GABRA4

Summary

GABRA4 (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha4, HGNC:4078) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4p12, encoding Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 (P48169). Alpha subunit of the heteropentameric ligand-gated chloride channel gated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain where it acts at GABA-A receptors, which are ligand-gated chloride channels. Chloride conductance of these channels can be modulated by agents such as benzodiazepines that bind to the GABA-A receptor. At least 16 distinct subunits of GABA-A receptors have been identified. This gene encodes subunit alpha-4, which is involved in the etiology of autism and eventually increases autism risk through interaction with another subunit, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor beta-1 (GABRB1). Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found in this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 2557 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): neurodevelopmental disorder (Strong, GenCC) — +2 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 76 total
• Regional missense constraint (gnomAD): 2 of 5 regions constrained (≈18% of expected missense variation)
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 14 tissues, sQTL in 0 (q < 0.05)
• Drug target: yes — 2 via a complex or family; 18 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity (top 2% of genes corpus-wide)
• Approved drugs acting on a complex or family including it: 1 — Zopiclone (GABA-A receptor; agonist GABA site)
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 1.00 (loss-of-function intolerant), LOEUF 0.39 (moderately constrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000809

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4078
Approved symbol	GABRA4
Name	gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor subunit alpha4
Location	4p12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000109158
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	137141
Entrez	2557

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 4 protein_coding, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

MANE Select: ENST00000264318

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 1, TSL 3: 3, TSL 5: 1

ENST00000264318, ENST00000502874, ENST00000508560, ENST00000509316, ENST00000511523, ENST00000900310, ENST00001028717, ENST00001134904

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_000809 NM_000809, NM_001204266, NM_001204267

CCDS: CCDS3473

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000264318 — 9 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001256426	46993339	46993581
ENSE00001309008	46918900	46928755
ENSE00003494521	46992828	46992946
ENSE00003552799	46977061	46977143
ENSE00003581794	46979031	46979098
ENSE00003603991	46964970	46965229
ENSE00003614617	46977410	46977630
ENSE00003626940	46971083	46971235
ENSE00003627488	46974232	46974375

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 135 present calls, max score 89.03.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 2.3460 / max 189.7951, expressed in 134 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): postcentral gyrus, entorhinal cortex, buccal mucosa cell, parietal lobe, superior frontal gyrus.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

GABRA4 is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 14 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 0 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

14 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Testis	eqtl	2.1e-17	-0.38	4:46991545:G:C
Heart Left Ventricle	eqtl	4.0e-11	-0.30	4:46998867:A:AC
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	eqtl	3.0e-10	+1.20	4:46993033:G:C
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	3.2e-08	+0.82	4:46993033:G:C
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	3.6e-06	-0.39	4:46985566:C:T
Nerve Tibial	eqtl	1.7e-04	+0.34	4:46876202:G:A
Artery Coronary	eqtl	9.4e-04	+1.12	4:47844694:C:T
Brain Nucleus accumbens basal ganglia	eqtl	4.5e-03	+0.11	4:47965194:A:G
Artery Tibial	eqtl	9.0e-03	+0.13	4:46962631:A:G
Brain Caudate basal ganglia	eqtl	1.2e-02	+0.48	4:46460196:C:A
Colon Sigmoid	eqtl	1.9e-02	-0.28	4:47266019:G:A
Pituitary	eqtl	1.9e-02	+0.32	4:47208869:C:T
Brain Putamen basal ganglia	eqtl	3.0e-02	-0.91	4:46133240:T:G
Artery Aorta	eqtl	4.0e-02	+0.86	4:46189652:A:G

FANTOM5 promoters

3 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
52025	2.0383	128
52026	0.2446	78
52024	0.0631	42

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 261 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	89.03	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	88.86	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	88.47	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	87.89	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	87.64	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	86.00	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	85.54	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	85.39	silver quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	82.46	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	82.29	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	81.48	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	80.57	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	80.19	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	79.68	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	79.07	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	78.68	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	78.51	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	78.50	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	78.45	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	78.37	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	77.85	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	77.45	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	77.43	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	77.27	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	76.40	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	75.42	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	74.90	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	74.80	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	74.75	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	74.69	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	73.75	silver quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	72.75	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	72.51	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	71.55	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	71.34	silver quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	70.50	silver quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	70.27	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	70.21	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	69.64	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	69.63	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	69.35	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	67.59	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	67.17	silver quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	67.04	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	66.82	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	64.98	silver quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	63.78	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	63.53	silver quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	63.43	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	63.24	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	62.77	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	61.32	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	61.22	silver quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	60.15	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	60.11	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	59.77	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	59.75	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	59.23	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	58.63	silver quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	58.49	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	58.45	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	58.42	gold quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	58.21	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	57.86	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	57.83	silver quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	57.79	silver quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	56.88	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	56.55	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	55.92	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	55.87	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	55.78	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	55.50	silver quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	55.17	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	55.13	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	53.92	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	53.65	silver quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	52.43	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	51.68	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	51.56	silver quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	51.42	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	51.07	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	50.98	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	50.93	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	50.47	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	50.01	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	49.74	gold quality
blood vessel layer	UBERON:0004797	49.29	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	49.20	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	48.99	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	48.92	gold quality
choroid plexus epithelium	UBERON:0003911	48.89	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	48.83	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	48.50	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	48.04	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	48.00	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	47.99	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	47.92	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	47.80	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	47.74	gold quality
anatomical system	UBERON:0000467	47.45	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	6.34

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Group enriched

43 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM
Caudate putamen	tissue	126.3
Putamen	tissue	84.2
Frontal cortex	tissue	82.0
Basal ganglia	tissue	76.5
Ventral forebrain	tissue	57.5
Septum	tissue	49.8
Prefrontal cortex	tissue	42.4
Cerebral cortex	tissue	42.4
Motor cortex	tissue	40.4
Retrosplenial and cingulate cortex	tissue	39.9
Temporal cortex	tissue	39.7
Hippocampal formation	tissue	39.3
Entorhinal cortex	tissue	39.3
Thalamus	tissue	37.0
Somatosensory cortex	tissue	35.6
Insular cortex	tissue	35.2
Olfactory bulb	tissue	34.6
Midbrain	tissue	34.2
Retrosplenial cortex	tissue	34.0
Occipital cortex	tissue	33.6
Amygdala	tissue	29.8
Pons	tissue	29.6
Postcentral gyrus	tissue	29.2
Nucleus accumbens	tissue	29.1
Hypothalamus	tissue	23.1
Superior colliculi	tissue	19.5
Substantia nigra	tissue	17.9
Spinal cord	tissue	16.6
Medulla oblongata	tissue	15.6
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	14.5
Corpus callosum	tissue	9.5
Hippocampus	tissue	8.0
Cerebellum	tissue	4.4
Heart muscle	tissue	2.4
Locus coeruleus	tissue	1.7
Choroid plexus	tissue	1.4
Pituitary gland	tissue	0.5
Duodenum	tissue	0.3
Placenta	tissue	0.2
Small intestine	tissue	0.2
Skin 1	tissue	0.1
Retina	tissue	0.1
Esophagus	tissue	0.1

