GAL3ST1

Summary

GAL3ST1 (galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 1, HGNC:24240) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 22q12.2, encoding Galactosylceramide sulfotransferase (Q99999). Catalyzes the transfer of a sulfate group to position 3 of non-reducing beta-galactosyl residues in glycerolipids and sphingolipids, therefore participates in the biosynthesis of sulfoglycolipids.

Sulfonation, an important step in the metabolism of many drugs, xenobiotics, hormones, and neurotransmitters, is catalyzed by sulfotransferases. This gene encodes galactosylceramide sulfotransferase, which catalyzes the sulfation of membrane glycolipids including the final step in the synthesis of sulfatide, a major lipid component of the myelin sheath. This gene exhibits elevated expression in ovarian epithelial carcinoma and the encoded enzyme exhibits elevated activity in renal cell carcinoma. Mutations in this gene may be associated with reduced insulin resistance. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 9514 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 55 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001318104

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:24240
Approved symbol	GAL3ST1
Name	galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase 1
Location	22q12.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	CST
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000128242
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602300
Entrez	9514

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 49 — 49 protein_coding

ENST00000338911, ENST00000401975, ENST00000402321, ENST00000402369, ENST00000406361, ENST00000406955, ENST00000411821, ENST00000416358, ENST00000423299, ENST00000423371, ENST00000426220, ENST00000427899, ENST00000428682, ENST00000431313, ENST00000437282, ENST00000441967, ENST00000443136, ENST00000445645, ENST00000447224, ENST00000448604, ENST00000452827, ENST00000453479, ENST00000903682, ENST00000903683, ENST00000903684, ENST00000903685, ENST00000903686, ENST00000903687, ENST00000903688, ENST00000903689, ENST00000903690, ENST00000903691, ENST00000903692, ENST00000903693, ENST00000903694, ENST00000903695, ENST00000903696, ENST00000903697, ENST00000903698, ENST00000903699, ENST00000911496, ENST00000911497, ENST00000970795, ENST00000970797, ENST00000970799, ENST00000970803, ENST00000970806, ENST00000970808, ENST00000970811

RefSeq mRNA: 15 — MANE Select: NM_001318104 NM_001318103, NM_001318104, NM_001318105, NM_001318106, NM_001318107, NM_001318108, NM_001318109, NM_001318110, NM_001318111, NM_001318112, NM_001318113, NM_001318114, NM_001318115, NM_001318116, NM_004861

CCDS: CCDS13879

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000406361 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001548286	30554635	30556093
ENSE00001555918	30557262	30557401
ENSE00001560477	30558279	30558388
ENSE00001564626	30574466	30574665

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 194 present calls, max score 94.09.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.6226 / max 1254.8180, expressed in 281 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (14 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
193644	0.6344	39
193642	0.3579	77
193652	0.2079	99
193653	0.1596	95
193650	0.0634	40
193648	0.0535	11
193651	0.0501	26
193649	0.0297	19
193647	0.0173	5
193645	0.0151	1

Top tissues by expression

287 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	94.09	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	91.58	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	87.81	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	87.21	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	84.89	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	82.41	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	82.24	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	82.05	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	82.04	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	81.27	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	81.14	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	81.08	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	80.56	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	79.96	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	79.85	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	79.66	gold quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	79.58	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	78.90	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	78.83	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	78.56	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	78.46	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	78.43	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	78.28	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	78.26	gold quality
inferior olivary complex	UBERON:0002127	77.52	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	77.50	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	77.45	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	77.44	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	77.13	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	76.97	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-10	yes	40.49
E-ANND-3	no	2.21

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CTCFL

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

22 targeting GAL3ST1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-3682-5P	99.93	67.97	1163
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-6785-5P	99.82	68.68	4428
HSA-MIR-149-3P	99.72	68.22	3963
HSA-MIR-6883-5P	99.69	68.05	3785
HSA-MIR-1827	99.63	68.57	3265
HSA-MIR-9851-3P	99.63	69.68	1110
HSA-MIR-1249-5P	99.61	66.55	2049
HSA-MIR-6797-5P	99.61	66.55	2084
HSA-MIR-4441	99.49	66.56	3216
HSA-MIR-3127-3P	98.94	67.34	1055
HSA-MIR-6756-3P	98.94	66.79	1104
HSA-MIR-629-5P	98.78	68.72	1032
HSA-MIR-193B-5P	97.91	65.88	837
HSA-MIR-3936	97.64	64.47	732
HSA-MIR-582-3P	96.69	67.38	1019
HSA-MIR-4774-5P	95.92	68.27	827
HSA-MIR-6889-5P	90.26	64.13	291
HSA-MIR-6777-5P	88.76	62.64	222

