 7-Targeting Peptides That Modulate Clostridium difficile Toxin B Pathogenicity in Epithelial Cells. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

7 cell lines: 6 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_D7QCUbigene A-549 FZD9 KOCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_D9F8Ubigene HEK293 FZD9 KOTransformed cell lineFemale
CVCL_SP25HAP1 FZD9 (-) 1Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_SP26HAP1 FZD9 (-) 2Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_SP27HAP1 FZD9 (-) 3Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_SP28HAP1 FZD9 (-) 4Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_SP29HAP1 FZD9 (-) 5Cancer cell lineMale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.