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 189; highest nTPM — Subiculum (38.8), Dorsal hippocampus (37.9), Ventral hippocampus (32.9), Caudate nucleus (29.1), Transversal temporal gyrus, anterior (23.6).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): EGR3, SSRP1, TXK

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting GABRA4 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

showing 30 of 433 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-5692B	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-5692C	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-3924	100.00	72.09	2394
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-188-3P	100.00	68.76	1240
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-196A-1-3P	99.99	72.15	2772
HSA-MIR-150-5P	99.99	66.69	1976
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-4789-3P	99.99	70.75	2484

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 1, LOEUF 0.385, missense Z 2.46 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD)

ENST00000264318 splits into 5 regions with different missense tolerance; 2 are missense-constrained (≈18% of the expected missense variation). Missense variants in a constrained region (low observed/expected) are more likely to be pathogenic. gnomAD

Region (GRCh38)	Missense obs / exp	o/e	Constrained
4:46,928,228–46,928,289	29 / 25.1	1.16	no
4:46,928,290–46,928,339	6 / 21.6	0.28	yes (p 7.7e-04)
4:46,928,340–46,965,076	243 / 210.8	1.15	no
4:46,965,077–46,971,175	33 / 102.5	0.32	yes (p 6.5e-12)
4:46,971,176–46,993,424	195 / 326.0	0.60	no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 20)

• truncated alpha 4 N-terminus may play a post-translational regulatory role in intracellular folding/glycosylation/assembly of the alpha 4 subunit (PMID:12242096)
• GABRA4 is involved in the etiology of autism and potentially increases autism risk through interaction with GABRB1. (PMID:16080114)
• These results confirmed our earlier findings, indicating GABRA4 and GABRB1 as genes contributing to autism susceptibility, extending the effect to multiple ethnic groups and suggesting seizures as a stratifying phenotype. (PMID:16770606)
• alpha4beta3gamma2L receptors have unique kinetic properties that limit the range of GABA applications to which they can respond maximally. (PMID:17124266)
• Only two of the newly genotyped SNPs, rs10517173, rs16851647, were associated with nicotine dependence (observed P-values of 0.002, corrected FDR-BH P-values of 0.02). However, these SNPs were in complete LD with each other and with rs11731576. (PMID:19207358)
• Lower delta mRNA levels in schizophrenia might reflect a reduced number of alpha(1)beta(x)delta GABA(A) receptors that could contribute to deficient tonic inhibition and prefrontal cortical dysfunction in schizophrenia. (PMID:19289452)
• single nucleotide polymorphisms studied in the GABRA4, GABRE, and GABRQ genes are not related to the risk for familial ET. (PMID:21422964)
• Association between premenstrual symptom severity and two genes from the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathway: steroid-5-alpha-reductase, alpha polypeptide 1 (SRD5A1) and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 (GABRA4). (PMID:22273344)
• The pathway by which GABRA2 initially confers risk for eventual alcohol problems begins with a predisposition to sensation-seeking early in adolescence. (PMID:23561058)
• Transgenic mice with the alpha4betadelta GABAA receptor subunit deletion show increased conditioned place preference, but not from delta-deficient or alpha4-deficient knockout mice. (PMID:24431441)
• The ability of neurosteroids to modulate the phosphorylation and membrane insertion of alpha4 subunit-containing GABAARs may underlie the profound effects these endogenous signaling molecules have on neuronal excitability and behavior. (PMID:24778259)
• GABRA4 is associated with autism spectrum disorder in a dataset from Argentina. (PMID:26239769)
• rs505474, rs1398175, and rs4868029 in the GABRA2, GABRA4, and GABRP genes, respectively, allele frequencies were significantly different between patients and controls.Four haplotypes were significantly associated with Bipolar Disorder TA and AG for rs3815762 and rs4868029 in GABRP, GG for rs11636988 and rs8024256 in GABRB3 and GAGG for rs2197414, rs4921195, rs13188991, and rs11956731 in GABRA6. (PMID:29135068)
• Study identified a rare noncoding sequence variants in gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor, alpha 4 subunit in autism spectrum disorder. GABRA4 rare variants in noncoding DNA may be variants of modest physiological effects in ASD etiology. (PMID:29151244)
• GABRA4 rs2229940 did not show association with migraine risk (PMID:29299688)
• These results suggest association between GABRR3 rs832032 polymorphism and the risk for restless legs syndrome , and a modifier effect of GABRA4 rs2229940 on the age of onset of restless legs syndrome . (PMID:29720720)
• Steady-state activation of the high-affinity isoform of the alpha4beta2delta GABAA receptor. (PMID:31690811)
• Further evidence of GABRA4 and TOP3B as autism susceptibility genes. (PMID:32028044)
• A de novo missense variant in GABRA4 alters receptor function in an epileptic and neurodevelopmental phenotype. (PMID:35152403)
• De novo variants in GABRA4 are associated with a neurological phenotype including developmental delay, behavioral abnormalities and epilepsy. (PMID:38565639)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gabra4	ENSDARG00000013389
mus_musculus	Gabra4	ENSMUSG00000029211
rattus_norvegicus	Gabra4	ENSRNOG00000002336

Paralogs (45): GABRA3 (ENSG00000011677), GABRA1 (ENSG00000022355), CHRNA3 (ENSG00000080644), GABRP (ENSG00000094755), CHRNA4 (ENSG00000101204), GLRA2 (ENSG00000101958), GABRE (ENSG00000102287), CHRNE (ENSG00000108556), GLRB (ENSG00000109738), GABRR2 (ENSG00000111886), GABRG2 (ENSG00000113327), CHRNB4 (ENSG00000117971), CHRNA2 (ENSG00000120903), CHRNA10 (ENSG00000129749), CHRND (ENSG00000135902), CHRNA1 (ENSG00000138435), GLRA3 (ENSG00000145451), GABRA6 (ENSG00000145863), GABRB2 (ENSG00000145864), GLRA1 (ENSG00000145888), GABRR1 (ENSG00000146276), CHRNB3 (ENSG00000147432), CHRNA6 (ENSG00000147434), HTR3B (ENSG00000149305), GABRA2 (ENSG00000151834), CHRNB2 (ENSG00000160716), GABRG1 (ENSG00000163285), GABRB1 (ENSG00000163288), GABRB3 (ENSG00000166206), CHRFAM7A (ENSG00000166664), HTR3A (ENSG00000166736), CHRNA5 (ENSG00000169684), CHRNB1 (ENSG00000170175), CHRNA9 (ENSG00000174343), CHRNA7 (ENSG00000175344), HTR3C (ENSG00000178084), GABRG3 (ENSG00000182256), GABRR3 (ENSG00000183185), HTR3E (ENSG00000186038), HTR3D (ENSG00000186090), GABRA5 (ENSG00000186297), ZACN (ENSG00000186919), GABRD (ENSG00000187730), CHRNG (ENSG00000196811), GABRQ (ENSG00000268089)