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• results suggest that heterozygosity at SNP rs2267161 in the gene encoding the CST enzyme confers increased risk of type 2 diabetes; females with the CC allele showed lower insulin resistance (PMID:19587831)
• These results suggest that GAL3ST1 is a HIF-responsive gene that may contribute to clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) development via promoting cancer cell evasion of immune surveillance. (PMID:31427440)
• The prognostic value of galactosylceramide-sulfotransferase (Gal3ST1) in human renal cell carcinoma. (PMID:34035403)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	gal3st1a	ENSDARG00000062711
danio_rerio	gal3st1b	ENSDARG00000078245
mus_musculus	Gal3st1	ENSMUSG00000049721
rattus_norvegicus	Gal3st1	ENSRNOG00000042041

Paralogs (3): GAL3ST2 (ENSG00000154252), GAL3ST3 (ENSG00000175229), GAL3ST4 (ENSG00000197093)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Galactosylceramide sulfotransferase — Q99999 (reviewed: Q99999)

Alternative names: 3’-phosphoadenosine-5’-phosphosulfate:GalCer sulfotransferase, 3’-phosphoadenylylsulfate:galactosylceramide 3’-sulfotransferase, Cerebroside sulfotransferase

All UniProt accessions (17): Q99999, C9J2M1, C9J2X7, C9J3S3, C9J4I2, C9J6M2, C9J993, C9JE31, C9JGL4, C9JIS3, C9JKD7, C9JLB5, C9JN55, C9JTV3, C9JU54, C9JYD7, C9K037

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the transfer of a sulfate group to position 3 of non-reducing beta-galactosyl residues in glycerolipids and sphingolipids, therefore participates in the biosynthesis of sulfoglycolipids. Catalyzes the synthesis of galactosylceramide sulfate (sulfatide), a major lipid component of the myelin sheath and of monogalactosylalkylacylglycerol sulfate (seminolipid), present in spermatocytes. Seems to prefer beta-glycosides at the non-reducing termini of sugar chains attached to a lipid moiety. Also acts on lactosylceramide, galactosyl 1-alkyl-2-sn-glycerol and galactosyl diacylglycerol (in vitro).

Subcellular location. Golgi apparatus membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in kidney proximal tubule, gastric mucosa and adenocarcinoma. Highly expressed in renal cell carcinoma cell lines.

Pathway. Lipid metabolism; sphingolipid metabolism.

Similarity. Belongs to the galactose-3-O-sulfotransferase family.

RefSeq proteins (15): NP_001305032, NP_001305033, NP_001305034, NP_001305035, NP_001305036, NP_001305037, NP_001305038, NP_001305039, NP_001305040, NP_001305041, NP_001305042, NP_001305043, NP_001305044, NP_001305045, NP_004852 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR009729	Gal-3-0_sulfotransfrase	Family
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF06990

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.8.2.11 — galactosylceramide sulfotransferase (BRENDA: 7 organisms, 30 substrates, 20 inhibitors, 10 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

5 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 5. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
3’-PHOSPHOADENYLYLSULFATE	0.0009–0.074	5
CEREBROSIDE	0.026–0.0603	2
GALACTOCEREBROSIDE	0.002	1
GALACTOSYLCERAMIDE	0.027	1
PSYCHOSINE	0.103	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 5 shown:

• a beta-D-galactosyl-(1<->1’)-N-acylsphing-4-enine + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = an N-acyl-1-beta-D-(3-O-sulfo)-galactosyl-sphing-4-enine + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:20613)
• a beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1)-Cer(d18:1(4E)) + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = beta-D-3-sulfogalactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1’)-N-acylsphing-4-enine + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:41736)
• a 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = a 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl-3-(beta-D-3-sulfogalactosyl)-sn-glycerol + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:41744)
• a 1,2-diacyl-3-O-(beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = 1,2-diacyl-3-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-sn-glycerol + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:41748)
• a beta-D-Gal-(1<->1’)-ceramide + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-ceramide + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:43304)

UniProt features (10 total): sequence conflict 3, topological domain 2, glycosylation site 2, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q99999-F1	88.96	0.74

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (2): 66, 312

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-9840309	Glycosphingolipid biosynthesis

MSigDB gene sets: 122 (showing top): GOBP_GLYCOLIPID_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_PROTEIN_N_LINKED_GLYCOSYLATION, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CERAMIDE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_GLYCEROLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_SPHINGOLIPID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, GOBP_AMIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ENSHEATHMENT_OF_NEURONS, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_AMIDE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (10): protein N-linked glycosylation (GO:0006487), sphingolipid metabolic process (GO:0006665), galactosylceramide metabolic process (GO:0006681), galactosylceramide biosynthetic process (GO:0006682), glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process (GO:0006688), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), myelination (GO:0042552), glycerolipid metabolic process (GO:0046486), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629), glycolipid biosynthetic process (GO:0009247)

GO Molecular Function (3): galactosylceramide sulfotransferase activity (GO:0001733), sulfotransferase activity (GO:0008146), transferase activity (GO:0016740)