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:95616) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 4 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
abnormal inhibitory postsynaptic currents	1
decreased thermal nociceptive threshold	1
abnormal GABA-mediated receptor currents	1
impaired behavioral response to xenobiotic	1

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Macaca mulatta	D1LYT2	100.0%	Diamond
Drosophila melanogaster	P25123	99.8%	Diamond
Bos taurus	P57695	99.8%	Diamond
Macaca fascicularis	Q4R534	99.8%	Diamond
Pongo abelii	Q5RCC5	99.8%	Diamond
Drosophila simulans	Q9BLY8	99.8%	Diamond
Gallus gallus	P19150	96.9%	Diamond
Musca domestica	Q75NA5	84.3%	Diamond
Haemonchus contortus	P91730	81.4%	Diamond
Caenorhabditis elegans	Q17328	81.4%	Diamond
Lymnaea stagnalis	P26714	58.6%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
COX7B2	protein-coding	170712
GABRB1	protein-coding	2560
COMMD8	protein-coding	54951
GABRA2	protein-coding	2555
ATP10D	protein-coding	57205

Protein

Protein identifiers

Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 — P48169 (reviewed: P48169)

Alternative names: GABA(A) receptor subunit alpha-4

All UniProt accessions (4): P48169, D6R924, D6RB66, X5D7F5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Alpha subunit of the heteropentameric ligand-gated chloride channel gated by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA-gated chloride channels, also named GABA(A) receptors (GABAAR), consist of five subunits arranged around a central pore and contain GABA active binding site(s) located at the alpha and beta subunit interface(s). When activated by GABA, GABAARs selectively allow the flow of chloride anions across the cell membrane down their electrochemical gradient. GABAARs containing alpha-4 are predominantly extrasynaptic, contributing to tonic inhibition in dentate granule cells and thalamic relay neurons. Extrasynaptic alpha-4-containing GABAARs control levels of excitability and network activity. GABAAR containing alpha-4-beta-3-delta subunits can simultaneously bind GABA and histamine where histamine binds at the interface of two neighboring beta subunits, which may be involved in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness.

Subunit / interactions. Heteropentamer, formed by a combination of alpha (GABRA1-6), beta (GABRB1-3), gamma (GABRG1-3), delta (GABRD), epsilon (GABRE), rho (GABRR1-3), pi (GABRP) and theta (GABRQ) chains, each subunit exhibiting distinct physiological and pharmacological properties.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Postsynaptic cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in the brain.

Activity regulation. Potentiated by histamine.

Domain organisation. The GABA-binding pockets are located at the interface between neighboring alpha and beta subunits. GABAARs subunits share a common topological structure: a peptide sequence made up of a long extracellular N-terminal, four transmembrane domains, intracellular or cytoplasmic domain located between the third and the fourth transmembrane domains.

Induction. The alpha-4 beta-2 gamma-2L receptor is not repressed by diazepam.

Similarity. Belongs to the ligand-gated ion channel (TC 1.A.9) family. Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor (TC 1.A.9.5) subfamily. GABRA4 sub-subfamily.

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_000800, NP_001191195, NP_001191196 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001390	GABAAa_rcpt	Family
IPR005434	GABBAa4_rcpt	Family
IPR006028	GABAA/Glycine_rcpt	Family
IPR006029	Neurotrans-gated_channel_TM	Domain
IPR006201	Neur_channel	Family
IPR006202	Neur_chan_lig-bd	Domain
IPR018000	Neurotransmitter_ion_chnl_CS	Conserved_site
IPR036719	Neuro-gated_channel_TM_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036734	Neur_chan_lig-bd_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR038050	Neuro_actylchol_rec	Homologous_superfamily
IPR047024	Gabra-1-6_TM	Domain

Pfam: PF02931, PF02932

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea)

• chloride(in) = chloride(out) (RHEA:29823)

UniProt features (57 total): strand 13, helix 11, topological domain 5, region of interest 4, transmembrane region 4, turn 4, glycosylation site 3, sequence variant 3, sequence conflict 3, compositionally biased region 2, binding site 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, disulfide bond 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

7 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
7QN5	Cryo-EM structure of human full-length extrasynaptic alpha4beta3delta GABA(A)R in complex …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.5
9SL1	GABA-A a4b3d receptor in complex with GABA, Nb24 and Mb30	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.68
7QN9	Cryo-EM structure of human full-length extrasynaptic alpha4beta3delta GABA(A)R in complex …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
7QNC	Cryo-EM structure of human full-length extrasynaptic alpha4beta3delta GABA(A)R in complex …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
7QN7	Cryo-EM structure of human full-length extrasynaptic alpha4beta3delta GABA(A)R in complex …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
7QNA	Cryo-EM structure of human full-length alpha4beta3gamma2 GABA(A)R in complex with GABA …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
9SLD	GABA-A a4b3d receptor in complex with DS2-Me, GABA, Nb24 and Mb30	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.04

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P48169-F1	74.12	0.49

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab)

5 antibodies co-crystallized with this protein: 7QN5, 7QN7, 7QN9, 7QNA, 7QNC

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Predicted membrane proteins, FDA approved drug targets, Small molecule drugs

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (2)

Position	Role
100	4-aminobutanoate
163	4-aminobutanoate

Disulfide bonds (1)

Type	Positions
Disulfide bond	172–186

Glycosylation sites (3)

Type	Positions
N-linked (glcnac…) asparagine	47, 144, 157

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 curated (TAS) of 4; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

4 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-977443	GABA receptor activation	electronic
R-HSA-112316	Neuronal System	—
R-HSA-112314	Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission	—
R-HSA-112315	Transmission across Chemical Synapses	—

MSigDB gene sets: 237 (showing top): GSE45365_CD8A_DC_VS_CD11B_DC_IFNAR_KO_MCMV_INFECTION_UP, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, TGCGCANK_UNKNOWN, GOBP_SYNAPSE_ASSEMBLY, XU_GH1_AUTOCRINE_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_INORGANIC_ANION_TRANSPORT, GOBP_GAMMA_AMINOBUTYRIC_ACID_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, AP2_Q3, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, chr4p12, GOBP_CELL_JUNCTION_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_CHLORIDE_TRANSPORT, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_SYNAPTIC_TRANSMISSION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_POSTSYNAPTIC_MEMBRANE_POTENTIAL, KEGG_NEUROACTIVE_LIGAND_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION

GO Biological Process (10): gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway (GO:0007214), negative regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic (GO:0032229), synaptic transmission, GABAergic (GO:0051932), extrasynaptic signaling via GABA (GO:0160001), chloride transmembrane transport (GO:1902476), inhibitory synapse assembly (GO:1904862), monoatomic ion transport (GO:0006811), chloride transport (GO:0006821), monoatomic ion transmembrane transport (GO:0034220), regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential (GO:0060078)

GO Molecular Function (9): GABA-A receptor activity (GO:0004890), benzodiazepine receptor activity (GO:0008503), GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity (GO:0022851), transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential (GO:1904315), transmembrane signaling receptor activity (GO:0004888), monoatomic ion channel activity (GO:0005216), extracellular ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity (GO:0005230), chloride channel activity (GO:0005254), signaling receptor activity (GO:0038023)

GO Cellular Component (9): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), dendrite membrane (GO:0032590), chloride channel complex (GO:0034707), postsynapse (GO:0098794), GABA-ergic synapse (GO:0098982), postsynaptic specialization membrane (GO:0099634), GABA-A receptor complex (GO:1902711), membrane (GO:0016020), postsynaptic membrane (GO:0045211)

Reactome top-level categories

3 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Neurotransmitter receptors and postsynaptic signal transmission	1
Transmission across Chemical Synapses	1
Neuronal System	1

GO top-level categories

40 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
GABA receptor activity	2
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	2
synapse	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
synaptic membrane	2
cell-cell signaling	1
regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	1
negative regulation of synaptic transmission	1
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	1
chemical synaptic transmission	1
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	1
chloride transport	1
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	1
synapse assembly	1
transport	1
monoatomic anion transport	1
inorganic anion transport	1
monoatomic ion transport	1
transmembrane transport	1
regulation of membrane potential	1
neurotransmitter receptor activity	1
chloride channel activity	1
ligand-gated monoatomic anion channel activity	1
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	1
signaling receptor activity	1
monoatomic ion transmembrane transporter activity	1
channel activity	1
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity	1
monoatomic anion channel activity	1
chloride transmembrane transporter activity	1
molecular transducer activity	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
dendrite	1
neuron projection membrane	1
monoatomic ion channel complex	1
postsynaptic membrane	1
postsynaptic specialization	1
GABA receptor complex	1
postsynapse	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 2 of 28 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

2 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
chloride transmembrane transport	BP	direct assay
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	BP	direct assay

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 960 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GABRA4	EGR3	Q06889	686
GABRA4	SHANK3	Q9BYB0	625
GABRA4	IGBP1	P78318	615
GABRA4	NRXN1	Q9ULB1	567
GABRA4	KCNK3	O14649	552
GABRA4	AUTS2	Q8WXX7	546
GABRA4	SLC6A1	P30531	541
GABRA4	GRM8	O00222	505
GABRA4	GABBR2	O75899	497
GABRA4	CFAP74	Q9C0B2	490
GABRA4	SHANK2	Q9UPX8	485
GABRA4	SLC6A4	P31645	471
GABRA4	GPHN	Q9NQX3	460
GABRA4	CDH10	Q9Y6N8	451
GABRA4	DRD1	P21728	449

IntAct

Human interaction partners of GABRA4 in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

3 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
DGAT1	physical association	0.370	1
GABRD	physical association	0.320	4
GABRG2	physical association	0.320	1

BioGRID (8 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): APP (Reconstituted Complex; 2 records), CSK (Synthetic Lethality), DGAT1 (Two-hybrid), PARP2 (Proximity Label-MS), POLI (Reconstituted Complex), PRKCG (Affinity Capture-Western), SNCA (Two-hybrid)

SIGNOR signaling

4 signaling interactions:

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
GABRA4	“form complex”	“GABA-A (a4-b2-d) receptor”	binding
GABRA4	“form complex”	“GABA-A (a4-b3-d) receptor”	binding
GABRA4	“form complex”	“GABA-A (a4-b1-g2) receptor”	binding
PCDH19	“up-regulates quantity by stabilization”	GABRA4	binding

Ligand–receptor pairs (CellPhoneDB) (3)

Curated ligand–receptor partners (cell-cell communication), distinct from the protein–protein interactions above.

3 ligand–receptor pairs:

Partner	This gene’s role	Signaling class
GABRA4;GABRB3;GABRD		Signaling by GABA
GABRA4;GABRB3;GABRG2		Signaling by GABA
GABRA4;GABRB2;GABRD		Signaling by GABA

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for GABRA4: 76 ClinVar records (0 pathogenic / likely pathogenic); 3 GWAS associations.

ClinVar

76 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	57
Likely benign	10
Benign	4

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 22 predictions of 1,023):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
4:46923643	donor_gain	1.0000
4:46965109	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:46974230–46974231	donor_loss	1.0000	3
4:46974293	donor_gain	1.0000
4:46974376–46974377	acceptor_loss	1.0000	5
4:46928768	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:46964968–46964969	donor_loss	0.9900	5
4:46965108	acceptor_gain	0.9900
4:46974226	donor_gain	0.9900
4:46974230–46974231	donor_loss	0.9900	3

AlphaMissense

1,693 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 3,628 scored), across 311 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
M91	9	0.981	0.999
M174	9	0.945	0.999
M299	9	0.944	0.999
M319	9	0.905	0.996
M269	9	0.904	0.999
M164	9	0.882	0.980
M181	9	0.880	0.995
D320	8	0.999	1.000
D96	8	0.998	0.999
D182	8	0.998	0.999
D519	8	0.998	0.999
H143	8	0.997	1.000
F278	8	0.997	1.000
D105	8	0.996	0.999
D131	8	0.996	0.999
D60	8	0.992	0.998
F134	8	0.992	0.999
F526	8	0.992	0.999
N136	8	0.989	1.000
D88	8	0.987	0.999

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Not detected

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:137141 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

3 curated gene-disease records:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance	Records
neurodevelopmental disorder	Strong	Autosomal dominant
complex neurodevelopmental disorder	Moderate	Autosomal dominant
genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy	Limited	Autosomal dominant	2

Genomics England panels (PanelApp)

Clinical diagnostic gene panels including this gene (2 panels, 2 green/diagnostic-grade). Confidence: green = diagnostic, amber = moderate.