GO Cellular Component (4): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Glycosphingolipid metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
lipid metabolic process	2
glycoprotein biosynthetic process	1
glycosylceramide metabolic process	1
galactolipid metabolic process	1
galactosylceramide metabolic process	1
glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process	1
galactolipid biosynthetic process	1
ceramide biosynthetic process	1
glycosphingolipid metabolic process	1
glycolipid biosynthetic process	1
sphingolipid biosynthetic process	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
axon ensheathment	1
primary metabolic process	1
glycolipid metabolic process	1
lipid biosynthetic process	1
carbohydrate derivative biosynthetic process	1
galactose 3-O-sulfotransferase activity	1
transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups	1
catalytic activity	1
Golgi apparatus	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

416 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
GAL3ST1	UGT8	Q16880	647
GAL3ST1	ARSA	P15289	581
GAL3ST1	FUT3	P21217	554
GAL3ST1	OR13C8	Q8NGS7	446
GAL3ST1	TMEM54	Q969K7	405
GAL3ST1	GALC	P54803	401
GAL3ST1	B4GALT6	Q9UBX8	395
GAL3ST1	UGCG	Q16739	380
GAL3ST1	CHST10	O43529	371
GAL3ST1	CHST12	Q9NRB3	367
GAL3ST1	DZIP1L	Q8IYY4	366
GAL3ST1	SULT1B1	O43704	348
GAL3ST1	SPN	P16150	343
GAL3ST1	TMEM92	Q6UXU6	337
GAL3ST1	PRSS50	Q9UI38	331

IntAct

11 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GAL3ST1	NDUFA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SDCBP	GAL3ST1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
CHST8	CLSTN1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	SHTN1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
	TNFRSF10A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CHST8	CALU	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (25): GAL3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NDUFA3 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRIG3 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRIG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PSG4 (Affinity Capture-MS), PIGU (Affinity Capture-MS), GAL3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PSG4 (Affinity Capture-MS), PIGW (Affinity Capture-MS), NDUFA3 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRIG3 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRIG1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CANX (Affinity Capture-MS), GAL3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GAL3ST1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A6QNK1, O14792, O19058, O35310, O43916, O88199, Q10979, Q11127, Q29043, Q5E9W5, Q5RJQ0, Q5XPT3, Q6P7A1, Q6XQG8, Q6XQG9, Q6XQH0, Q712G6, Q7LGC8, Q7T3S3, Q800H9, Q80WV3, Q866C5, Q866C7, Q866D2, Q866D6, Q866D9, Q866E1, Q866E6, Q866E7, Q866E8, Q866F0, Q866F1, Q8HYJ3, Q8HYJ4, Q8HYJ7, Q8N3Y3, Q8NET6, Q92179, Q96RP7, Q99999

Diamond homologs: A6QNK1, P61315, Q0VCH4, Q5E9W5, Q6XQG9, Q6XQH0, Q96A11, Q96RP7, Q99999, Q9H3Q3, Q9JHE4

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

55 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	51
Likely benign	1
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

318 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
22:30557260:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:30557261:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
22:30557397:GACAC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557398:ACAC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557399:CAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557399:CACC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557400:AC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557400:ACCT:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:30557401:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557401:CCTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:30557402:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30557402:CTG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:30557412:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:30556094:CTG:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:30556097:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:30557256:ACTCA:A	donor_loss	0.9900
22:30557259:CACG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
22:30557260:A:AG	donor_loss	0.9900
22:30557261:C:A	donor_loss	0.9900
22:30557261:CG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
22:30557261:CGTGG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
22:30557405:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:30557411:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:30556092:TCCTG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9800
22:30556093:CCTGC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
22:30557261:CGT:C	donor_gain	0.9800
22:30557261:CGTG:C	donor_gain	0.9800
22:30557414:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9800
22:30556104:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9700
22:30557402:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.9600

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000105900 (22:30571642 T>C), RS1000224422 (22:30554523 A>T), RS1000478022 (22:30559535 G>A), RS1000784610 (22:30565094 C>A,G,T), RS1000817145 (22:30563551 G>A), RS1000828838 (22:30564063 T>C), RS1000832119 (22:30564779 T>C), RS1001079010 (22:30558849 A>G), RS1001223818 (22:30570650 G>A), RS1001315896 (22:30571935 C>A), RS1001380550 (22:30565823 G>A), RS1001463047 (22:30559417 T>A), RS1001691102 (22:30560544 C>T), RS1001712575 (22:30560788 G>T), RS1001852458 (22:30559854 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602300 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST010703_155	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	3.000000e-09
GCST012231_18	A body shape index	3.000000e-08
GCST90001389_3	Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sporadic)	2.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (3, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0007789	BMI-adjusted waist circumference
EFO:1000656	sporadic Creutzfeld Jacob disease

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

41 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Acetaminophen	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
GSK-J4	increases expression	1
sotorasib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
perfluorotetradecanoic acid	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression	1
methyl salicylate	affects expression	1
perfluorobutyric acid	increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
trametinib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
NVP-BKM120	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-(1,4)benzoquinone	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Gemcitabine	decreases expression	1
Acrolein	affects expression	1
Amphotericin B	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Chloroquine	affects reaction, increases lipidation	1
Cisplatin	decreases expression	1
Dinitrochlorobenzene	affects expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects expression	1
Oxygen	increases expression	1
Quercetin	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.