2 panels:

Panel	Rating
DDG2P	green
Paediatric disorders	green

Mondo (3): genetic developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (MONDO:0100062), neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), complex neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0100038)

GWAS associations

3 associations:

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006659_1	Polycystic ovary syndrome	2e-7
GCST003901_4	Cognitive decline (age-related)	5e-7
GCST002123_1	Type 2 diabetes	1e-6

MeSH disease descriptors

1 disease descriptors:

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D065886	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	F03.625

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (11): CHEMBL2093872 (PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP), CHEMBL2109243 (PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP), CHEMBL2109244 (PROTEIN COMPLEX GROUP), CHEMBL2111366 (PROTEIN COMPLEX), CHEMBL2472 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL3430899 (PROTEIN COMPLEX), CHEMBL4106157 (PROTEIN COMPLEX), CHEMBL4296046 (PROTEIN COMPLEX), CHEMBL4523639 (PROTEIN COMPLEX), CHEMBL4523640 (PROTEIN COMPLEX)

Drugs acting on a complex or family that includes this protein

Curated ChEMBL mechanism-of-action drugs whose target is a protein complex or family of ≤10 members that includes GABRA4 — the drug acts on the assembly or class, not necessarily on this subunit alone.

2 drugs via a complex or family:

Drug	Target (ChEMBL)	Members	Max phase
ZOPICLONE	GABA-A receptor; agonist GABA site	9	4
GABOXADOL	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4/beta3/delta	3	3

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

Phase ≥1, by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 483,255 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

18 molecules by phase:

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL3183409	APALUTAMIDE	4	4,347
CHEMBL207538	BREXANOLONE	4	1,647
CHEMBL452	CLONAZEPAM	4	33,611
CHEMBL12	DIAZEPAM	4	92,923
CHEMBL1082407	ENZALUTAMIDE	4	10,210
CHEMBL1522	ESZOPICLONE	4	6,627
CHEMBL407	FLUMAZENIL	4	7,208
CHEMBL1568698	GANAXOLONE	4	1,695
CHEMBL1544	LIOTHYRONINE	4	23,991
CHEMBL526	PROPOFOL	4	29,086
CHEMBL4105630	ZURANOLONE	4	300
CHEMBL454095	ABECARNIL	2	566
CHEMBL8260	BAICALEIN	2	8,718
CHEMBL268254	DELORAZEPAM	2	1,315
CHEMBL275638	FLAVONE	2	89,655
CHEMBL287631	PROGABIDE	2	3,882
CHEMBL96	GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID	1	161,661
CHEMBL273481	MUSCIMOL	1	5,813

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: lgic — GABA_A receptors

Most potent curated ligand interactions (2 total), top 2:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
flumazenil	Positive	7.03	pKi
cenobamate	Positive	4.38	pEC50

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

96 measured of 110 human assays (114 total across all organisms); most potent 50 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
2-Phenyl-2,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one (CGS 8216)	KI	0.08 nM
2-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)-2,5-dihydro-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one (CGS 9895)	KD	0.1 nM
(S)-1-{(S)-2-[(S)-3-Carboxy-2-((S)-4-methyl-2-{2-[4-(3-o-tolyl-ureido)-phenyl]-acetylamino}-pentanoylamino)-propionylamino]-3-methyl-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid	IC50	0.13 nM
CGS-20625	KI	0.15 nM
8-Bromo-7-oxo-3b,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7H-2,6a,11b-triaza-benzo[g]cyclopenta[e]azulene-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester	KI	0.45 nM
Abecarnil	KD	1 nM
CGS 9896	IC50	1 nM
9-(4-Methyl-thiazol-2-yl)-11-pyridin-4-yl-6,7-dihydro-5H-2,7a-diaza-dibenzo[a,c]cyclohepten-8-one	KI	1.3 nM
RO-154513	KI	7 nM
CAS_123662	KI	7.1 nM
RY 24	KI	7.8 nM
NSC_104999	KI	11.2 nM
CHEMBL2261918	KI	12 nM
ESZ	KI	22.4 nM
8-Ethynyl-5-methyl-6-oxo-5,6-dihydro-4H-2,5,10b-triaza-benzo[e]azulene-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester(RY 24)	KI	26 nM
CHEMBL2261919	KI	26 nM
CHEMBL2261922	KI	29 nM
8-Chloro-3-methoxymethyl-5-methyl-4,5-dihydro-2,5,10b-triaza-benzo[e]azulen-6-one	KI	38.8 nM
CHEMBL2261631	KI	51 nM
ethyl 12-ethynyl-8-methyl-9-oxo-2,4,8-triazatricyclo[8.4.0.0^{2,6}]tetradeca-1(14),3,5,10,12-pentaene-5-carboxylate	KI	53 nM
CHEMBL5072077	EC50	60 nM
CHEMBL2261916	KI	114 nM
CHEMBL2261917	KI	119 nM
CHEMBL3427532	EC50	125 nM
ethyl 5-isopropoxy-4-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	KI	137 nM
CHEMBL5088746	EC50	140 nM
5-Methyl-6-oxo-8-trimethylsilanylethynyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-2,5,10b-triaza-benzo[e]azulene-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester	KI	159 nM
3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one	EC50	160 nM
CHEMBL5081682	EC50	160 nM
CAS_4375	KI	160 nM
CHEMBL2261921	KI	175 nM
CHEMBL2261633	KI	175 nM
5-Methyl-6-oxo-8-trimethylsilanylethynyl-3a,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5,10b-triaza-benzo[e]azulene-3-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester	KI	197 nM
3-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-ynyl)-6-(5,5-dimethylhex-1-en-2-yl)-9H-fluorene	KI	200 nM
CHEMBL2261920	KI	213 nM
CHEMBL4073780	EC50	225 nM
3-({12-ethynyl-9-phenyl-2,4,8-triazatricyclo[8.4.0.0^{2,6}]tetradeca-1(14),3,5,8,10,12-hexaen-5-yl}carbonyloxy)propyl 12-ethynyl-9-phenyl-2,4,8-triazatricyclo[8.4.0.0^{2,6}]tetradeca-1(10),3,5,8,11,13-hexaene-5-carboxylate	KI	236 nM
3-(5-Methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-6-(pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]phthalazine	KI	244 nM
CHEMBL5186739	IC50	245 nM
ethyl 12-ethynyl-9-phenyl-2,4,8-triazatricyclo[8.4.0.0^{2,6}]tetradeca-1(10),3,5,8,11,13-hexaene-5-carboxylate	KI	287 nM
CHEMBL4073679	EC50	291 nM
CHEMBL2261915	KI	291 nM
CHEMBL2261634	KI	345 nM
3-tert-Butyl-7-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)-2-(2-methyl-2H-[1,2,4]triazol-3-ylmethoxy)-pyrazolo[1,5-d][1,2,4]triazine	KI	395 nM
CHEMBL3427530	EC50	979 nM
Beta-CCT	KI	1000 nM
3-propoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole	KI	1000 nM
ethyl 6-iodo-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	KI	1000 nM
tert-butyl 6-tert-butyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	KI	1000 nM
tert-butyl 6-fluoro-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	KI	1000 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

657 potent at pChembl≥5 of 706 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
10.00	IC50	0.1	nM	CHEMBL454349
9.80	IC50	0.16	nM	CHEMBL309517
9.70	IC50	0.2	nM	CHEMBL4747460
9.62	IC50	0.24	nM	CHEMBL79037
9.40	IC50	0.3981	nM	CGS-8216
9.40	IC50	0.4	nM	CHEMBL1271047
9.34	IC50	0.46	nM	CHEMBL78730
9.31	IC50	0.49	nM	CHEMBL76263
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL5266498
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL5290464
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL5280240
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL49141
9.30	IC50	0.5	nM	CHEMBL1518572
9.22	IC50	0.6026	nM	CGS-9896
9.22	IC50	0.6	nM	CHEMBL419096
9.12	IC50	0.76	nM	CHEMBL540583
9.10	IC50	0.79	nM	CHEMBL77226
9.10	IC50	0.8	nM	CHEMBL5265845
9.10	IC50	0.8	nM	CHEMBL5291368
9.10	IC50	0.8	nM	CHEMBL5271392
9.07	Ki	0.85	nM	CLONAZEPAM
9.07	Ki	0.85	nM	Ro-151310
9.05	Ki	0.9	nM	FLUMAZENIL
9.05	IC50	0.9	nM	CHEMBL5285377
9.00	Ki	1	nM	CHEMBL3410222
9.00	IC50	1	nM	BETA-CCM
9.00	IC50	1	nM	CHEMBL454606
9.00	IC50	1	nM	CHEMBL1337028
9.00	IC50	1	nM	CHEMBL509197
9.00	IC50	1	nM	ABECARNIL
9.00	Ki	1	nM	CHEMBL54341
9.00	Ki	1	nM	CHEMBL348367
8.96	IC50	1.1	nM	CHEMBL444586
8.77	Ki	1.7	nM	CHEMBL154342
8.74	IC50	1.8	nM	CHEMBL444050
8.70	Ki	2	nM	FLUMAZENIL
8.70	IC50	2	nM	MUSCIMOL
8.66	IC50	2.2	nM	CHEMBL80610
8.64	IC50	2.3	nM	FIPRONIL
8.58	Ki	2.61	nM	CHEMBL471977
8.55	IC50	2.8	nM	CHEMBL75642
8.55	Ki	2.8	nM	CHEMBL372281
8.55	IC50	2.8	nM	DELORAZEPAM
8.52	Ki	3	nM	CHEMBL265547
8.52	IC50	3	nM	CHEMBL510764
8.52	IC50	3	nM	CHEMBL5266558
8.52	IC50	3	nM	CHEMBL2262044
8.52	IC50	3	nM	CHEMBL499814
8.52	IC50	3	nM	CHEMBL1161036
8.48	IC50	3.3	nM	CHEMBL75642

PubChem BioAssay actives

586 with measured affinity, of 1342 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one	40988: Inhibition on Benzodiazepine receptor	ic50	0.0001	uM
ethyl 4-(methoxymethyl)-5-phenylmethoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0002	uM
ethyl 4-methyl-5-propan-2-yloxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0004	uM
2-phenyl-3aH-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one	40988: Inhibition on Benzodiazepine receptor	ic50	0.0004	uM
ethyl 4-(methoxymethyl)-6-phenylmethoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
ethyl 4-(methoxymethyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
ethyl 6-methoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
ethyl 4-(methoxymethyl)-6-propoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
ethyl 6-hydroxy-4-(methoxymethyl)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0005	uM
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3aH-pyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one	40988: Inhibition on Benzodiazepine receptor	ic50	0.0006	uM
5-[[3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-iminopyridazin-1-yl]methyl]-1,2-thiazol-3-one;hydrobromide	72153: Affinity for gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor measured by its ability to displace [3H]gabazine antagonist from rat brain preparations.	ic50	0.0008	uM
propan-2-yl 16-(methoxymethyl)-3,6,11,14-tetrazatetracyclo[8.7.0.02,7.012,17]heptadeca-1(10),2,4,6,8,12,14,16-octaene-15-carboxylate	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0008	uM
ethyl 8-chloro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate	533786: Binding affinity to human recombinant GABA alpha-4-beta-2-gamma-2 receptor	ki	0.0008	uM
propan-2-yl 4-(methoxymethyl)-6,9,14,21-tetrazapentacyclo[11.8.0.02,10.03,8.015,20]henicosa-1(21),2,4,6,8,10,12,15(20)-octaene-5-carboxylate	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0008	uM
propan-2-yl 15-(methoxymethyl)-4-propan-2-yl-5-oxa-10,13-diazatetracyclo[7.7.0.02,6.011,16]hexadeca-1(9),2(6),3,7,11,13,15-heptaene-14-carboxylate	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0008	uM
Clonazepam	239299: Displacement of [3H]flumazenil from bovine benzodiazepine receptor GABA-A channel of brain membranes	ki	0.0008	uM
15-(methoxymethyl)-14-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-4-propan-2-yl-5-oxa-3,10,13-triazatetracyclo[7.7.0.02,6.011,16]hexadeca-1(9),2(6),3,7,11,13,15-heptaene	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0009	uM
Flumazenil	239299: Displacement of [3H]flumazenil from bovine benzodiazepine receptor GABA-A channel of brain membranes	ki	0.0009	uM
ethyl 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0010	uM
methyl 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0010	uM
propyl 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0010	uM
tert-butyl 9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0010	uM
7-chloro-5-methyl-3-(2-phenylethynyl)-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one	1196597: Displacement of [3H]flumazenil from rat cortex GABAA receptor BDZ binding site expressed in HEK293 cells by competition binding assay	ki	0.0010	uM
6-bromo-2-(3-nitrophenyl)chromen-4-one	72729: Binding affinity towards benzodiazepine site in GABAA receptor	ki	0.0010	uM
(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl 8-chloro-5-oxido-3,3a-dihydropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]benzotriazin-5-ium-3-carboxylate	41860: Binding affinity towards Benzodiazepine receptor from bovine brain membrane using [3H]Ro-151788 as radioligand	ki	0.0010	uM
propan-2-yl 4-(methoxymethyl)-6-phenylmethoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0010	uM
(2-methoxyphenyl)methyl 8-chloropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]benzotriazine-3-carboxylate	41860: Binding affinity towards Benzodiazepine receptor from bovine brain membrane using [3H]Ro-151788 as radioligand	ki	0.0017	uM
5-(aminomethyl)-1,2-oxazol-3-one	72155: Binding affinity in vivo for gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor measured by its ability to displace [3H]-GABA agonist from rat brain preparations after iv injection.	ic50	0.0020	uM
Fipronil	242615: In vitro insecticidal activity as inhibition of [3H]EBOB binding to Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA-A receptor of housefly neuronal membranes	ic50	0.0023	uM
tert-butyl 5-methyl-6-oxo-8-(2-trimethylsilylethynyl)-3a,4-dihydro-1H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate	343095: Binding affinity to GABAA alpha-4-beta-3-gamma-2 receptor	ki	0.0026	uM
9-chloro-2-phenyl-6H-triazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]benzotriazine-1,5-dione	239299: Displacement of [3H]flumazenil from bovine benzodiazepine receptor GABA-A channel of brain membranes	ki	0.0028	uM
7-chloro-5-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one	40974: In vitro displacement of [3H]-diazepam from GABA-A Benzodiazepine receptor	ic50	0.0028	uM
3-isothiocyanato-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0030	uM
9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carbonitrile	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0030	uM
3-(6,7-difluoro-1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)-1,3a,4,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydrocyclohepta[d]imidazol-2-one	40986: Binding affinity against GABA-A benzodiazepine receptor	ki	0.0030	uM
(5aR,7R,9aS,11aS)-2-amino-7-hydroxy-9a,11a-dimethyl-3,3a,3b,4,5,5a,6,7,8,9,9b,11-dodecahydronaphtho[2,1-e]indol-10-one	72153: Affinity for gamma-aminobutyric-acid A receptor measured by its ability to displace [3H]gabazine antagonist from rat brain preparations.	ic50	0.0030	uM
3-propoxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0030	uM
1-(9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)butan-1-one	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0030	uM
ethyl 8-azido-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate	1798656: Radioligand Binding Assay from Article 10.1021/jm800889m: “Structural Requirements for Eszopiclone and Zolpidem Binding to the gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Type-A (GABAA) Receptor Are Different.”	ki	0.0031	uM
8-fluoro-5-methyl-3-(2-phenylethynyl)-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-6-one	1196597: Displacement of [3H]flumazenil from rat cortex GABAA receptor BDZ binding site expressed in HEK293 cells by competition binding assay	ki	0.0040	uM
methyl 6-hydroxy-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0040	uM
2-phenyl-6H-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-one	40986: Binding affinity against GABA-A benzodiazepine receptor	ki	0.0040	uM
17-chloro-9,12,20-triazapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19]icosa-1(13),2(10),3,5,7,11,14,16,18-nonaene	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0040	uM
5-nitro-9,12,20-triazapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19]icosa-1(13),2(10),3,5,7,11,14,16,18-nonaene	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0040	uM
5-bromo-9,12,20-triazapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19]icosa-1(13),2(10),3,5,7,11,14,16,18-nonaene	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0040	uM
17-methoxy-9,12,20-triazapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19]icosa-1(13),2(10),3,5,7,11,14,16,18-nonaene	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0040	uM
9,12,20-triazapentacyclo[11.7.0.02,10.03,8.014,19]icosa-1(13),2(10),3,5,7,11,14,16,18-nonaene	1932305: Inhibition of GABAA receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0040	uM
methyl 6-(benzylamino)-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylate	1932290: Displacement of [3H]flunitrazepam from GABAA (unknown origin ) receptor by radioligand binding assay	ic50	0.0040	uM
Diazepam	1934094: Inhibition of GABA-A receptor (unknown origin)	ic50	0.0042	uM
4-acetyl-13-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-thia-13,14-diazatricyclo[8.4.0.02,6]tetradeca-1(10),2(6),3-trien-12-one	40977: Binding affinity for GABA-A Benzodiazepine receptor	ki	0.0042	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

22 total (human), top 22 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid	affects binding, increases activity, increases reaction, decreases reaction	2
4-chloro-N-(2-(2-thienyl)imidazo(1,2-a)pyridin-3-yl)benzamide	increases activity, affects binding	1
tetramethylenedisulfotetramine	increases activity, affects binding, decreases reaction	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
picrotoxinin	decreases reaction, increases activity, affects binding	1
benzamide	increases reaction, affects binding, increases activity	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	decreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
fipronil	affects binding, decreases activity	1
delta-hexachlorocyclohexane	affects binding, decreases activity	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Felbamate	affects binding, decreases activity	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation, increases methylation	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	affects expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Niclosamide	increases expression	1
Phthalic Acids	decreases methylation	1
Plant Extracts	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Pregnanolone	affects binding, increases activity	1
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate	increases expression	1
Isotretinoin	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

273 unique, capped per target: 233 binding, 36 functional, 3 toxicity, 1 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL3363914	Binding	Displacement of [3H]Muscimol from rat GABAA receptor at 10 uM after 90 mins by microbeta counting analysis	Griseorhodins D-F, neuroactive intermediates and end products of post-PKS tailoring modification in Griseorhodin biosynthesis. — *J Nat Prod*
CHEMBL4810229	ADMET	Inhibition of GABA A receptor (unknown origin) at 0.1 to 1 uM	Discovery of Pemigatinib: A Potent and Selective Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor (FGFR) Inhibitor. — *J Med Chem*
CHEMBL5335653	Toxicity	Antagonist activity at GABA-A (unknown origin)	Discovery of a Novel Bifunctional Steroid Analog, YXG-158, as an Androgen Receptor Degrader and CYP17A1 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Enzalutamide-Resistant Prostate Cancer. — *J Med Chem*

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_D1JM	PrecisION hGABAA alpha4/beta3/gamma2-HEK	Transformed cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

showing 60 of 224 trials:

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04586348	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Prenatal Iodine Supplementation and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment
NCT04873115	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Sialanar Plus orAl rehabiLitation Against Placebo Plus Oral Rehabilitation for chIldren and Adolescents With seVere Sialorrhoea and Neurodisabilties,
NCT06719141	Phase 3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study to Investigate LP352 in Children and Adults With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEE)
NCT06908226	Phase 3	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	A Study to Investigate LP352 in Children and Adults With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE)
NCT07723976	Phase 3	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CBD-OS in Participants With DEE
NCT02559102	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Dexmedetomidine Sedation Versus General Anaesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Infants
NCT02757079	Phase 3	COMPLETED	Study of the Efficacy and Safety of NPC-15 for Sleep Disorders of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT06915480	Phase 3	RECRUITING	Reducing Missed Appointments
NCT07377032	Phase 3	RECRUITING	TAP-GRIN: Interventional Study on Patients With GRIN-related Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT05626634	Phase 2	COMPLETED	Open-label, Long-term Safety Study of LP352 in Subjects With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy
NCT02909959	Phase 2	COMPLETED	Sulforaphane for the Treatment of Young Men With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06081348	Phase 2	RECRUITING	Sertraline vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Anxiety in Children and AdoLescents With NeurodevelopMental Disorders
NCT06352372	Phase 2	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of tPBM for Epileptiform Activity in Autism
NCT06700811	Phase 1	RECRUITING	Ketogenic Diet for Prevention of Epileptic Spasms in Infantile Onset Genetic Epilepsies
NCT00503191	Phase 1	COMPLETED	NeuroModulation Technique Treatment of Autism
NCT04475848	Phase 1	COMPLETED	A Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Food Effect of RO6953958 in Healthy Participants
NCT06300398	Phase 1	COMPLETED	IAMA-6 Oral Dose Study in Healthy Adults
NCT05364021	Phase 1/2	COMPLETED	Study to Investigate LP352 in Subjects With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies
NCT06983158	Phase 1/2	TERMINATED	A Clinical Trial of CAP-002 Gene Therapy in Pediatric Patients With Syntaxin-Binding Protein 1 (STXBP1) Encephalopathy
NCT04937062	Early Phase 1	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Phenylbutyrate for Monogenetic Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy
NCT06149663	Not specified	AVAILABLE	Intermediate-Size Expanded Access Protocol (EAP) for LP352
NCT06380192	Not specified	RECRUITING	Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy of Genetic Etiology: Natural History Through Reuse of Clinical Data
NCT07396883	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies Diagnosed Via Long-read Genome Sequencing
NCT07585643	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	IBIS - Investigating Reliability of BIS and SEDLINE Monitoring in Children With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies (DEE).
NCT01783041	Phase 2/3	COMPLETED	Effect of Early L-Carnitine Supplementation on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants
NCT05767385	Phase 2/3	COMPLETED	Fetal Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Congenital Heart Disease and Association With Neonatal Neurobehavior
NCT05675098	Early Phase 1	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Central Nervous System Stimulants and Physical Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy
NCT00783783	Not specified	COMPLETED	CYP2D6 Pharmacogenetics in Risperidone-Treated Children
NCT01778504	Not specified	RECRUITING	Studying Childhood-onset Behavioral, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders
NCT01850784	Not specified	UNKNOWN	High Energy Formula Feeding in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease
NCT01922791	Not specified	COMPLETED	Nutrition and Pregnancy Intervention Study
NCT01942525	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Influence of Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Amplitude-integrated EEG in Preterm Infants
NCT02003170	Not specified	COMPLETED	Etiology and Early Diagnosis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT02118649	Not specified	COMPLETED	Enhancing Behavior and Brain Response to Visual Targets Using a Computer Game
NCT02557191	Not specified	TERMINATED	Biomarkers, Neurodevelopment and Preterm Infants
NCT02690675	Not specified	COMPLETED	Iron Supplement Effect on Child Development
NCT02694003	Not specified	COMPLETED	Better Nights, Better Days for Children With Neurodevelopment Disorders
NCT02792894	Not specified	COMPLETED	Family Networks (FaNs) for Children With Developmental Disorders and Delays
NCT02871674	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Good Night Project: Behavioural Sleep Interventions for Children With ADHD: A Randomised Controlled Trial
NCT02887157	Not specified	COMPLETED	Analyzing Retinal Microanatomy in ROP
NCT02898298	Not specified	COMPLETED	Positive Emotion Regulation Training in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Developmental Disorder
NCT02912780	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Introduction of Microsystems in a Level 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
NCT03023293	Not specified	COMPLETED	n-3 PUFAs, Irisin and Maternal Glucose Metabolism From Pregnancy to Postpartum
NCT03023644	Not specified	COMPLETED	Improving Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: An Intervention Study
NCT03032991	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Early Biomarkers of Neurodevelopment in Offspring of Diabetic Mothers
NCT03088189	Not specified	TERMINATED	Effect of Parental Peri-conceptional Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Infant Neurocognitive Development in Offspring
NCT03096028	Not specified	COMPLETED	Developmental Origins of Mental Health Disorders
NCT03148782	Not specified	COMPLETED	Brain Plasticity Underlying Acquisition of New Organizational Skills in Children-R61 Phase
NCT03172104	Not specified	COMPLETED	Neurobehavioural Development of Infants Born <30 Weeks Gestational Age Between Birth and Five Years of Age
NCT03222375	Not specified	RECRUITING	SQUED™ Series 28.1 Home-use and Treatment of Autowave Reverberator of Autism
NCT03229928	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical Testing of a Real-Time Behavior Measurement Tool: Measuring Outcomes for CHAnge
NCT03232489	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Study for the Evaluation of the Feasibility of Applying Advanced MRI Scanning in Pediatric Clinical Practice
NCT03381027	Not specified	COMPLETED	BABY SMART (Study of Massage Therapy, Sleep And neurodevelopMenT)
NCT03388294	Not specified	COMPLETED	Evaluation of a Novel Intervention for Infants At Risk for Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT03410810	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Childhood Outcomes of Preterm Brain Abnormalities
NCT03492060	Not specified	RECRUITING	Longitudinal Study of Neurogenetic Disorders
NCT03577756	Not specified	COMPLETED	Neurodevelopmental Assessment of Infants With Cystic Fibrosis
NCT03654248	Not specified	COMPLETED	Let’s Get Organized in Adult Psychiatric/habilitation Care
NCT03659279	Not specified	COMPLETED	Let’s Get Organized Feasibility Study
NCT03722615	Not specified	COMPLETED	Epidemiology of Congenital Cytomegalovirus in a High HIV Prevalence Setting, South Africa

Predicted chemistry — Sugi Predict

The predicted patent-compound landscape for GABRA4 across ~30M SureChEMBL compounds — explore on Sugi Predict.